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Merge pull request #1770 from alphagov/msw/10-downing-street-page
Move building history pages to government-frontend
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app/assets/images/history/buildings/lancaster-house-state-drawing-room.jpg
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class HistoryPresenter < ContentItemPresenter | ||
end |
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<header class="govuk-grid-row"> | ||
<div class="govuk-grid-column-full"> | ||
<%= render "govuk_publishing_components/components/title", { | ||
context: { | ||
text: "History", | ||
href: "/government/history", | ||
}, | ||
title: "11 Downing Street", | ||
} %> | ||
</div> | ||
</header> | ||
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<div class="govuk-grid-row"> | ||
<nav class="govuk-grid-column-one-third"> | ||
<%= image_tag "history/buildings/number-11-300.jpg", alt: "The front of 11 Downing Street", loading: "lazy", style: "width:100%" %> | ||
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<%= render "govuk_publishing_components/components/contents_list", { | ||
contents: [ | ||
{ | ||
href: "#roots-of-the-treasury", | ||
text: "Roots of the Treasury", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#rise-of-downing-street", | ||
text: "The rise of Downing Street", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#hallway", | ||
text: "Hallway", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#sitting-room-and-study", | ||
text: "Sitting room and study", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#state-dining-room", | ||
text: "State dining room", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#state-drawing-room", | ||
text: "State drawing room", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#staircase", | ||
text: "Staircase", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#budget-box", | ||
text: "Budget box", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#sir-john-soane", | ||
text: "Sir John Soane", | ||
}, | ||
] | ||
} %> | ||
</nav> | ||
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||
<div class="govuk-grid-column-two-thirds"> | ||
<%= render "govuk_publishing_components/components/govspeak", {} do %> | ||
<h3 id="roots-of-the-treasury">Roots of the Treasury</h3> | ||
<p>Today’s Treasury dates from around the Norman Conquest. Even before 1066, the Anglo-Saxon Treasury collected taxes (including the danegeld, first levied as a tribute to the Vikings to persuade them – sometimes unsuccessfully – to stay away) and controlled expenditure.</p> | ||
<p>The first ‘Treasurer’ was probably ‘Henry the Treasurer’, who owned land around Winchester, the site of most royal treasure of both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans. Henry is referred to in the Domesday Book (a systematic tax assessment of the whole country undertaken by the Treasury) and is believed to have served William the Conqueror as his Treasurer.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="rise-of-downing-street">The rise of Downing Street</h2> | ||
<p>The location has been prestigious for centuries, as even before modern government the site was close to Westminster Abbey and later Whitehall Palace. But it was Sir George Downing who made the most of its potential and built the street of houses that bears his name.</p> | ||
<p>In his later career as a property speculator and developer, Downing sought – and won – the permission of King Charles II to name his prestigious new development at St James’s Park ‘Downing Street’. He died in 1684, 2 years before the houses were completed.</p> | ||
<p>But not all Chancellors have chosen to live in Number 11 Downing Street, just as not all Prime Ministers have chosen to live in Number 10. Although Number 11 was not to become the Chancellor’s official residence until 1828, Lord Henry Petty was the first to live there during his few months in office in 1806 and 1807. Those Chancellors who have chosen to live ‘above the shop’ have enjoyed a house which is not only part of the nation’s history, but also a comfortable and very distinctive home.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="hallway">Hallway</h2> | ||
<p>The hallway is a modest introduction to the style of Number 11. The 18th century lantern illuminating the small room, the characteristic 19th century Vuilliamy grandfather clock and the unassuming marble fireplace reflect the influence of centuries of history on this house. Its status at the centre of the political world is announced by 2 portraits of the 19th century’s great political adversaries, Gladstone and Disraeli, on opposite walls.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="sitting-room-and-study">Sitting room and study | ||
<p>Past the hallway, and across the corridor which connects the 3 official residences, is a sitting room where the Chancellor holds occasional informal meetings. In the recent past it has also been the location for a Budget tradition – the broadcast which is the Chancellor’s direct address to the nation on the evening of the Budget Day. Nowadays the broadcasts are likely to be recorded in other parts of the house and have even, on good days, been filmed in the gardens.</p> | ||
<p>The adjoining study is where the Chancellor of the Exchequer works on the contents of its ministerial boxes, amid further reminders of the building’s political heritage. Disraeli and Gladstone feature again, although this time as porcelain caricatures.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="state-dining-room">State dining room</h2> | ||
<p>The ground floor sitting room also connects to perhaps the most architecturally significant room in Number 11 – the dining room, a long oak-panelled room designed by the renowned 18th century architect Sir John Soane. Best known for his designs for the Bank of England, Soane created a bold and imaginative room with a spectacular vaulted ceiling, decorated with elegant mouldings.</p> | ||
<p>He also devised an imaginative method of illuminating the long room, making as much use as possible of natural light by designing long, narrow skylights to run the length of the room between the ceiling and walls. The ceiling therefore remains an impressive and uninterrupted span, but daylight can still pour down the walls thanks to the innovative light-wells.</p> | ||
<p>The Soane Dining Room is used nowadays for meetings such as business breakfasts with heads of industry and finance. As with the other rooms used for official entertaining, the walls are decorated with selections from the government art collection which are changed regularly.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="state-drawing-room">State drawing room</h2> | ||
