manual_control.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Copyright (c) 2019 Computer Vision Center (CVC) at the Universitat Autonoma de
# Barcelona (UAB).
#
# This work is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.
# For a copy, see <https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>.

# Allows controlling a vehicle with a keyboard. For a simpler and more
# documented example, please take a look at tutorial.py.

"""
Welcome to CARLA manual control.

Use ARROWS or WASD keys for control.

    W            : throttle
    S            : brake
    A/D          : steer left/right
    Q            : toggle reverse
    Space        : hand-brake
    P            : toggle autopilot
    M            : toggle manual transmission
    ,/.          : gear up/down

    L            : toggle next light type
    SHIFT + L    : toggle high beam
    Z/X          : toggle right/left blinker
    I            : toggle interior light

    TAB          : change camera position

    R            : toggle recording images to disk

    CTRL + R     : toggle recording of simulation (replacing any previous)
    CTRL + P     : start replaying last recorded simulation
    CTRL + +     : increments the start time of the replay by 1 second (+SHIFT = 10 seconds)
    CTRL + -     : decrements the start time of the replay by 1 second (+SHIFT = 10 seconds)

    F1           : toggle HUD
    H/?          : toggle help
    ESC          : quit
"""

from __future__ import print_function

# ==============================================================================
# -- imports -------------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================

import carla
from carla import ColorConverter as cc

import argparse
import os
import sys
import time
import collections
import datetime
import logging
import math
import weakref

try:
    import pygame
    from pygame.locals import K_ESCAPE
    from pygame.locals import K_F1
    from pygame.locals import KMOD_CTRL
    from pygame.locals import KMOD_SHIFT
    from pygame.locals import K_TAB
    from pygame.locals import K_SPACE
    from pygame.locals import K_UP
    from pygame.locals import K_DOWN
    from pygame.locals import K_LEFT
    from pygame.locals import K_RIGHT
    from pygame.locals import K_w
    from pygame.locals import K_a
    from pygame.locals import K_s
    from pygame.locals import K_d
    from pygame.locals import K_q
    from pygame.locals import K_m
    from pygame.locals import K_COMMA
    from pygame.locals import K_PERIOD
    from pygame.locals import K_p
    from pygame.locals import K_i
    from pygame.locals import K_l
    from pygame.locals import K_z
    from pygame.locals import K_x
    from pygame.locals import K_r
    from pygame.locals import K_MINUS
    from pygame.locals import K_EQUALS
except ImportError:
    raise RuntimeError('cannot import pygame, make sure pygame package is installed')

try:
    import numpy as np
except ImportError:
    raise RuntimeError('cannot import numpy, make sure numpy package is installed')


# ==============================================================================
# -- Global functions ----------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================

def get_actor_display_name(actor, truncate=250):
    name = ' '.join(actor.type_id.replace('_', '.').title().split('.')[1:])
    return (name[:truncate - 1] + u'\u2026') if len(name) > truncate else name


# ==============================================================================
# -- World ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================

class World(object):

    def __init__(self, carla_world, hud, args):
        self.world = carla_world
        try:
            self.map = self.world.get_map()
        except RuntimeError as error:
            print('RuntimeError: {}'.format(error))
            print('  The server could not send the OpenDRIVE (.xodr) file:')
            print('  Make sure it exists, has the same name of your town, and is correct.')
            sys.exit(1)
        self.hud = hud
        self.player = None
        self.collision_sensor = None
        self.lane_invasion_sensor = None
        self.gnss_sensor = None
        self.imu_sensor = None
        self.radar_sensor = None
        self.camera_manager = None
        self.restart(args)
        self.world.on_tick(hud.on_world_tick)
        self.recording_enabled = False
        self.recording_start = 0

    def restart(self, args):

        self.player_max_speed = 1.589
        self.player_max_speed_fast = 3.713

        # Keep same camera config if the camera manager exists.
        cam_index = self.camera_manager.index if self.camera_manager is not None else 0
        cam_pos_index = self.camera_manager.transform_index if self.camera_manager is not None else 0

