Migrate pickled data & change XCom value type to JSON (#44166)

follow-up of #43905

Changes:
- Changed `XCom.value` column to JSON for all dbs.
- Archived pickled XCom data to `_xcom_archive` and removed it from the `xcom` table.
- Removed encoded string in XCom serialization and deserialization logic.
- Updated logic for `XComObjectStorageBackend` to make it compatible for AF 2 & 3

airflow/migrations/versions/0049_3_0_0_remove_pickled_data_from_xcom_table.py

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+"""
+Remove pickled data from xcom table.
+
+Revision ID: eed27faa34e3
+Revises: 9fc3fc5de720
+Create Date: 2024-11-18 18:41:50.849514
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import LONGBLOB
+
+from airflow.migrations.db_types import TIMESTAMP, StringID
+
+revision = "eed27faa34e3"
+down_revision = "9fc3fc5de720"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+airflow_version = "3.0.0"
+
+
+def upgrade():
+    """Apply Remove pickled data from xcom table."""
+    # Summary of the change:
+    # 1. Create an archived table (`_xcom_archive`) to store the current "pickled" data in the xcom table
+    # 2. Extract and archive the pickled data using the condition
+    # 3. Delete the pickled data from the xcom table so that we can update the column type
+    # 4. Update the XCom.value column type to JSON from LargeBinary/LongBlob
+
+    conn = op.get_bind()
+    dialect = conn.dialect.name
+
+    # Create an archived table to store the current data
+    op.create_table(
+        "_xcom_archive",
+        sa.Column("dag_run_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, primary_key=True),
+        sa.Column("task_id", StringID(length=250), nullable=False, primary_key=True),
+        sa.Column("map_index", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, server_default=sa.text("-1"), primary_key=True),
+        sa.Column("key", StringID(length=512), nullable=False, primary_key=True),
+        sa.Column("dag_id", StringID(length=250), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("run_id", StringID(length=250), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("value", sa.LargeBinary().with_variant(LONGBLOB, "mysql"), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("timestamp", TIMESTAMP(), nullable=False),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("dag_run_id", "task_id", "map_index", "key"),
+        if_not_exists=True,
+    )
+
+    # Condition to detect pickled data for different databases
+    condition_templates = {
+        "postgresql": "get_byte(value, 0) = 128",
+        "mysql": "HEX(SUBSTRING(value, 1, 1)) = '80'",
+        "sqlite": "substr(value, 1, 1) = char(128)",
+    }
+
+    condition = condition_templates.get(dialect)
+    if not condition:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Unsupported dialect: {dialect}")
+
+    # Key is a reserved keyword in MySQL, so we need to quote it
+    quoted_key = conn.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote("key")
+
+    # Archive pickled data using the condition
+    conn.execute(
+        text(
+            f"""
+            INSERT INTO _xcom_archive (dag_run_id, task_id, map_index, {quoted_key}, dag_id, run_id, value, timestamp)
+            SELECT dag_run_id, task_id, map_index, {quoted_key}, dag_id, run_id, value, timestamp
+            FROM xcom
+            WHERE value IS NOT NULL AND {condition}
+            """
+        )
+    )
+
+    # Delete the pickled data from the xcom table so that we can update the column type
+    conn.execute(text(f"DELETE FROM xcom WHERE value IS NOT NULL AND {condition}"))
+
+    # Update the value column type to JSON
+    if dialect == "postgresql":
+        op.execute(
+            """
+            ALTER TABLE xcom
+            ALTER COLUMN value TYPE JSONB
+            USING CASE
+                WHEN value IS NOT NULL THEN CAST(CONVERT_FROM(value, 'UTF8') AS JSONB)
+                ELSE NULL
+            END
+            """
+        )
+    elif dialect == "mysql":
+        op.add_column("xcom", sa.Column("value_json", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
+        op.execute("UPDATE xcom SET value_json = CAST(value AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8mb4)")
+        op.drop_column("xcom", "value")
+        op.alter_column("xcom", "value_json", existing_type=sa.JSON(), new_column_name="value")
+    elif dialect == "sqlite":
+        # Rename the existing `value` column to `value_old`
+        with op.batch_alter_table("xcom", schema=None) as batch_op:
+            batch_op.alter_column("value", new_column_name="value_old")
+
+        # Add the new `value` column with JSON type
+        with op.batch_alter_table("xcom", schema=None) as batch_op:
+            batch_op.add_column(sa.Column("value", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
+
+        # Migrate data from `value_old` to `value`
+        conn.execute(
+            text(
+                """
+                UPDATE xcom
+                SET value = json(CAST(value_old AS TEXT))
+                WHERE value_old IS NOT NULL
+                """
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Drop the old `value_old` column
+        with op.batch_alter_table("xcom", schema=None) as batch_op:
+            batch_op.drop_column("value_old")
+
+
+def downgrade():
+    """Unapply Remove pickled data from xcom table."""
+    conn = op.get_bind()
+    dialect = conn.dialect.name
+
+    # Revert the value column back to LargeBinary
+    if dialect == "postgresql":
+        op.execute(
+            """
+            ALTER TABLE xcom
+            ALTER COLUMN value TYPE BYTEA
+            USING CASE
+                WHEN value IS NOT NULL THEN CONVERT_TO(value::TEXT, 'UTF8')
+                ELSE NULL
+            END
+            """
+        )
+    elif dialect == "mysql":
+        op.add_column("xcom", sa.Column("value_blob", LONGBLOB, nullable=True))
+        op.execute("UPDATE xcom SET value_blob = CAST(value AS BINARY);")
+        op.drop_column("xcom", "value")
+        op.alter_column("xcom", "value_blob", existing_type=LONGBLOB, new_column_name="value")
+
+    elif dialect == "sqlite":
+        with op.batch_alter_table("xcom", schema=None) as batch_op:
+            batch_op.alter_column("value", new_column_name="value_old")
+
+        with op.batch_alter_table("xcom", schema=None) as batch_op:
+            batch_op.add_column(sa.Column("value", sa.LargeBinary, nullable=True))
+
+        conn.execute(
+            text(
+                """
+                UPDATE xcom
+                SET value = CAST(value_old AS BLOB)
+                WHERE value_old IS NOT NULL
+                """
+            )
+        )
+
+        with op.batch_alter_table("xcom", schema=None) as batch_op:
+            batch_op.drop_column("value_old")

