feat(jinja): add option to format time filters using strftime

[villebro]

SUMMARY

A continuation on #30142, making it possible to format from_expr and to_expr using datetime.strftime. This is handy if the target column is string based using a custom format, like YYYY-MM-DD, which tends to be the typical partitioning scheme, and we want to avoid having to cast the column to a temporal type.

AFTER

Now you can format like this (assuming my_date is a VARCHAR with YYYY-MM-DD):

{% set time_filter = get_time_filter(strftime="%y-%m-%d") %}
{% set from_expr = time_filter.from_expr %}
{% set to_expr = time_filter.to_expr %}
SELECT
...
{% if from_expr or to_expr %}WHERE 1 = 1
{% if from_expr %}AND my_date >= '{{ from_expr }}'{% endif %}
{% if to_expr %}AND my_date < '{{ to_expr }}'{% endif %}
{% endif %}

This will render

SELECT
  ...
WHERE 1 = 1
AND my_date >= '2024-08-03'
AND my_date < '2024-09-03'

TESTING INSTRUCTIONS

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

• Has associated issue:
• Required feature flags:
• Changes UI
• Includes DB Migration (follow approval process in SIP-59)
  • Migration is atomic, supports rollback & is backwards-compatible
  • Confirm DB migration upgrade and downgrade tested
  • Runtime estimates and downtime expectations provided
• Introduces new feature or API
• Removes existing feature or API

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 83.88%. Comparing base (76d897e) to head (36fcac0).
Report is 745 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #30323       +/-   ##
===========================================
+ Coverage   60.48%   83.88%   +23.39%     
===========================================
  Files        1931      533     -1398     
  Lines       76236    38494    -37742     
  Branches     8568        0     -8568     
===========================================
- Hits        46114    32292    -13822     
+ Misses      28017     6202    -21815     
+ Partials     2105        0     -2105     

Flag	Coverage Δ
hive	49.01% <0.00%> (-0.16%)	⬇️
javascript	?
mysql	76.86% <0.00%> (?)
postgres	76.93% <0.00%> (?)
presto	53.51% <0.00%> (-0.29%)	⬇️
python	83.88% <100.00%> (+20.40%)	⬆️
sqlite	76.38% <0.00%> (?)
unit	60.60% <100.00%> (+2.98%)	⬆️

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