<p>The room most regularly used for formal occasions is the State Room, which runs the entire width of Number 11, illuminated by a wall of high windows which look out over the shared gardens of the Downing Street houses and beyond into St James’s Park.</p> | ||
<p>The State Room has been recently refurnished following an earlier restoration in the 1960s, restoring the hardwood floor, removing wall lights and replacing faded wall coverings to create a bright, airy and adaptable space. The room can now be used as readily for conference-style meetings as it can for official receptions and parties.</p> | ||
<p>Each end of the room features a grand 18th century marble fireplace flanked by 2 ornate mirrors. The westernmost wall also features 2 of Number 11’s finest treasures – 2 antique black and gold lacquered Chinese cabinets.</p> | ||
<p>The walls are covered with a warm and creamy cotton damask, as are the curtains on the long wall overlooking the gardens.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="staircase">Staircase</h2> | ||
<p>The staircase leading to the first floor landing is an ascent through the history of British politics. The walls of the staircase are covered with political cartoons, caricatures and engravings of past Chancellors of the Exchequer. It is a tradition that each Chancellor gets to choose the cartoon he wants to represent him.</p> | ||
<p>Not all Chancellors have chosen to live in Number 11, just as some Prime Ministers have chosen not to live in Number 10, but all of the memorable holders of the office are represented here.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="budget-box">Budget box</h2> | ||
<p>The front door of Number 11 will always be associated with the countless Budget Day photocalls when the Chancellor holds up the red Budget box containing his speech before he makes his way to the House of Commons.</p> | ||
<p>Since the 1860s, the Budget box has almost invariably been the one known as the Gladstone box, now displayed in the lobby of HM Treasury. The use of the Gladstone box became one of several Budget Day traditions (another is that only the Chancellor is allowed to drink alcohol in the House of Commons – and only during his Budget speech).</p> | ||
<p>James Callaghan used a new box during his time as Chancellor in the 1970s, but the frail Gladstone box was later restored to duty once more. In 1997, Gordon Brown marked his first Budget by breaking from tradition – using a new box made by 4 young apprentices from his Dunfermline constituency and bringing the 4 to the steps of Number 11 to share his photocall.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="sir-john-soane">Sir John Soane</h2> | ||
<p>One of the most revered architects Britain has ever produced, Sir John Soane (1753 to 1837) was the perfect choice to design what is arguably Number 11’s finest room: the dining room which now bears his name.</p> | ||
<p>Soane’s reputation in his own lifetime was based largely on his designs for grand country houses, where he brought together the popular taste for classical design with a more modern feel for light and space. Shallow domes, clean ornamentation and ingenious lighting effects, often from above, characterised his work. His greatest work was on a much larger scale – the design of the Bank of England. It was this formidable reputation as designer of some of Britain’s grandest homes and also the heart of its financial community which made Soane the obvious choice to design the dining room of 11 Downing Street in 1825.</p> | ||
<p>Soane was at the same time also responsible for the state dining room of 10 Downing Street, and although Number 11’s is much smaller, it is no less impressive for that. The light-wells which allow daylight to fall on the long panelled walls of the dining room are a characteristically imaginative solution to the problem of getting natural light into a deep room.</p> | ||
<% end %> | ||
</div> | ||
</div> |
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<header class="govuk-grid-row"> | ||
<div class="govuk-grid-column-full"> | ||
<%= render "govuk_publishing_components/components/title", { | ||
context: { | ||
text: "History", | ||
href: "/government/history", | ||
}, | ||
title: "1 Horse Guards Road", | ||
} %> | ||
</div> | ||
</header> | ||
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<div class="govuk-grid-row"> | ||
<nav class="govuk-grid-column-one-third"> | ||
<%= image_tag "history/buildings/1-horse-guards-300.jpg", alt: "1 Horse Guards Road", loading: "lazy", style: "width:100%" %> | ||
<%= render "govuk_publishing_components/components/contents_list", { | ||
contents: [ | ||
{ | ||
href: "#introduction", | ||
text: "Introduction", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#government-offices-great-george-street", | ||
text: "Government Offices Great George Street (GOGGS): a history", | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#the-building-of-goggs", | ||
text: "The building of <abbr title=\"Government Offices Great George Street\">GOGGS<abbr>".html_safe, | ||
}, | ||
{ | ||
href: "#the-cabinet-war-rooms", | ||
text: "The Cabinet War Rooms", | ||
}, | ||
] | ||
} %> | ||
</nav> | ||
<div class="govuk-grid-column-two-thirds"> | ||
<%= render "govuk_publishing_components/components/govspeak", {} do %> | ||
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> | ||
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<p>New office accommodation for the Treasury at 1 Horse Guards Road (1HGR), Whitehall, was opened by Alan Greenspan, former Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve Board on 25 September 2002. The increased space available in the new building enabled all Treasury staff to work in the same building for the first time in over 50 years.</p> | ||
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<p>This major step forward in working conditions and working methods for Treasury staff was achieved through a complete refurbishment of the western end of the building known as Government Offices Great George St (GOGGS).</p> | ||
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<h2 id="government-offices-great-george-street">Government Offices Great George Street (GOGGS): a history</h2> | ||
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<p>The Treasury has been based at <abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr> in Whitehall since 1940.</p> | ||