        # Get the ego vehicle
        while self.player is None:
            print("Waiting for the ego vehicle...")
            time.sleep(1)
            possible_vehicles = self.world.get_actors().filter('vehicle.*')
            for vehicle in possible_vehicles:
                if vehicle.attributes['role_name'] == args.rolename:
                    print("Ego vehicle found")
                    self.player = vehicle
                    break

        self.player_name = self.player.type_id

        # Set up the sensors.
        self.collision_sensor = CollisionSensor(self.player, self.hud)
        self.lane_invasion_sensor = LaneInvasionSensor(self.player, self.hud)
        self.gnss_sensor = GnssSensor(self.player)
        self.imu_sensor = IMUSensor(self.player)
        self.camera_manager = CameraManager(self.player, self.hud)
        self.camera_manager.transform_index = cam_pos_index
        self.camera_manager.set_sensor(cam_index, notify=False)
        actor_type = get_actor_display_name(self.player)
        self.hud.notification(actor_type)

        self.world.wait_for_tick()

    def tick(self, clock, wait_for_repetitions):
        if len(self.world.get_actors().filter(self.player_name)) < 1:
            if not wait_for_repetitions:
                return False
            else:
                self.player = None
                self.destroy()
                self.restart()

        self.hud.tick(self, clock)
        return True

    def render(self, display):
        self.camera_manager.render(display)
        self.hud.render(display)

    def destroy_sensors(self):
        self.camera_manager.sensor.destroy()
        self.camera_manager.sensor = None
        self.camera_manager.index = None

    def destroy(self):
        sensors = [
            self.camera_manager.sensor,
            self.collision_sensor.sensor,
            self.lane_invasion_sensor.sensor,
            self.gnss_sensor.sensor,
            self.imu_sensor.sensor]
        for sensor in sensors:
            if sensor is not None:
                sensor.stop()
                sensor.destroy()
        if self.player is not None:
            self.player.destroy()


# ==============================================================================
# -- KeyboardControl -----------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class KeyboardControl(object):
    """Class that handles keyboard input."""
    def __init__(self, world, start_in_autopilot):
        self._autopilot_enabled = start_in_autopilot
        self._control = carla.VehicleControl()
        self._lights = carla.VehicleLightState.NONE
        self._steer_cache = 0.0
        world.player.set_autopilot(self._autopilot_enabled)
        world.player.set_light_state(self._lights)
        world.hud.notification("Press 'H' or '?' for help.", seconds=4.0)

    def parse_events(self, client, world, clock):
        current_lights = self._lights
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                return True
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                if self._is_quit_shortcut(event.key):
                    return True
                elif event.key == K_F1:
                    world.hud.toggle_info()
                elif event.key == K_TAB:
                    world.camera_manager.toggle_camera()
                elif event.key == K_r and not (pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL):
                    world.camera_manager.toggle_recording()
                elif event.key == K_r and (pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL):
                    if (world.recording_enabled):
                        client.stop_recorder()
                        world.recording_enabled = False
                        world.hud.notification("Recorder is OFF")
                    else:
                        client.start_recorder("manual_recording.rec")
                        world.recording_enabled = True
                        world.hud.notification("Recorder is ON")
                elif event.key == K_p and (pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL):
                    # stop recorder
                    client.stop_recorder()
                    world.recording_enabled = False
                    # work around to fix camera at start of replaying
                    current_index = world.camera_manager.index
                    world.destroy_sensors()
                    # disable autopilot
                    self._autopilot_enabled = False
                    world.player.set_autopilot(self._autopilot_enabled)
                    world.hud.notification("Replaying file 'manual_recording.rec'")
                    # replayer
                    client.replay_file("manual_recording.rec", world.recording_start, 0, 0)
                    world.camera_manager.set_sensor(current_index)
                elif event.key == K_MINUS and (pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL):
                    if pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_SHIFT:
                        world.recording_start -= 10
                    else:
                        world.recording_start -= 1
                    world.hud.notification("Recording start time is %d" % (world.recording_start))
                elif event.key == K_EQUALS and (pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL):
                    if pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_SHIFT:
                        world.recording_start += 10
                    else:
                        world.recording_start += 1
                    world.hud.notification("Recording start time is %d" % (world.recording_start))
                elif event.key == K_q:
                    self._control.gear = 1 if self._control.reverse else -1
                elif event.key == K_m:
                    self._control.manual_gear_shift = not self._control.manual_gear_shift
                    self._control.gear = world.player.get_control().gear
                    world.hud.notification('%s Transmission' %
                                            ('Manual' if self._control.manual_gear_shift else 'Automatic'))
                elif self._control.manual_gear_shift and event.key == K_COMMA:
                    self._control.gear = max(-1, self._control.gear - 1)
                elif self._control.manual_gear_shift and event.key == K_PERIOD:
                    self._control.gear = self._control.gear + 1
                elif event.key == K_p and not pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL:
                    self._autopilot_enabled = not self._autopilot_enabled
                    world.player.set_autopilot(self._autopilot_enabled)
                    world.hud.notification(
                        'Autopilot %s' % ('On' if self._autopilot_enabled else 'Off'))
                elif event.key == K_l and pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL:
                    current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.Special1
                elif event.key == K_l and pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_SHIFT:
                    current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.HighBeam
                elif event.key == K_l:
                    # Use 'L' key to switch between lights:
                    # closed -> position -> low beam -> fog
                    if not self._lights & carla.VehicleLightState.Position:
                        world.hud.notification("Position lights")
                        current_lights |= carla.VehicleLightState.Position
                    else:
                        world.hud.notification("Low beam lights")
                        current_lights |= carla.VehicleLightState.LowBeam
                    if self._lights & carla.VehicleLightState.LowBeam:
                        world.hud.notification("Fog lights")
                        current_lights |= carla.VehicleLightState.Fog
                    if self._lights & carla.VehicleLightState.Fog:
                        world.hud.notification("Lights off")
                        current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.Position
                        current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.LowBeam
                        current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.Fog
                elif event.key == K_i:
                    current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.Interior
                elif event.key == K_z:
                    current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.LeftBlinker
                elif event.key == K_x:
                    current_lights ^= carla.VehicleLightState.RightBlinker

