fades is a system that automatically handles the virtual environments in the cases normally found when writing scripts and simple programs, and even helps to administer big projects.
fades will automagically create a new virtual environment (or reuse a previous created one), installing the necessary dependencies, and execute your script inside that virtual environment, with the only requirement of executing the script with fades and also marking the required dependencies.
(If you don't have a clue why this is necessary or useful, I'd recommend you to read this small text about Python and the Management of Dependencies .)
The first non-option parameter (if any) would be then the child program to execute, and any other parameters after that are passed as is to that child script.
fades can also be executed without passing a child script to execute:
in this mode it will open a Python interactive interpreter inside the
created/reused virtual environment (taking dependencies from --dependency or
--requirement options).
Contents
- What is fades?
- How to use it?
- Yes, please, I want to read
- How to execute the script with fades?
- How to mark the dependencies to be installed?
- What if no script is given to execute?
- Other ways to specify dependencies
- About different repositories
- How to control the virtual environment creation and usage?
- Running programs in the context of the virtual environment
- How to deal with packages that are upgraded in PyPI
- What about pinning dependencies?
- Under the hood options
- Setting options using config files
- How to clean up old virtual environments?
- Some command line examples
- Some examples using fades in project scripts
- What if Python is updated in my system?
- How to install it
- Get some help, give some feedback
- How to develop fades itself
Click in the following image to see a video/screencast that shows most of fades features in just 5'...
...or inspect these several small GIFs that show each a particular fades functionality, but please keep also reading for more detailed information...
When you write an script, you have to take two special measures:
- need to execute it with fades (not python)
- need to mark those dependencies
At the moment you execute the script, fades will search a virtual environment with the marked dependencies, if it doesn't exists fades will create it, and execute the script in that environment.
You can always call your script directly with fades:
fades myscript.py
However, for you to not forget about fades and to not execute it directly with python, it's better if you put at the beggining of the script the indication for the operating system that it should be executed with fades...
#!/usr/bin/env fades
...and also set the executable bit in the script:
chmod +x yourscript.py
You can also execute scripts directly from the web, passing directly the URL of the pastebin where the script is pasted (most common pastebines are supported, pastebin.com, gist, linkode.org, but also it's supported if the URL points to the script directly):
fades http://myserver.com/myscript.py
The procedure to mark a module imported by the script as a dependency to be installed by fades is by using a comment.
This comment will normally be in the same line of the import (recommended, less confusing and less error prone in the future), but it also can be in the previous one.
The simplest comment is like:
import somemodule # fades from somepackage import othermodule # fades
The fades is mandatory, in this examples the repository is PyPI,
see About different repositories below for other examples.
With that comment, fades will install automatically in the virtual environment the
somemodule or somepackage from PyPI.
Also, you can indicate a particular version condition, examples:
import somemodule # fades == 3 import somemodule # fades >= 2.1 import somemodule # fades >=2.1,<2.8,!=2.6.5
Sometimes, the project itself doesn't match the name of the module; in these cases you can specify the project name (optionally, before the version):
import bs4 # fades beautifulsoup4 import bs4 # fades beautifulsoup4 == 4.2
If no script or program is passed to execute, fades will provide a virtual environment with all the indicated dependencies, and then open an interactive interpreter in the context of that virtual environment.
Here is where it comes very handy the -i/--ipython option, if that REPL
is preferred over the standard one.
In the case of using an interactive interpreter, it's also very useful to
make fades to automatically import all the indicated dependencies,
passing the --autoimport parameter.
Apart of marking the imports in the source file, there are other ways to tell fades which dependencies to install in the virtual environment.
One way is through command line, passing the --dependency parameter.
This option can be specified multiple times (once per dependency), and
each time the format is repository::dependency. The dependency may
have versions specifications, and the repository is optional (defaults
to 'pypi').
Another way is to specify the dependencies in a text file, one dependency
per line, with each line having the format previously described for
the --dependency parameter. This file is then indicated to fades
through the --requirement parameter. This option can be specified
multiple times.
In case of multiple definitions of the same dependency, command line overrides everything else, and requirements file overrides what is specified in the source code.
Finally, you can include package names in the script docstring, after a line where "fades" is written, until the end of the docstring; for example:
"""Script to do stuff.
It's a very important script.
We need some dependencies to run ok, installed by fades:
request
otherpackage
"""
fades supports installing the required dependencies from multiples repositories: besides PyPI, you can specify URLs that can point to projects from GitHub, Launchpad, etc. (basically, everything that is supported by pip itself).
