KAFKA-16308 [1/N]: Create FeatureVersion interface and add --feature flag and handling to StorageTool

[jolshan]

As part of KIP-1022, I have created an interface for all the new features to be used when parsing the command line arguments, doing validations, getting default versions, etc.

I've also added the --feature flag to the storage tool to show how it will be used.

Created a TestFeatureVersion to show an implementation of the interface (besides MetadataVersion which is unique) and added tests using this new test feature.

I will add the unstable config and tests in a followup.

I also tested setting the test.feature.version locally
bin/kafka-storage.sh format -t $KAFKA_CLUSTER_ID -c config/kraft/server.properties --feature test.feature.version=1

I see the following in logs:
[2024-04-17 16:04:10,988] INFO [QuorumController id=1] Replayed a FeatureLevelRecord setting feature test.feature.version to 1 (org.apache.kafka.controller.FeatureControlManager)

When I queried ApiVersions:

Feature: metadata.version	SupportedMinVersion: 3.0-IV1	SupportedMaxVersion: 3.7-IV4	FinalizedVersionLevel: 3.7-IV4	Epoch: 49882
Feature: test.feature.version	SupportedMinVersion: 0	SupportedMaxVersion: 1	FinalizedVersionLevel: 1	Epoch: 49882

Committer Checklist (excluded from commit message)

• Verify design and implementation
• Verify test coverage and CI build status
• Verify documentation (including upgrade notes)