        if not self._autopilot_enabled:
            self._parse_vehicle_keys(pygame.key.get_pressed(), clock.get_time())
            self._control.reverse = self._control.gear < 0
            # Set automatic control-related vehicle lights
            if self._control.brake:
                current_lights |= carla.VehicleLightState.Brake
            else: # Remove the Brake flag
                current_lights &= ~carla.VehicleLightState.Brake
            if self._control.reverse:
                current_lights |= carla.VehicleLightState.Reverse
            else: # Remove the Reverse flag
                current_lights &= ~carla.VehicleLightState.Reverse
            if current_lights != self._lights: # Change the light state only if necessary
                self._lights = current_lights
                world.player.set_light_state(carla.VehicleLightState(self._lights))
            world.player.apply_control(self._control)

    def _parse_vehicle_keys(self, keys, milliseconds):
        if keys[K_UP] or keys[K_w]:
            self._control.throttle = min(self._control.throttle + 0.1, 1.00)
        else:
            self._control.throttle = 0.0

        if keys[K_DOWN] or keys[K_s]:
            self._control.brake = min(self._control.brake + 0.2, 1)
        else:
            self._control.brake = 0

        steer_increment = 5e-4 * milliseconds
        if keys[K_LEFT] or keys[K_a]:
            if self._steer_cache > 0:
                self._steer_cache = 0
            else:
                self._steer_cache -= steer_increment
        elif keys[K_RIGHT] or keys[K_d]:
            if self._steer_cache < 0:
                self._steer_cache = 0
            else:
                self._steer_cache += steer_increment
        else:
            self._steer_cache = 0.0
        self._steer_cache = min(0.7, max(-0.7, self._steer_cache))
        self._control.steer = round(self._steer_cache, 1)
        self._control.hand_brake = keys[K_SPACE]

    @staticmethod
    def _is_quit_shortcut(key):
        return (key == K_ESCAPE) or (key == K_q and pygame.key.get_mods() & KMOD_CTRL)


# ==============================================================================
# -- HUD -----------------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class HUD(object):
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.dim = (width, height)
        font = pygame.font.Font(pygame.font.get_default_font(), 20)
        font_name = 'courier' if os.name == 'nt' else 'mono'
        fonts = [x for x in pygame.font.get_fonts() if font_name in x]
        default_font = 'ubuntumono'
        mono = default_font if default_font in fonts else fonts[0]
        mono = pygame.font.match_font(mono)
        self._font_mono = pygame.font.Font(mono, 12 if os.name == 'nt' else 14)
        self._notifications = FadingText(font, (width, 40), (0, height - 40))
        self.help = HelpText(pygame.font.Font(mono, 16), width, height)
        self.server_fps = 0
        self.frame = 0
        self.simulation_time = 0
        self._show_info = True
        self._info_text = []
        self._server_clock = pygame.time.Clock()

    def on_world_tick(self, timestamp):
        self._server_clock.tick()
        self.server_fps = self._server_clock.get_fps()
        self.frame = timestamp.frame
        self.simulation_time = timestamp.elapsed_seconds

