Cherry pick Add full data validation for ArrayData::try_new()

[alamb]

Semi-manual cherry-pick of 5806d29

• Originally appeared in Add full data validation for ArrayData::try_new() #921: Add full data validation for ArrayData::try_new()

There were some conflicts I needed to handle manually (mostly related to f16 support which was added on master but is not semver backwards compatible so can't be backported)

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #1007 (de2f59c) into active_release (b4507f5) will increase coverage by 0.14%.
The diff coverage is 87.45%.

@@                Coverage Diff                 @@
##           active_release    #1007      +/-   ##
==================================================
+ Coverage           82.34%   82.48%   +0.14%     
==================================================
  Files                 168      168              
  Lines               48832    49570     +738     
==================================================
+ Hits                40210    40890     +680     
- Misses               8622     8680      +58     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
arrow/src/array/data.rs	82.04% <86.32%> (+1.32%)	⬆️
arrow/src/array/array_binary.rs	93.55% <100.00%> (+0.13%)	⬆️
arrow/src/array/array_dictionary.rs	88.75% <100.00%> (+0.28%)	⬆️
arrow/src/array/array_string.rs	97.08% <100.00%> (-0.83%)	⬇️
arrow/src/array/transform/mod.rs	85.33% <0.00%> (ø)
parquet_derive/src/parquet_field.rs	65.98% <0.00%> (+0.22%)	⬆️
arrow/src/compute/kernels/comparison.rs	93.45% <0.00%> (+0.52%)	⬆️
arrow/src/buffer/mutable.rs	92.22% <0.00%> (+2.39%)	⬆️

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