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Seeridia committed Jun 17, 2023
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| 原子序数 | 元素名称 | 元素符号 | 电子排布式 |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 1 || $H$ | $\frac {\uparrow\quad}{1s}$ |
| 2 || $He$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{1s}$ |
| 3 || $Li$ | $\frac {\uparrow \quad}{2s}$ |
| 4 || $Be$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{2s}$ |
| 5 || $B$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{2s} \frac {\uparrow\quad|\quad|\quad}{2p}$ |
| 6 || $C$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{2s}\ \frac {\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\quad}{2p}$ |
| 7 || $N$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{2s}\ \frac {\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad}{2p}$ |
| 10 || $Ne$ | $\frac{\uparrow \downarrow }{2s} \frac{\uparrow \downarrow|\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow }{2p}$ |
| 11 || $Na$ | $\frac {\uparrow\quad}{3s}$ |
| 12 || $Mg$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{3s}$ |
| 13 || $Al$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{3s}\ \frac {\uparrow\quad|\quad|\quad}{3p}$ |
| 14 || $Si$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{3s}\ \frac {\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\quad}{3p}$ |
| 18 || $Ar$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{3s}\ \frac {\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\downarrow}{3p}$ |
| 19 || $K$ | $\frac {\uparrow\quad}{4s}$ |
| 20 || $Ca$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}$ |
| 21 || $Sc$ | $\frac {\uparrow \quad |\quad |\quad|\quad|\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}$ |
| 22 || $Ti$ | $\frac {\uparrow \quad |\uparrow \quad |\quad|\quad|\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}$ |
| 23 || $V$ | $\frac {\uparrow \quad |\uparrow \quad |\uparrow\quad|\quad|\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}$ |
| 24 || $Cr$ | $\frac {\uparrow \quad |\uparrow \quad |\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \quad}{4s}$ |
| 25 || $Mn$ | $\frac {\uparrow \quad |\uparrow \quad |\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow}{4s}$ |
| 26 || $Fe$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \quad |\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow}{4s}$ |
| 27 || $Co$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow}{4s}$ |
| 28 || $Ni$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow\downarrow |\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow}{4s}$ |
| 29 || $Cu$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\downarrow}{3d} \frac {\uparrow \quad}{4s}$ |
| 30 || $Zn$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow |\uparrow \downarrow }{3d} \frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}$ |
| 31 || $Ga$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}\ \frac {\uparrow\quad|\quad|\quad}{4p}$ |
| 32 || $Ge$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s}\ \frac {\uparrow\quad |\uparrow\quad|\quad}{4p}$ |
| 33 || $As$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s} \frac {\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad|\uparrow\quad }{4p}$ |
| 36 || $Kr$ | $\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{4s} \frac {\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\downarrow|\uparrow\downarrow }{4p}$ |
| 37 || $Rb$ | $\frac {\uparrow\quad}{5s}$ |
| 1 || $H$ | $\frac {↑\quad}{1s}$ |
| 2 || $He$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{1s}$ |
| 3 || $Li$ | $\frac { \quad}{2s}$ |
| 4 || $Be$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{2s}$ |
| 5 || $B$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{2s} \frac {↑\quad|\quad|\quad}{2p}$ |
| 6 || $C$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{2s}\ \frac {↑\quad|↑\quad|\quad}{2p}$ |
| 7 || $N$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{2s}\ \frac {↑\quad|↑\quad|↑\quad}{2p}$ |
| 10 || $Ne$ | $\frac{↑ ↓ }{2s} \frac{↑ ↓|↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ }{2p}$ |
| 11 || $Na$ | $\frac {↑\quad}{3s}$ |
| 12 || $Mg$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{3s}$ |
| 13 || $Al$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{3s}\ \frac {↑\quad|\quad|\quad}{3p}$ |
| 14 || $Si$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{3s}\ \frac {↑\quad|↑\quad|\quad}{3p}$ |
| 18 || $Ar$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{3s}\ \frac {↑↓|↑↓|↑↓}{3p}$ |
| 19 || $K$ | $\frac {↑\quad}{4s}$ |
| 20 || $Ca$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}$ |
| 21 || $Sc$ | $\frac { \quad |\quad |\quad|\quad|\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}$ |
| 22 || $Ti$ | $\frac { \quad | \quad |\quad|\quad|\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}$ |
| 23 || $V$ | $\frac { \quad | \quad |↑\quad|\quad|\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}$ |
| 24 || $Cr$ | $\frac { \quad | \quad |↑\quad|↑\quad|↑\quad}{3d} \frac { \quad}{4s}$ |
| 25 || $Mn$ | $\frac { \quad | \quad |↑\quad|↑\quad|↑\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓}{4s}$ |
| 26 || $Fe$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ | \quad |↑\quad|↑\quad|↑\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓}{4s}$ |
| 27 || $Co$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ |↑\quad|↑\quad|↑\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓}{4s}$ |
| 28 || $Ni$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ |↑↓ |↑↓|↑\quad|↑\quad}{3d} \frac {↑ ↓}{4s}$ |
| 29 || $Cu$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ |↑↓|↑↓|↑↓}{3d} \frac { \quad}{4s}$ |
| 30 || $Zn$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ |↑ ↓ }{3d} \frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}$ |
| 31 || $Ga$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}\ \frac {↑\quad|\quad|\quad}{4p}$ |
| 32 || $Ge$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{4s}\ \frac {↑\quad |↑\quad|\quad}{4p}$ |
| 33 || $As$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{4s} \frac {↑\quad|↑\quad|↑\quad }{4p}$ |
| 36 || $Kr$ | $\frac {↑ ↓ }{4s} \frac {↑↓|↑↓|↑↓ }{4p}$ |
| 37 || $Rb$ | $\frac {↑\quad}{5s}$ |


