Improve & unify validation in LogicalPlan::with_new_exprs #31803

Job	Run time
cargo check	6m 36s
Check cargo fmt	30s
build with wasm-pack	2m 30s
cargo test (macos)	13m 20s
cargo test (macos-aarch64)	11m 38s
Verify MSRV (Min Supported Rust Version)	7m 6s
Verify Vendored Code	42s
cargo test (win64)	45m 31s
cargo test (amd64)	10m 31s
cargo test datafusion-cli (amd64)	4m 41s
cargo doc	4m 20s
cargo test doc (amd64)	15m 19s
cargo examples (amd64)	13m 23s
check Cargo.toml formatting	3m 6s
clippy	5m 54s
check configs.md is up-to-date	3m 46s
cargo test hash collisions (amd64)	14m 16s
Run sqllogictest with Postgres runner	3m 50s
cargo test pyarrow (amd64)	2m 54s
verify benchmark results (amd64)	12m 54s
	3h 2m 47s

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