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<p>The royal treasure was originally located in Winchester, and was moved to the Whitehall area following the Norman Conquest. The Treasury then operated from the Exchequer Receipt Office in Westminster Cloisters until the Restoration in 1660.</p> | ||
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<p>On ascending to the throne Charles II, perhaps wanting to keep a close eye on his finances, allocated it rooms in Whitehall Palace. This consisted of a number of timber-framed buildings grouped around formal gardens, originally built in 1529 by Henry VIII.</p> | ||
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<p>In 1698 a huge blaze, caused by a servant airing some linen too close to the fire, destroyed all but the Banqueting House (built by Inigo Jones for Charles I) which still stands on Whitehall today, and Cardinal Wolsey’s wine cellar which is now under the Ministry of Defence building.</p> | ||
<p>Following the fire, the homeless Treasury moved to Henry VIII’s Cockpit (near today’s Horse Guards Parade). Cock-fighting had ceased there under the Tudors but the building was used as a theatre and as chambers for members of the Royal Household.</p> | ||
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<p>In 1734 a new Treasury was built by William Kent, which still stands on Horse Guards today. The Treasury continued to occupy this building, and expanded into a new Treasury building designed by John Soane, until both buildings were severely damaged by bombs in 1940.</p> | ||
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<p>Since then, <abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr> has been the department’s headquarters, housing staff and ministers, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="the-building-of-goggs">The building of <abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr></h2> | ||
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<p><abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr> was designed and built between 1898 and 1917. It stands on the site of a number of narrow old streets cleared to make way for the building. Construction was in 2 phases. The Parliament Street (Whitehall) end was built first, completed in 1908. The aim was to build light, open-plan offices so offices were built around the perimeter walls of the building and around three large courtyards, while corridors were placed beside light-wells. An entrance on to the park was added in the second building phase, the St James’ Park end, between 1910 and 1917. In order to maximise floor space, offices were arranged either side of dark internal corridors – the opposite of what had been intended.</p> | ||
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<p>The building is an island site bounded by Parliament Street, Great George Street, Horse Guards Road and King Charles Street. The principal architect was John Brydon, who was selected by the Minister of Works after a competition. Brydon’s early works include the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Memorial Hospital, Chelsea Town Hall, the Victoria Art Gallery in Bath and an extension to the Bath Pump Room. In Bath, Brydon made use of the local stone – a feature he repeated in GOGGS, cladding it in Portland stone.</p> | ||
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<p>The large circular court in the middle of the building is derived from Inigo Jones’ design for a new Whitehall Palace (never built), and is a very distinctive piece of architecture. Brydon died before completion of the project and Sir Henry Tanner, the government’s Chief Architect of Works, took over. The architectural merit of the building was compromised by this change: in 1910 the Architectural Review said: “the intrusion of another hand less inspired than the original designer is plainly evident.” But the building has some architectural merit – it’s now Grade II* listed.</p> | ||
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<p>Other notable features of the building are the central courtyard, the main conference room overlooking Whitehall and the Chancellor’s old office.</p> | ||
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<p><abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr> was originally called the New Public Offices, as opposed to the Old Public Offices – now the Foreign Office – next door. It was home to the Board of Education, the Local Government Board and the local Ministry of Works Office.</p> | ||
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<p>Local people queued along the ground floor corridor for inoculations at the Public Health Office. The building has housed a number of departments besides the Treasury, including parts of the Foreign Office, the Northern Ireland Office, the National Investment and Loans Office and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government.</p> | ||
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<h2 id="the-cabinet-war-rooms">The Cabinet War Rooms</h2> | ||
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<p>In the build–up to the Second World War, the government began looking for a strong basement in which a map room and a Cabinet Room could be constructed without major alterations.</p> | ||
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<p>The basement of <abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr> was chosen, not only because it was convenient for Downing Street, but because the concrete frame used in phase 2 would help prevent the collapse of the building should it receive a direct hit from a bomb. Initially, only a few rooms were commandeered but when Horse Guards was bombed on October 14, 1940, wrecking parts of 10 Downing Street, all Churchill’s staff moved into <abbr title="Government Offices Great George Street">GOGGS</abbr>.</p> | ||
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<p>Within months, the departments moved to the basement included the Air Ministry and their main War Room. The Joint Intelligence Chiefs also occupied basement rooms, as did the people responsible for the D-Day Landings and associated deception plans and the Air Ministry Photographic Department.</p> | ||
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<p>To protect the basement, a thick bomb-proof concrete slab was constructed within the rooms at sub-ground floor level, and a large torpedo net was slung across the western courtyard to catch falling bombs. Air was filtered through a series of vents and ducts to guard against poisonous gases.</p> | ||
<% end %> | ||
</div> | ||
</div> |
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