(cli): Every CLI option should be supported in `cdk.json` files

[mrgrain]

Follow up from #743

Extend the schema and code base so that every CLI option is automatically supported in the cdk.json files

Refactor the code so that we can never fail to have an option that is only supported in cdk.json but not as CLI option or vice versa.

Relates to aws/aws-cdk#32329
Same as #810
Same as aws/aws-cdk#32473