    def tick(self, world, clock):
        self._notifications.tick(world, clock)
        if not self._show_info:
            return
        t = world.player.get_transform()
        v = world.player.get_velocity()
        c = world.player.get_control()
        compass = world.imu_sensor.compass
        heading = 'N' if compass > 270.5 or compass < 89.5 else ''
        heading += 'S' if 90.5 < compass < 269.5 else ''
        heading += 'E' if 0.5 < compass < 179.5 else ''
        heading += 'W' if 180.5 < compass < 359.5 else ''
        colhist = world.collision_sensor.get_collision_history()
        collision = [colhist[x + self.frame - 200] for x in range(0, 200)]
        max_col = max(1.0, max(collision))
        collision = [x / max_col for x in collision]
        vehicles = world.world.get_actors().filter('vehicle.*')
        self._info_text = [
            'Server:  % 16.0f FPS' % self.server_fps,
            'Client:  % 16.0f FPS' % clock.get_fps(),
            '',
            'Vehicle: % 20s' % get_actor_display_name(world.player, truncate=20),
            'Map:     % 20s' % world.map.name.split('/')[-1],
            'Simulation time: % 12s' % datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(self.simulation_time)),
            '',
            'Speed:   % 15.0f km/h' % (3.6 * math.sqrt(v.x**2 + v.y**2 + v.z**2)),
            u'Compass:% 17.0f\N{DEGREE SIGN} % 2s' % (compass, heading),
            'Accelero: (%5.1f,%5.1f,%5.1f)' % (world.imu_sensor.accelerometer),
            'Gyroscop: (%5.1f,%5.1f,%5.1f)' % (world.imu_sensor.gyroscope),
            'Location:% 20s' % ('(% 5.1f, % 5.1f)' % (t.location.x, t.location.y)),
            'GNSS:% 24s' % ('(% 2.6f, % 3.6f)' % (world.gnss_sensor.lat, world.gnss_sensor.lon)),
            'Height:  % 18.0f m' % t.location.z,
            '']
        self._info_text += [
            ('Throttle:', c.throttle, 0.0, 1.0),
            ('Steer:', c.steer, -1.0, 1.0),
            ('Brake:', c.brake, 0.0, 1.0),
            ('Reverse:', c.reverse),
            ('Hand brake:', c.hand_brake),
            ('Manual:', c.manual_gear_shift),
            'Gear:        %s' % {-1: 'R', 0: 'N'}.get(c.gear, c.gear)]
        self._info_text += [
            '',
            'Collision:',
            collision,
            '',
            'Number of vehicles: % 8d' % len(vehicles)]
        if len(vehicles) > 1:
            self._info_text += ['Nearby vehicles:']
            distance = lambda l: math.sqrt((l.x - t.location.x)**2 + (l.y - t.location.y)**2 + (l.z - t.location.z)**2)
            vehicles = [(distance(x.get_location()), x) for x in vehicles if x.id != world.player.id]
            for d, vehicle in sorted(vehicles, key=lambda vehicles: vehicles[0]):
                if d > 200.0:
                    break
                vehicle_type = get_actor_display_name(vehicle, truncate=22)
                self._info_text.append('% 4dm %s' % (d, vehicle_type))

    def toggle_info(self):
        self._show_info = not self._show_info

    def notification(self, text, seconds=2.0):
        self._notifications.set_text(text, seconds=seconds)

    def error(self, text):
        self._notifications.set_text('Error: %s' % text, (255, 0, 0))

    def render(self, display):
        if self._show_info:
            info_surface = pygame.Surface((220, self.dim[1]))
            info_surface.set_alpha(100)
            display.blit(info_surface, (0, 0))
            v_offset = 4
            bar_h_offset = 100
            bar_width = 106
            for item in self._info_text:
                if v_offset + 18 > self.dim[1]:
                    break
                if isinstance(item, list):
                    if len(item) > 1:
                        points = [(x + 8, v_offset + 8 + (1.0 - y) * 30) for x, y in enumerate(item)]
                        pygame.draw.lines(display, (255, 136, 0), False, points, 2)
                    item = None
                    v_offset += 18
                elif isinstance(item, tuple):
                    if isinstance(item[1], bool):
                        rect = pygame.Rect((bar_h_offset, v_offset + 8), (6, 6))
                        pygame.draw.rect(display, (255, 255, 255), rect, 0 if item[1] else 1)
                    else:
                        rect_border = pygame.Rect((bar_h_offset, v_offset + 8), (bar_width, 6))
                        pygame.draw.rect(display, (255, 255, 255), rect_border, 1)
                        f = (item[1] - item[2]) / (item[3] - item[2])
                        if item[2] < 0.0:
                            rect = pygame.Rect((bar_h_offset + f * (bar_width - 6), v_offset + 8), (6, 6))
                        else:
                            rect = pygame.Rect((bar_h_offset, v_offset + 8), (f * bar_width, 6))
                        pygame.draw.rect(display, (255, 255, 255), rect)
                    item = item[0]
                if item:  # At this point has to be a str.
                    surface = self._font_mono.render(item, True, (255, 255, 255))
                    display.blit(surface, (8, v_offset))
                v_offset += 18
        self._notifications.render(display)
        self.help.render(display)


