[fix] retry with checksum result in failure

[TingDaoK]

Issue #, if available:

• When retry happens in the middle of reading from the stream, the previous checksum stream will calculate the checksum with how far it read through, and since we now keep the checksum through retry, the next time, it will try to write to the same buffer and result in failure.

Description of changes:

• The issue was uncovered by the reuse of checksum, but it's a race condition for this to happen before head.
• Updated the checksum stream API to explicit to finalize the checksum, instead of reaching to EOS or stream destroyed.
• The chunked stream will finalize the checksum when it read to the EOS,
• Put a lock in the checksum context to make sure it works with different threads.
• Avoid accessing the synced_data directly for checksum context to avoid possible dead lock with the new lock introduced.

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 76.25000% with 19 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 88.60%. Comparing base (c27e829) to head (ab48d06).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
source/s3_checksum_stream.c	50.00%	12 Missing ⚠️
source/s3_checksum_context.c	78.12%	7 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #543      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.70%   88.60%   -0.11%     
==========================================
  Files          22       22              
  Lines        6727     6755      +28     
==========================================
+ Hits         5967     5985      +18     
- Misses        760      770      +10     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
source/s3_auto_ranged_put.c	92.10% <100.00%> (+0.02%)	⬆️
source/s3_chunk_stream.c	80.82% <100.00%> (ø)
source/s3_request_messages.c	73.70% <100.00%> (+0.15%)	⬆️
source/s3_checksum_context.c	88.23% <78.12%> (-6.85%)	⬇️
source/s3_checksum_stream.c	65.62% <50.00%> (-4.87%)	⬇️

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