airflow/models/xcom.py

@@ -23,18 +23,17 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, cast
 
 from sqlalchemy import (
+    JSON,
     Column,
     ForeignKeyConstraint,
     Index,
     Integer,
-    LargeBinary,
     PrimaryKeyConstraint,
     String,
     delete,
     select,
     text,
 )
-from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import LONGBLOB
 from sqlalchemy.ext.associationproxy import association_proxy
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Query, reconstructor, relationship
 
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ class BaseXCom(TaskInstanceDependencies, LoggingMixin):
     dag_id = Column(String(ID_LEN, **COLLATION_ARGS), nullable=False)
     run_id = Column(String(ID_LEN, **COLLATION_ARGS), nullable=False)
 
-    value = Column(LargeBinary().with_variant(LONGBLOB, "mysql"))
+    value = Column(JSON)
     timestamp = Column(UtcDateTime, default=timezone.utcnow, nullable=False)
 
     __table_args__ = (
@@ -453,9 +452,12 @@ def serialize_value(
         dag_id: str | None = None,
         run_id: str | None = None,
         map_index: int | None = None,
-    ) -> Any:
+    ) -> str:
         """Serialize XCom value to JSON str."""
-        return json.dumps(value, cls=XComEncoder).encode("UTF-8")
+        try:
+            return json.dumps(value, cls=XComEncoder)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            raise ValueError("XCom value must be JSON serializable")
 
     @staticmethod
     def _deserialize_value(result: XCom, orm: bool) -> Any:
@@ -466,7 +468,7 @@ def _deserialize_value(result: XCom, orm: bool) -> Any:
         if result.value is None:
             return None
 
-        return json.loads(result.value.decode("UTF-8"), cls=XComDecoder, object_hook=object_hook)
+        return json.loads(result.value, cls=XComDecoder, object_hook=object_hook)
 
     @staticmethod
     def deserialize_value(result: XCom) -> Any:

airflow/utils/db.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class MappedClassProtocol(Protocol):
     "2.9.2": "686269002441",
     "2.10.0": "22ed7efa9da2",
     "2.10.3": "5f2621c13b39",
-    "3.0.0": "9fc3fc5de720",
+    "3.0.0": "eed27faa34e3",
 }
 
 

airflow/www/views.py

@@ -3861,7 +3861,7 @@ class XComModelView(AirflowModelView):
         permissions.ACTION_CAN_ACCESS_MENU,
     ]
 
-    search_columns = ["key", "value", "timestamp", "dag_id", "task_id", "run_id", "logical_date"]
+    search_columns = ["key", "timestamp", "dag_id", "task_id", "run_id", "logical_date"]
     list_columns = ["key", "value", "timestamp", "dag_id", "task_id", "run_id", "map_index", "logical_date"]
     base_order = ("dag_run_id", "desc")
 

docs/apache-airflow/img/airflow_erd.sha256

@@ -1 +1 @@
-028d2fec22a15bbf5794e2fc7522eaf880a8b6293ead484780ef1a14e6cd9b48
+7748eec981f977cc97b852d1fe982aebe24ec2d090ae8493a65cea101f9d42a5

docs/apache-airflow/migrations-ref.rst

@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ Here's the list of all the Database Migrations that are executed via when you ru
 +-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
 | Revision ID             | Revises ID       | Airflow Version   | Description                                                  |
 +=========================+==================+===================+==============================================================+
-| ``9fc3fc5de720`` (head) | ``2b47dc6bc8df`` | ``3.0.0``         | Add references between assets and triggers.                  |
+| ``eed27faa34e3`` (head) | ``9fc3fc5de720`` | ``3.0.0``         | Remove pickled data from xcom table.                         |
++-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+| ``9fc3fc5de720``        | ``2b47dc6bc8df`` | ``3.0.0``         | Add references between assets and triggers.                  |
 +-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``2b47dc6bc8df``        | ``d03e4a635aa3`` | ``3.0.0``         | add dag versioning.                                          |
 +-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+

newsfragments/aip-72.significant.rst

@@ -27,3 +27,7 @@ As part of this change the following breaking changes have occurred:
 