# ==============================================================================
# -- FadingText ----------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class FadingText(object):
    def __init__(self, font, dim, pos):
        self.font = font
        self.dim = dim
        self.pos = pos
        self.seconds_left = 0
        self.surface = pygame.Surface(self.dim)

    def set_text(self, text, color=(255, 255, 255), seconds=2.0):
        text_texture = self.font.render(text, True, color)
        self.surface = pygame.Surface(self.dim)
        self.seconds_left = seconds
        self.surface.fill((0, 0, 0, 0))
        self.surface.blit(text_texture, (10, 11))

    def tick(self, _, clock):
        delta_seconds = 1e-3 * clock.get_time()
        self.seconds_left = max(0.0, self.seconds_left - delta_seconds)
        self.surface.set_alpha(500.0 * self.seconds_left)

    def render(self, display):
        display.blit(self.surface, self.pos)


# ==============================================================================
# -- HelpText ------------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class HelpText(object):
    """Helper class to handle text output using pygame"""
    def __init__(self, font, width, height):
        lines = __doc__.split('\n')
        self.font = font
        self.line_space = 18
        self.dim = (780, len(lines) * self.line_space + 12)
        self.pos = (0.5 * width - 0.5 * self.dim[0], 0.5 * height - 0.5 * self.dim[1])
        self.seconds_left = 0
        self.surface = pygame.Surface(self.dim)
        self.surface.fill((0, 0, 0, 0))
        for n, line in enumerate(lines):
            text_texture = self.font.render(line, True, (255, 255, 255))
            self.surface.blit(text_texture, (22, n * self.line_space))
            self._render = False
        self.surface.set_alpha(220)

    def toggle(self):
        self._render = not self._render

    def render(self, display):
        if self._render:
            display.blit(self.surface, self.pos)


# ==============================================================================
# -- CollisionSensor -----------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class CollisionSensor(object):
    def __init__(self, parent_actor, hud):
        self.sensor = None
        self.history = []
        self._parent = parent_actor
        self.hud = hud
        world = self._parent.get_world()
        bp = world.get_blueprint_library().find('sensor.other.collision')
        self.sensor = world.spawn_actor(bp, carla.Transform(), attach_to=self._parent)
        # We need to pass the lambda a weak reference to self to avoid circular
        # reference.
        weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
        self.sensor.listen(lambda event: CollisionSensor._on_collision(weak_self, event))

    def get_collision_history(self):
        history = collections.defaultdict(int)
        for frame, intensity in self.history:
            history[frame] += intensity
        return history

    @staticmethod
    def _on_collision(weak_self, event):
        self = weak_self()
        if not self:
            return
        actor_type = get_actor_display_name(event.other_actor)
        self.hud.notification('Collision with %r' % actor_type)
        impulse = event.normal_impulse
        intensity = math.sqrt(impulse.x**2 + impulse.y**2 + impulse.z**2)
        self.history.append((event.frame, intensity))
        if len(self.history) > 4000:
            self.history.pop(0)


# ==============================================================================
# -- LaneInvasionSensor --------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class LaneInvasionSensor(object):
    def __init__(self, parent_actor, hud):
        self.sensor = None

        # If the spawn object is not a vehicle, we cannot use the Lane Invasion Sensor
        if parent_actor.type_id.startswith("vehicle."):
            self._parent = parent_actor
            self.hud = hud
            world = self._parent.get_world()
            bp = world.get_blueprint_library().find('sensor.other.lane_invasion')
            self.sensor = world.spawn_actor(bp, carla.Transform(), attach_to=self._parent)
            # We need to pass the lambda a weak reference to self to avoid circular
            # reference.
            weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
            self.sensor.listen(lambda event: LaneInvasionSensor._on_invasion(weak_self, event))

