Implement logging for SegyFile

[tasansal]

Added logging and better exception handling for SegyFile overall.

Also improved test coverage with extended text header inference and override (while adding logging).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 96.35036% with 5 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 95.28%. Comparing base (74fb864) to head (328b69a).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/segy/file.py	93.15%	5 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #228      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.20%   95.28%   +0.07%     
==========================================
  Files          48       48              
  Lines        2274     2355      +81     
  Branches      127      128       +1     
==========================================
+ Hits         2165     2244      +79     
- Misses         81       84       +3     
+ Partials       28       27       -1     

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