> 特殊情况:
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions 03 分子空间结构与物质性质/02 杂化轨道理论.md
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1. $sp^3$ 杂化:由$1$个$s$轨道和$3$个$p$轨道杂化而成,杂化轨道间夹角为 $109°28^′$,呈正四面体形
$
\begin{aligned}
{\displaystyle C^{*}\quad {\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{1s}}\;{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{3}}}\;{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{3}}}{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{3}}}{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{3}}}} \end{aligned}
{\displaystyle C^{*}\quad {\frac {↑ ↓ }{1s}}\;{\frac { \,}{sp^{3}}}\;{\frac { \,}{sp^{3}}}{\frac { \,}{sp^{3}}}{\frac { \,}{sp^{3}}}} \end{aligned}
$
<img src="images\2.3.jpg" width="300" />
2. $sp^2$杂化:由$1$个$s$轨道和$2$个$p$轨道杂化而成,杂化轨道间夹角为 $120°$,呈平面三角形
$
\begin{aligned}
{\displaystyle C^{*}\quad {\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{1s}}\;{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{2}}}\;{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{2}}}{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp^{2}}}{\frac {\uparrow \,} {2p}}} \end{aligned}
{\displaystyle C^{*}\quad {\frac {↑ ↓ }{1s}}\;{\frac { \,}{sp^{2}}}\;{\frac { \,}{sp^{2}}}{\frac { \,}{sp^{2}}}{\frac { \,} {2p}}} \end{aligned}
$
<img src="images\2.2.jpg" width="300" />
3. $sp$ 杂化:由$1$个$s$轨道和$1$个$p$轨道杂化而成,杂化轨道间夹角为 $180°$ ,呈直线形
$
\begin{aligned}
{\displaystyle C^{*}\quad {\frac {\uparrow \downarrow }{1s}}\;{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp}}\;{\frac {\uparrow \,}{sp}}{\frac {\uparrow \,}{p}}{\frac {\uparrow \,}{p}}} \end{aligned}
{\displaystyle C^{*}\quad {\frac {↑ ↓ }{1s}}\;{\frac { \,}{sp}}\;{\frac { \,}{sp}}{\frac { \,}{p}}{\frac { \,}{p}}} \end{aligned}
$
<img src="images\2.4.jpg" width="300" />

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56 changes: 15 additions & 41 deletions 04 有机化学基础/04 烃.md
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在适宜的温度、压强和催化剂存在的条件下,乙烯分子中碳碳双键中的一个键可以断裂,分子间通过碳原子的相互结合形成很长的碳链

生成聚乙烯:$n C H _ { 2 } = C H _ { 2 } \xrightarrow[]{一定条件} [\!\!\!-C H _ { 2 } - C H _ { 2 }$ $]\!\!\!-_n$ (聚乙烯,$n$ 为聚合度,$-CH_2-CH_2-$ 是链节)
生成聚乙烯:$\ce{nCH2=CH2->[一定条件]}\space[\!\!\!\ce{-CH2-CH2}$ $]\!\!\!-_n$ (聚乙烯,$n$ 为聚合度,$\ce{-CH_2-CH_2 -}$ 是链节)