    @staticmethod
    def _on_invasion(weak_self, event):
        self = weak_self()
        if not self:
            return
        lane_types = set(x.type for x in event.crossed_lane_markings)
        text = ['%r' % str(x).split()[-1] for x in lane_types]
        self.hud.notification('Crossed line %s' % ' and '.join(text))


# ==============================================================================
# -- GnssSensor ----------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class GnssSensor(object):
    def __init__(self, parent_actor):
        self.sensor = None
        self._parent = parent_actor
        self.lat = 0.0
        self.lon = 0.0
        world = self._parent.get_world()
        bp = world.get_blueprint_library().find('sensor.other.gnss')
        self.sensor = world.spawn_actor(bp, carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=1.0, z=2.8)), attach_to=self._parent)
        # We need to pass the lambda a weak reference to self to avoid circular
        # reference.
        weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
        self.sensor.listen(lambda event: GnssSensor._on_gnss_event(weak_self, event))

    @staticmethod
    def _on_gnss_event(weak_self, event):
        self = weak_self()
        if not self:
            return
        self.lat = event.latitude
        self.lon = event.longitude


# ==============================================================================
# -- IMUSensor -----------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class IMUSensor(object):
    def __init__(self, parent_actor):
        self.sensor = None
        self._parent = parent_actor
        self.accelerometer = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
        self.gyroscope = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
        self.compass = 0.0
        world = self._parent.get_world()
        bp = world.get_blueprint_library().find('sensor.other.imu')
        self.sensor = world.spawn_actor(
            bp, carla.Transform(), attach_to=self._parent)
        # We need to pass the lambda a weak reference to self to avoid circular
        # reference.
        weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
        self.sensor.listen(
            lambda sensor_data: IMUSensor._IMU_callback(weak_self, sensor_data))

    @staticmethod
    def _IMU_callback(weak_self, sensor_data):
        self = weak_self()
        if not self:
            return
        limits = (-99.9, 99.9)
        self.accelerometer = (
            max(limits[0], min(limits[1], sensor_data.accelerometer.x)),
            max(limits[0], min(limits[1], sensor_data.accelerometer.y)),
            max(limits[0], min(limits[1], sensor_data.accelerometer.z)))
        self.gyroscope = (
            max(limits[0], min(limits[1], math.degrees(sensor_data.gyroscope.x))),
            max(limits[0], min(limits[1], math.degrees(sensor_data.gyroscope.y))),
            max(limits[0], min(limits[1], math.degrees(sensor_data.gyroscope.z))))
        self.compass = math.degrees(sensor_data.compass)


# ==============================================================================
# -- RadarSensor ---------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class RadarSensor(object):
    def __init__(self, parent_actor):
        self.sensor = None
        self._parent = parent_actor
        bound_x = 0.5 + self._parent.bounding_box.extent.x
        bound_y = 0.5 + self._parent.bounding_box.extent.y
        bound_z = 0.5 + self._parent.bounding_box.extent.z

        self.velocity_range = 7.5 # m/s
        world = self._parent.get_world()
        self.debug = world.debug
        bp = world.get_blueprint_library().find('sensor.other.radar')
        bp.set_attribute('horizontal_fov', str(35))
        bp.set_attribute('vertical_fov', str(20))
        self.sensor = world.spawn_actor(
            bp,
            carla.Transform(
                carla.Location(x=bound_x + 0.05, z=bound_z+0.05),
                carla.Rotation(pitch=5)),
            attach_to=self._parent)
        # We need a weak reference to self to avoid circular reference.
        weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
        self.sensor.listen(
            lambda radar_data: RadarSensor._Radar_callback(weak_self, radar_data))

    @staticmethod
    def _Radar_callback(weak_self, radar_data):
        self = weak_self()
        if not self:
            return
        # To get a numpy [[vel, altitude, azimuth, depth],...[,,,]]:
        # points = np.frombuffer(radar_data.raw_data, dtype=np.dtype('f4'))
        # points = np.reshape(points, (len(radar_data), 4))

        current_rot = radar_data.transform.rotation
        for detect in radar_data:
            azi = math.degrees(detect.azimuth)
            alt = math.degrees(detect.altitude)
            # The 0.25 adjusts a bit the distance so the dots can
            # be properly seen
            fw_vec = carla.Vector3D(x=detect.depth - 0.25)
            carla.Transform(
                carla.Location(),
                carla.Rotation(
                    pitch=current_rot.pitch + alt,
                    yaw=current_rot.yaw + azi,
                    roll=current_rot.roll)).transform(fw_vec)

            def clamp(min_v, max_v, value):
                return max(min_v, min(value, max_v))

            norm_velocity = detect.velocity / self.velocity_range # range [-1, 1]
            r = int(clamp(0.0, 1.0, 1.0 - norm_velocity) * 255.0)
            g = int(clamp(0.0, 1.0, 1.0 - abs(norm_velocity)) * 255.0)
            b = int(abs(clamp(- 1.0, 0.0, - 1.0 - norm_velocity)) * 255.0)
            self.debug.draw_point(
                radar_data.transform.location + fw_vec,
                size=0.075,
                life_time=0.06,
                persistent_lines=False,
                color=carla.Color(r, g, b))

