Add extra tests for retry behavior

[mullermp]

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.

1. To make sure we include your contribution in the release notes, please make sure to add description entry for your changes in the "unreleased changes" section of the CHANGELOG.md file (at corresponding gem). For the description entry, please make sure it lives in one line and starts with Feature or Issue in the correct format.

2. For generated code changes, please checkout below instructions first:
   https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-ruby/blob/version-3/CONTRIBUTING.md

Thank you for your contribution!

[github-actions]

You have made a change to core without a corresponding change to the CHANGELOG.md. This change will not result in a new version and will not published unless an entry is added to CHANGELOG.md.

[github-actions]

You have made a change to core without a corresponding change to the CHANGELOG.md. This change will not result in a new version and will not published unless an entry is added to CHANGELOG.md.

[github-actions]

You have made a change to core without a corresponding change to the CHANGELOG.md. This change will not result in a new version and will not published unless an entry is added to CHANGELOG.md.

[github-actions]

You have made a change to core without a corresponding change to the CHANGELOG.md. This change will not result in a new version and will not published unless an entry is added to CHANGELOG.md.