When a dependency is specified, fades deduces the proper repository. For example, in the following examples fades will install requests from the latest revision from PyPI in the first case, and in the second case the latest revision from the project itself from GitHub:
-d requests -d git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git#egg=requests
If you prefer, you can be explicit about which kind of repository fades should use, prefixing the dependency with the special token double colon (::):
-d pypi::requests -d vcs::git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git#egg=requests
There are two basic repositories: pypi which will make fades to install the desired dependency from PyPI, and vcs, which will make fades to treat the dependency as a URL for a version control system site. In the first case, for PyPI, a full range of version comparators can be specified, as usual. For vcs repositories, though, the comparison is always exact: if the very same dependency is specified, a virtual environment is reused, otherwise a new one will be created and populated.
In both cases (specifying the repository explicitly or implicitly) there is no difference if the dependency is specified in the command line, in a requirements.txt file, in the script's docstring, etc. In the case of marking the import directly in the script, it slightly different.
When marking the import it normally happens that the package itself to be installed has the name of the imported module, and because of that it can only be found in PyPI. So, in the following cases the pypi repository is not only deduced, but unavoidable:
import requests # fades from foo import bar # fades import requests # fades <= 3
But if the package is specified (normally needed because it's different than the module name), or if a version control system URL is specified, the same possibilities stated above are available: let fades to deduce the proper repository or mark it explicitly:
import bs4 # fades beautifulsoup import bs4 # fades pypi::beautifulsoup import requests # fades git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git#egg=requests import requests # fades vcs::git+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git#egg=requests
One last detail about the vcs repository: the format to write the URLs is the same (as it's passed without modifications) than what pip itself supports (see pip docs for more details).
Furthermore, you can install from local projects. It's just fine to use a
dependency that starts with file:. E.g. (please note the triple slash,
because we're mixing the protocol indication with the path):
fades -d file:///home/crazyuser/myproject/allstars/
You can influence several details of all the virtual environment related process.
The most important detail is which version of Python will be used in the virtual environment. Of course, the corresponding version of Python needs to be installed in your system, but you can control exactly which one to use.
No matter which way you're executing the script (see above), you can
pass a -p or --python argument, indicating the Python version to
be used just with the number (3.9), the whole name (python3.9) or
the whole path (/usr/bin/python3.9).
Other detail is the verbosity of fades when telling what is doing. By default, fades only will use stderr to tell if a virtual environment is being created, and to let the user know that is doing an operation that requires an active network connection (e.g. installing a new dependency).
If you call fades with -v or --verbose, it will send all internal
debugging lines to stderr, which may be very useful if any problem arises.
On the other hand if you pass the -q or --quiet parameter, fades
will not show anything (unless it has a real problem), so the original
script stderr is not polluted at all.
If you want to use IPython shell you need to call fades with -i or
--ipython option. This option will add IPython as a dependency to fades
and it will launch this shell instead of the python one.
You can also use --system-site-packages to create a venv with access to
the system libs.
Finally, no matter how the virtual environment was created, you can always get the
base directory of the virtual environment in your system using the --where (or its
alias --get-venv-dir) option.
The -x/--exec parameter allows you to execute any program (not just
a Python one) in the context of the virtual environment.
By default the mandatory given argument is considered the executable
name, relative to the environment's bin directory, so this is
specially useful to execute installed scripts/program by the declared
dependencies. E.g.:
fades -d flake8 -x flake8 my_script_to_be_verified_by_flake8.py
Take in consideration that you can pass an absolute path and it will be respected (but not a relative path, as it will depend of the virtual environment location).
For example, if you want to run a shell script that in turn runs a Python program that needs to be executed in the context of the virtual environment, you can do the following:
fades -r requirements.txt --exec /var/lib/foobar/special.sh
Finally, if the intended code to run is prepared to be executed as a module (what you would normally run as python3 -m some_module), you can use the same parameter with fades to run that module inside the virtual environment:
fades -r requirements.txt -m some_module
When you tell fades to create a virtual environment using one dependency and don't specify a version, it will install the latest one from PyPI.
For example, you do fades -d foobar and it installs foobar in
version 7. At some point, there is a new version of foobar in PyPI,
version 8, but if do fades -d foobar it will just reuse previously
created virtual environment, with version 7, not downloading the new version and
creating a new virtual environment with it!
You can tell fades to do otherwise, just do:
fades -d foobar --check-updates
...and fades will search updates for the package on PyPI, and as it will
found version 8, will create a new virtual environment using the latest version. You
can also use the -U option as an alias for --check-updates:
fades -d foobar -U
From this moment on, if you request fades -d foobar it will bring the
virtual environment with the new version. If you want to get a virtual environment with
not-the-latest version for any dependency, just specify the proper versions.
You can even use the --check-updates parameter when specifying the package
version. Say you call fades -d foobar==7, fades will install version 7 no
matter which one is the latest. But if you do:
fades -d foobar==7 --check-updates
...it will still use version 7, but will inform you that a new version is available!