# ==============================================================================
# -- CameraManager -------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


class CameraManager(object):
    def __init__(self, parent_actor, hud):
        self.sensor = None
        self.surface = None
        self._parent = parent_actor
        self.hud = hud
        self.recording = False
        bound_x = 0.5 + self._parent.bounding_box.extent.x
        bound_y = 0.5 + self._parent.bounding_box.extent.y
        bound_z = 0.5 + self._parent.bounding_box.extent.z
        Attachment = carla.AttachmentType

        self._camera_transforms = [
            (carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=-2.0*bound_x, y=+0.0*bound_y, z=2.0*bound_z), carla.Rotation(pitch=8.0)), Attachment.SpringArm),
            (carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=+0.8*bound_x, y=+0.0*bound_y, z=1.3*bound_z)), Attachment.Rigid),
            (carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=+1.9*bound_x, y=+1.0*bound_y, z=1.2*bound_z)), Attachment.SpringArm),
            (carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=-2.8*bound_x, y=+0.0*bound_y, z=4.6*bound_z), carla.Rotation(pitch=6.0)), Attachment.SpringArm),
            (carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=-1.0, y=-1.0*bound_y, z=0.4*bound_z)), Attachment.Rigid)]

        self.transform_index = 1
        self.sensors = [['sensor.camera.rgb', cc.Raw, 'Camera RGB']]
        world = self._parent.get_world()
        bp_library = world.get_blueprint_library()
        for item in self.sensors:
            bp = bp_library.find(item[0])
            bp.set_attribute('image_size_x', str(hud.dim[0]))
            bp.set_attribute('image_size_y', str(hud.dim[1]))
            bp.set_attribute('gamma', '2.2')
            item.append(bp)
        self.index = None

    def toggle_camera(self):
        self.transform_index = (self.transform_index + 1) % len(self._camera_transforms)
        self.set_sensor(self.index, notify=False, force_respawn=True)

    def set_sensor(self, index, notify=True, force_respawn=False):
        index = index % len(self.sensors)
        needs_respawn = True if self.index is None else \
            (force_respawn or (self.sensors[index][2] != self.sensors[self.index][2]))
        if needs_respawn:
            if self.sensor is not None:
                self.sensor.destroy()
                self.surface = None
            self.sensor = self._parent.get_world().spawn_actor(
                self.sensors[index][-1],
                self._camera_transforms[self.transform_index][0],
                attach_to=self._parent,
                attachment_type=self._camera_transforms[self.transform_index][1])
            # We need to pass the lambda a weak reference to self to avoid
            # circular reference.
            weak_self = weakref.ref(self)
            self.sensor.listen(lambda image: CameraManager._parse_image(weak_self, image))
        if notify:
            self.hud.notification(self.sensors[index][2])
        self.index = index

    def toggle_recording(self):
        self.recording = not self.recording
        self.hud.notification('Recording %s' % ('On' if self.recording else 'Off'))

    def render(self, display):
        if self.surface is not None:
            display.blit(self.surface, (0, 0))