   If you still need to use pickling, you can use a custom XCom backend that stores references in the metadata DB and
   the pickled data can be stored in a separate storage like S3.
+
+  The ``value`` field in the XCom table has been changed to a ``JSON`` type via DB migration. The XCom records that
+  contains pickled data are archived in the ``_xcom_archive`` table. You can safely drop this table if you don't need
+  the data anymore.

providers/src/airflow/providers/common/io/xcom/backend.py

@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@
 from urllib.parse import urlsplit
 
 import fsspec.utils
+from packaging.version import Version
 
+from airflow import __version__ as airflow_version
 from airflow.configuration import conf
 from airflow.io.path import ObjectStoragePath
 from airflow.models.xcom import BaseXCom
@@ -41,6 +43,10 @@
 SECTION = "common.io"
 
 
+AIRFLOW_VERSION = Version(airflow_version)
+AIRFLOW_V_3_0_PLUS = Version(AIRFLOW_VERSION.base_version) >= Version("3.0.0")
+
+
 def _get_compression_suffix(compression: str) -> str:
     """
     Return the compression suffix for the given compression.
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ def _get_full_path(data: str) -> ObjectStoragePath:
         raise ValueError(f"Not a valid url: {data}")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def serialize_value(
+    def serialize_value(  # type: ignore[override]
         value: T,
         *,
         key: str | None = None,
@@ -114,16 +120,22 @@ def serialize_value(
     ) -> bytes | str:
         # we will always serialize ourselves and not by BaseXCom as the deserialize method
         # from BaseXCom accepts only XCom objects and not the value directly
-        s_val = json.dumps(value, cls=XComEncoder).encode("utf-8")
+        s_val = json.dumps(value, cls=XComEncoder)
+        s_val_encoded = s_val.encode("utf-8")
 
         if compression := _get_compression():
             suffix = f".{_get_compression_suffix(compression)}"
         else:
             suffix = ""
 
         threshold = _get_threshold()
-        if threshold < 0 or len(s_val) < threshold:  # Either no threshold or value is small enough.
-            return s_val
+        if threshold < 0 or len(s_val_encoded) < threshold:  # Either no threshold or value is small enough.
+            if AIRFLOW_V_3_0_PLUS:
+                return s_val
+            else:
+                # TODO: Remove this branch once we drop support for Airflow 2
+                # This is for Airflow 2.10 where the value is expected to be bytes
+                return s_val_encoded
 
         base_path = _get_base_path()
         while True:  # Safeguard against collisions.
@@ -138,7 +150,7 @@ def serialize_value(
         p.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
         with p.open(mode="wb", compression=compression) as f:
-            f.write(s_val)
+            f.write(s_val_encoded)
         return BaseXCom.serialize_value(str(p))
 
     @staticmethod

tests/api_connexion/endpoints/test_xcom_endpoint.py

@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ def test_handle_limit_offset(self, query_params, expected_xcom_ids):
                 xcom = XCom(
                     dag_run_id=dagrun.id,
                     key=f"TEST_XCOM_KEY{i}",
-                    value=b"null",
+                    value="null",
                     run_id=self.run_id,
                     task_id=self.task_id,
                     dag_id=self.dag_id,

tests/models/test_xcom.py

@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ def test_resolve_xcom_class(self):
     def test_resolve_xcom_class_fallback_to_basexcom(self):
         cls = resolve_xcom_backend()
         assert issubclass(cls, BaseXCom)
-        assert cls.serialize_value([1]) == b"[1]"
+        assert cls.serialize_value([1]) == "[1]"
 
     @conf_vars({("core", "xcom_backend"): "to be removed"})
     def test_resolve_xcom_class_fallback_to_basexcom_no_config(self):
         conf.remove_option("core", "xcom_backend")
         cls = resolve_xcom_backend()
         assert issubclass(cls, BaseXCom)
-        assert cls.serialize_value([1]) == b"[1]"
+        assert cls.serialize_value([1]) == "[1]"
 
     @mock.patch("airflow.models.xcom.XCom.orm_deserialize_value")
     def test_xcom_init_on_load_uses_orm_deserialize_value(self, mock_orm_deserialize):
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ def serialize_value(
                     run_id=run_id,
                     map_index=map_index,
                 )
-                return json.dumps(value).encode("utf-8")
+                return json.dumps(value)
 
         get_import.return_value = CurrentSignatureXCom