One nice benefit of fades is that every time dependencies change in your project, you actually get to use a new virtual environment automatically.
If you don't pin the dependencies in your requirements file, this has another nice side effect: everytime you use them in a new environment (or if you have --check-updates set) you will get latest versions, effectively avoiding the trap of sticking in old versions forever.
However, this has a bad side. If it happens that a dependency of your project released a revision between the moment you run the tests and the moment your project is deployed to the server, it may happen that you actually put in production an untested combination. Furthermore, it may happen that even if you do pin your dependencies, the dependencies of those dependencies may not be pinned, and you get into the same situation.
For example, you may have the requests == 2.19.1 dependency, but
requests declares its own dependencies, for example
chardet >= 3.0.2, and when running tests locally you may get chardet
in version 3.0.3, but nothing guarantees you that when deploying your
project to a server (effectively building everything from scratch) you will
not get a newer version of chardet, which may be totally fine but in fact
it's something that you did NOT test locally.
Here is where fades comes to the rescue with the --freeze option. If
this parameter is given, fades will operate exactly as it normally would,
but also will dump the result of pip freeze into the specified file.
So to continue with the example above, you could run your tests like:
fades -d "requests == 2.19.1" --freeze=reqs-frozen.txt -x python3 -m unittest
...which will leave you reqs-frozen.txt with a content similar to:
certifi==2018.4.16 chardet==3.0.4 pip==18.0 requests==2.19.1 ...
And then you could use that file for deployment, which has all packages pinned, so you will get exactly what you was expecting.
For particular use cases you can send specifics arguments to the venv module, pip and python itself, using the --venv-options, --pip-options and --python-options modifiers respectively. You have to use that argument for each argument sent.
Examples:
fades -d requests --venv-options="--symlinks"
fades -d requests --pip-options="--index-url='http://example.com'"
fades --python-options=-B foo.py
You can also configure fades using .ini config files. fades will search config files in /etc/fades/fades.ini, the path indicated by xdg for your system (for example ~/config/fades/fades.ini) and .fades.ini.
So you can have different settings at system, user and project level.
With fades installed you can get your config dir running:
python -c "from fades.helpers import get_confdir; print(get_confdir())"
The config files are in .ini format. (configparser) and fades will search for a [fades] section.
You have to use the same configurations that in the CLI. The only difference is with the config options with a dash, it has to be replaced with a underscore.:
[fades] ipython=true verbose=true python=python3 check_updates=true dependency=requests;django>=1.8 # separated by semicolon
There is a little difference in how fades handle these settings: "dependency", "pip-options" and "venv-options". In these cases you have to use a semicolon separated list.
The most important thing is that these options will be merged. So if you configure in /etc/fades/fades.ini "dependency=requests" you will have requests in all the virtual environments created by fades.
When using fades virtual environments are something you should not have to think about. fades will do the right thing and create a new virtual environment that matches the required dependencies. There are cases however when you'll want to do some clean up to remove unnecessary virtual environments from disk.
By running fades with the --rm argument, fades will remove the
virtual environment matching the provided UUID if such environment exists (one easy
way to find out the environment's UUID is calling fades with the
--where option).
Another way to clean up the cache is to remove all venvs that haven't been used for some time.
In order to do this you need to call fades with --clean-unused-venvs.
When fades it's called with this option, it runs in mantain mode, this means that fades will exit
after finished this task.
All virtual environments that haven't been used for more days than the value indicated in param will be removed.
It is recommended to have some automatically way of run this option; ie, add a cron task that perform this command:
fades --clean-unused-venvs=42
Execute foo.py under fades, passing the --bar parameter to the child program, in a virtual environment with the dependencies indicated in the source code:
fades foo.py --bar
Execute foo.py under fades, showing all the fades messages (verbose mode):
fades -v foo.py
Execute foo.py under fades (passing the --bar parameter to it), in a virtual environment with the dependencies indicated in the source code and also dependency1 and dependency2 (any version > 3.2):
fades -d dependency1 -d "dependency2>3.2" foo.py --bar
Execute the Python interactive interpreter in a virtual environment with dependency1 installed:
fades -d dependency1
Execute the Python interactive interpreter in a virtual environment after installing there all dependencies taken from the requirements.txt file:
fades -r requirements.txt
Execute the Python interactive interpreter in a virtual environment after installing there all dependencies taken from files requirements.txt and requirements_devel.txt:
fades -r requirements.txt -r requirements_devel.txt
Use the django-admin.py script to start a new project named foo, without having to have django previously installed:
fades -d django -x django-admin.py startproject foo
Remove a virtual environment matching the given uuid from disk and cache index:
fades --rm 89a2bf83-c280-4918-a78d-c35506efd69d
Download the script from the given pastebin and executes it (previously building a virtual environment for the dependencies indicated in that pastebin, of course):
fades http://linkode.org/#4QI4TrPlGf1gK2V7jPBC47
Run all the tests in a project (running pytest directly as a module, for better behaviour) and at the same time freeze dependencies for later deployment:
fades -r requirements.txt --freeze -m pytest -v
Including fades in project helper scripts makes it easy to stop worrying about the virtual environment activation/deactivation when working in that project, and also solves the problem of needing to update/change/fix an already created virtual environment if the dependencies change.
