AndroidLab: Training and Systematic Benchmarking of Android Autonomous Agents

📃 Paper

Chinese version of this README is available here.

We develop a systematic Android agent framework，named AndroidLab. It includes an operation environment and a reproducible benchmark. AndroidLab benchmark includes predefined Android virtual devices and 138 tasks across nine apps built on these devices.

This repository is the code framework for the operation environment and benchmark section. We provide two execution modes: AVD on Mac (arm64) and Docker on Linux (x86_64). You can freely add or modify new tasks or Android images according to our framework. We offer a complete evaluation framework that can be used to assess the performance of various Android agents.

Benchmark Components

In our experiment, we utilized a range of apps to conduct various tests. The following mobile apps are chosen:

• Bluecoins: A personal finance management app used for tracking expenses and income.
• Calendar: A calendar app helps in organizing schedules and setting reminders.
• Cantook: An e-book reader for storing, managing, and reading e-books.
• Clock: A clock app for displaying the time, setting alarms, and using a stopwatch.
• Contacts: A contact management app for storing and organizing contact information.
• Maps.me: An offline map app for navigation and exploring locations.
• PiMusic: A music player app for organizing and playing locally stored music files.
• Settings: A settings app for configuring device settings and preferences.
• Zoom: A video conferencing app for hosting and joining online meetings.

The selection of these apps underwent multiple iterations to ensure their suitability for our evaluation purposes. A key criterion for the final selection was that each app must function independently, without requiring an internet connection or user account login. This ensures that the evaluations can be consistently replicated under the same conditions, eliminating external dependencies and reducing the risk of privacy breaches. Consequently, this approach maintains the reliability and reproducibility of our results.

Leaderboard

Main Result of XML and SoM modes. SR, Sub-SR, RRR, and ROR stand for Success Rate, Sub-Goal Success Rate, Reversed Redundancy Ratio, and Reasonable Operation Ratio, respectively. For all these metrics, a higher value means better. -ft represents an instruction tuning model. In each mode, Bold represents the best result.

By using the Android Instruct dataset, we trained six open-source text-only and multimodal models, achieving an average success rate from 4.59% to 21.50% for LLMs and from 1.93% to 13.28% for LMMs. respectively, reaching a performance level comparable to proprietary models.

Quick start

Auto Evaluation Pipeline

We offer two testing methods: AVD on Mac (arm64) and Docker on Linux (x86_64).

Prerequisites

Clone this repo and install the dependencies.

cd /path/to/your/repo
conda create -n Android-Lab python=3.11
conda activate Android-Lab
pip install -r requirements.txt

If you use AVD on Mac (arm64), please refer to here to set up the environment.

If you use Docker on Linux (x86_64), please refer to here to set up the environment.

Run the Auto Evaluation Pipeline

To test, run:

python eval.py -n test_name -c your path to config.yaml

The specific output of each question is saved under ./logs/evaluation/test_name, and the evaluation results are saved in the output folder. If you only want to run a few questions for testing, you can refer to:

python eval.py -n test_name -c your path to config.yaml --task_id taskid_1,taskid_2,taskid_3

We support parallel testing. Please note that you need to confirm in advance that you have sufficient memory and storage. Each concurrent session takes up approximately 6G of memory and 9G of storage space.

python eval.py -n test_name -c your path to config.yaml -p 3

The corresponding task_id for each question can be found in evaluation/config.

Use the following code to generate evaluation results:

# eval by gpt-4o-2024-05-13:
export OPENAI_API_KEY='your-api-key-here'
python generate_result.py --input_folder ./logs/evaluation/ --output_folder ./logs/evaluation/ --output_excel ./logs/evaluation/test_name.xlsx --judge_model gpt-4o-2024-05-13

# eval by glm4:
python generate_result.py --input_folder ./logs/evaluation/ --output_folder ./logs/evaluation/ --output_excel ./logs/evaluation/test_name.xlsx --judge_model glm4 --api_key your api key

You need to fill in your judge model and api_key(may be api_base, too). We now support gpt-4o-2024-05-13 and glm4. generate_result.py will generate an Excel file of all test results under --input_ir, containing detailed results for each question.

If you want to do further development based on Androidlab, including changing the agent's base model, adding tasks, and changing the AVD image, please refer to:here

Citation

@misc{xu2024androidlabtrainingsystematicbenchmarking,
      title={AndroidLab: Training and Systematic Benchmarking of Android Autonomous Agents}, 
      author={Yifan Xu and Xiao Liu and Xueqiao Sun and Siyi Cheng and Hao Yu and Hanyu Lai and Shudan Zhang and Dan Zhang and Jie Tang and Yuxiao Dong},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2410.24024},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.24024}, 
}