    @staticmethod
    def _parse_image(weak_self, image):
        self = weak_self()
        if not self:
            return
        if self.sensors[self.index][0].startswith('sensor.lidar'):
            points = np.frombuffer(image.raw_data, dtype=np.dtype('f4'))
            points = np.reshape(points, (int(points.shape[0] / 4), 4))
            lidar_data = np.array(points[:, :2])
            lidar_data *= min(self.hud.dim) / (2.0 * self.lidar_range)
            lidar_data += (0.5 * self.hud.dim[0], 0.5 * self.hud.dim[1])
            lidar_data = np.fabs(lidar_data)  # pylint: disable=E1111
            lidar_data = lidar_data.astype(np.int32)
            lidar_data = np.reshape(lidar_data, (-1, 2))
            lidar_img_size = (self.hud.dim[0], self.hud.dim[1], 3)
            lidar_img = np.zeros((lidar_img_size), dtype=np.uint8)
            lidar_img[tuple(lidar_data.T)] = (255, 255, 255)
            self.surface = pygame.surfarray.make_surface(lidar_img)
        elif self.sensors[self.index][0].startswith('sensor.camera.dvs'):
            # Example of converting the raw_data from a carla.DVSEventArray
            # sensor into a NumPy array and using it as an image
            dvs_events = np.frombuffer(image.raw_data, dtype=np.dtype([
                ('x', np.uint16), ('y', np.uint16), ('t', np.int64), ('pol', np.bool)]))
            dvs_img = np.zeros((image.height, image.width, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
            # Blue is positive, red is negative
            dvs_img[dvs_events[:]['y'], dvs_events[:]['x'], dvs_events[:]['pol'] * 2] = 255
            self.surface = pygame.surfarray.make_surface(dvs_img.swapaxes(0, 1))
        elif self.sensors[self.index][0].startswith('sensor.camera.optical_flow'):
            image = image.get_color_coded_flow()
            array = np.frombuffer(image.raw_data, dtype=np.dtype("uint8"))
            array = np.reshape(array, (image.height, image.width, 4))
            array = array[:, :, :3]
            array = array[:, :, ::-1]
            self.surface = pygame.surfarray.make_surface(array.swapaxes(0, 1))
        else:
            image.convert(self.sensors[self.index][1])
            array = np.frombuffer(image.raw_data, dtype=np.dtype("uint8"))
            array = np.reshape(array, (image.height, image.width, 4))
            array = array[:, :, :3]
            array = array[:, :, ::-1]
            self.surface = pygame.surfarray.make_surface(array.swapaxes(0, 1))
        if self.recording:
            image.save_to_disk('_out/%08d' % image.frame)


# ==============================================================================
# -- game_loop() ---------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================

def game_loop(args):
    pygame.init()
    pygame.font.init()
    world = None

    try:
        client = carla.Client(args.host, args.port)
        client.set_timeout(20.0)
        sim_world = client.get_world()

        display = pygame.display.set_mode(
            (args.width, args.height),
            pygame.HWSURFACE | pygame.DOUBLEBUF)
        display.fill((0,0,0))
        pygame.display.flip()

        hud = HUD(args.width, args.height)
        world = World(client.get_world(), hud, args)
        controller = KeyboardControl(world, args.autopilot)

        sim_world.wait_for_tick()

        clock = pygame.time.Clock()
        while True:
            clock.tick_busy_loop(60)
            if controller.parse_events(client, world, clock):
                return
            if not world.tick(clock, args.wait_for_repetitions):
                return
            world.render(display)
            pygame.display.flip()

    finally:

        if (world and world.recording_enabled):
            client.stop_recorder()

        if world is not None:
            # prevent destruction of ego vehicle
            if args.keep_ego_vehicle:
                world.player = None
            world.destroy()

        pygame.quit()


# ==============================================================================
# -- main() --------------------------------------------------------------------
# ==============================================================================


def main():
    argparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description='CARLA Manual Control Client')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '-v', '--verbose',
        action='store_true',
        dest='debug',
        help='print debug information')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '--host',
        metavar='H',
        default='127.0.0.1',
        help='IP of the host server (default: 127.0.0.1)')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '-p', '--port',
        metavar='P',
        default=2000,
        type=int,
        help='TCP port to listen to (default: 2000)')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '-a', '--autopilot',
        action='store_true',
        help='enable autopilot. This does not autocomplete the scenario')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '--rolename',
        metavar='NAME',
        default='hero',
        help='role name of ego vehicle to control (default: "hero")')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '--res',
        metavar='WIDTHxHEIGHT',
        default='1280x720',
        help='window resolution (default: 1280x720)')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '--keep_ego_vehicle',
        action='store_true',
        help='do not destroy ego vehicle on exit')
    argparser.add_argument(
        '--wait-for-repetitions',
        action='store_true',
        help='Avoids stopping the manual control when the scenario ends.')
    args = argparser.parse_args()

    args.width, args.height = [int(x) for x in args.res.split('x')]

    log_level = logging.DEBUG if args.debug else logging.INFO
    logging.basicConfig(format='%(levelname)s: %(message)s', level=log_level)

    logging.info('listening to server %s:%s', args.host, args.port)

    print(__doc__)

    try:

        game_loop(args)

    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print('\nCancelled by user. Bye!')
    except Exception as error:
        logging.exception(error)


if __name__ == '__main__':

    main()