<img title="" src="images/4.6.png" height="70" >

二烯烃加聚:$n C H _ { 2 } = C H - C H = C H _ { 2 } \xrightarrow[]{一定条件} [\!\!\!-C H _ { 2 } - C H = C H - C H _ { 2 }$ $]\!\!\!-_n$
二烯烃加聚:$\ce{nCH2=CH-CH=CH_2 ->[一定条件]}\space[\!\!\!\ce{-CH2-CH=CH-CH2}$ $]\!\!\!-_n$

烯烃共聚:$n C H _ { 2 } = C H _ { 2 } + n C H _ { 2 } = C H - C H _ { 3 } \xrightarrow[]{一定条件} [\!\!\!-C H _ 2 - C H _ 2 - C H (C H _ 3) -C H _ 2$ $]\!\!\!-_n$
烯烃共聚:$\ce{nCH2=CH2 +nCH2=CH-CH3->[一定条件]}\space[\!\!\!\ce{-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2}$ $]\!\!\!-_n$

3. **氧化反应**

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -154,25 +154,25 @@

1. **加成反应**

乙炔在一定条件下能与氢气、氯化氢和水等物质发生加成反应
乙炔在一定条件下能与氢气、氯化氢和水等物质发生加成反应

- $\ce{CH#CH + H2 ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH2=CH2}\quad\ce{CH#CH + 2H2 ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH3CH3}$
- $\ce{CH#CH + H2 ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH2=CH2}\quad\ce{CH#CH + 2H2 ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH3CH3}$

- $\ce{CH#CH + HCl ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH2=CHCl}$
- $\ce{CH#CH + HCl ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH2=CHCl}$

- $\ce{CH#CH + H2O ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH3-CHO}$
- $\ce{CH#CH + H2O ->[\Delta][催化剂] CH3-CHO}$

> 乙炔与水加成后的产物乙烯醇不稳定( $CH_2=CH-OH$ ),很快转化为乙醛(醇的催化氧化)
- $\ce{HC#CH->[HCN][催化剂]CH2=CH-CN(丙烯晴)->[H2O、H+][\Delta]CH2=CH-COOH}(丙烯酸)$
- $\ce{HC#CH->[HCN][催化剂]CH2=CH-CN(丙烯晴)->[H2O、H+][\Delta]CH2=CH-COOH}(丙烯酸)$

> 用于增加碳链长度
2. **加聚反应**

乙炔可发生加聚反应,得到聚乙炔,聚乙炔可用于制备**导电高分子材料**
$n C H \equiv C H \xrightarrow[]{一定条件} [\!\!\!-C H = C H $ $]\!\!\!-_n$
乙炔可发生加聚反应,得到聚乙炔,聚乙炔可用于制备**导电高分子材料**

$\ce{nCH#CH->[一定条件]}\space[\!\!\!\ce{-CH=CH}$ $]\!\!\!-_n$

2. **氧化反应**

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -359,33 +359,7 @@

由两个或两个以上的苯环共用相邻的两个碳原子的芳香烃是稠环芳香烃

<table>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>分子式</th>
<th>结构简式</th>
<th>物理性质</th>
<th>用途</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>萘</th>
<td>C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub></td>
<td><img src="./images/4.22.svg" style="zoom: 80%;"></td>
<td>无色片状晶体,有特殊气味<br>
熔点80℃,易升华,不溶于水</td>
<td>
①曾用于杀菌、防蛀、驱虫<br>
②重要的化工原料,生产增塑剂、农药、染料等
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>蒽</th>
<td>C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>10</sub></td>
<td><img src="./images/4.25.svg" style="zoom: 80%;"></td>
<td>无色晶体,易升华<br>
不溶于水,易溶于苯</td>
<td>
合成染料的重要原料
</td>
</tr>
</table>
| | 分子式 | 结构简式 | 物理性质 | 用途 |
| ---- | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
|| $\ce{C10H8}$ | <img src="./images/4.22.svg" style="zoom: 80%;"> | 无色片状晶体,有特殊气味<br/>熔点80℃,易升华,不溶于水 | ①曾用于杀菌、防蛀、驱虫<br/>②重要的化工原料,生产增塑剂、农药、染料等 |
|| $\ce{C14H10}$ | <img src="./images/4.25.svg" style="zoom: 80%;"> | 无色晶体,易升华<br/>不溶于水,易溶于苯 | 合成染料的重要原料 |

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