This is an example of how a script to run your project may look like:
#!/bin/sh
if (command -v fades > /dev/null)
then
# fades FTW!
fades -r requirements.txt bin/start
else
echo 2
# hope you are in the correct virtual environment
python3 bin/start
fi
To run the tests, it's super handy to have a script that also takes care of the development dependencies:
#!/bin/sh fades -r requirements.txt -r reqs-dev.txt -x python -m pytest -s "$@"
The virtual environments created by fades depend on the Python version used to create them, considering its major and minor version.
This means that if run fades with a Python version and then run it again with a different Python version, it may need to create a new virtual environment.
Let's see some examples. Let's say you run fades with python, which
is a symlink in your /usr/bin/ to python3.6 (running it directly
by hand or because fades is installed to use that Python version).
If you have Python 3.6.2 installed in your system, and it's upgraded to Python 3.6.3, fades will keep reusing the already created virtual environments, as only the micro version changed, not minor or major.
But if Python 3.7 is installed in your system, and the default python
is pointed to this new one, fades will start creating all the
virtual environments again, with this new version.
This is a good thing, because you want that the dependencies installed with one specific Python in the virtual environment are kept being used by the same Python version.
However, if you want to avoid this behaviour, be sure to always call fades
with the specific Python version (/usr/bin/python3.6 or python3.6,
for example), so it won't matter if a new version is available in the
system.
Several instructions to install fades in different platforms.
In some systems you can install fades directly, no needing to
install previously any dependency.
If you are in debian unstable or testing, just do:
sudo apt-get install fades
For Arch Linux, you can install it from the AUR using any AUR helper, e.g. with pikaur:
pikaur -S fades
In systems with Snaps:
snap install fades --classic
(why --classic? Because it's the only way that fades could, from inside the snap, access the rest of the system in case you want to use a different Python version, or a dependency that needs compilation, etc).
For Mac OS X (and Homebrew):
brew install fades
Else, keep reading to know how to install the dependencies first, and
fades in your system next.
Besides needing Python 3.6 or greater, fades depends on the python-xdg package. This package should be installed on any GNU/Linux OS wiht a freedesktop.org GUI. However it is an optional dependency.
You can install it in Ubuntu/Debian with:
apt-get install python3-xdg
And on Arch Linux with:
pacman -S python-xdg
If you are NOT in debian unstable or testing (if you are, see above for better instructions), you can use this .deb.
Download it and install doing:
sudo dpkg -i fades_*.deb
pip3 install fades
Finally you can always get the multiplatform tarball and install it in the old fashion way:
wget http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/f/fades/fades_9.0.1.orig.tar.gz tar -xf fades_*.tar.gz cd fades-* sudo ./setup.py install
Yes! Branch the project and use the executable:
git clone https://github.com/PyAr/fades.git cd fades bin/fades your_script.py
Windows is a platform supported by fades.
However, we don't have a proper Windows installer (a .exe or
.msi), but you can install it using pip, or from the tarball,
or try it directly from the project. All these options are properly
described above.
We do want to have a Windows installer. If you can help us in this regard, please contact us. Also we would want a Travis running in Windows so that GitHub runs all the tests in this platform too before landing any code. Thanks!
You can ask any question or send any recommendation or request to the mailing list.
Come chat with us on IRC. The #fades channel is located at the Freenode network.
Also, you can open an issue here (please do if you find any problem!).
Thanks in advance for your time.
Quick guide to get you up and running in fades development.
Clone the project:
git clone [email protected]:PyAr/fades.git
fades manages it's own dependencies, so there is nothing extra you need to install.
To try it, just do:
bin/fades -V
When starting development, at all times, and specially before wrapping up a new branch, you need to be sure that all tests pass ok.
This is very simple, actually, just run:
./test
That will not only check test cases, but also that the code complies with aesthetic recommendations, and that the README document has a proper format.
If you want to run one particular test, just specify it. Example:
./test tests.test_main:DepsMergingTestCase.test_two_different
Just pick an issue from the list.
Develop, assure ./test is happy, commit, push, create a pull request, etc.
Please, if you aim for creating a Pull Request with new code (functionality or fixes), include tests for your changes.
Thanks! Enjoy.