Add exceptions to API documentation (backport #10522)

[mergify]

This is an automatic backport of pull request #10522 done by Mergify.
Cherry-pick of 982807e has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/stable/0.25/pr-10522
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/stable/0.25'.

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  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
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Changes to be committed:
	modified:   docs/apidocs/terra.rst
	modified:   qiskit/algorithms/amplitude_estimators/ae.py
	modified:   qiskit/circuit/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/circuit/exceptions.py
	modified:   qiskit/exceptions.py
	modified:   qiskit/extensions/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/opflow/gradients/circuit_gradients/lin_comb.py
	modified:   qiskit/providers/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/pulse/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/qasm2/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/qpy/__init__.py
	modified:   qiskit/qpy/exceptions.py
	modified:   qiskit/transpiler/passes/synthesis/unitary_synthesis.py

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	added by them:   docs/apidocs/exceptions.rst
	both modified:   qiskit/dagcircuit/__init__.py
	deleted by us:   qiskit/passmanager/__init__.py
	both modified:   qiskit/transpiler/__init__.py

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

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[qiskit-bot]

Thank you for opening a new pull request.

Before your PR can be merged it will first need to pass continuous integration tests and be reviewed. Sometimes the review process can be slow, so please be patient.

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• @Eric-Arellano
• @javabster
• @Cryoris
• @ElePT
• @Qiskit/terra-core
• @mtreinish
• @nkanazawa1989
• @woodsp-ibm

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 5866702638

• 8 of 8 (100.0%) changed or added relevant lines in 8 files are covered.
• 3 unchanged lines in 2 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.002%) to 87.219%

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Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
qiskit/extensions/unitary.py	1	93.75%
crates/qasm2/src/lex.rs	2	91.14%

Totals
Change from base Build 5861252133:	0.002%
Covered Lines:	74065
Relevant Lines:	84918

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💛 - Coveralls