fix(state): Propagate schema reconciliation failures

[thanosapollo]

What does this PR do?

Stops schema reconciliation from silently swallowing SQLite lock and migration errors. Only the benign concurrent duplicate column name race is ignored, allowing SessionDB's existing open retry path to handle transient contention.

Related Issue

Fixes #79531

This complements #80797: that PR fixes stale-schema detection on read-only opens; this PR fixes the independent writable-reconciliation path that swallowed migration lock and other operational errors. #80030 was an earlier draft of the #80797 approach.

Type of Change

• 🐛 Bug fix

Changes Made

• Propagate schema-probe and non-duplicate ALTER TABLE failures.
• Add regressions for probe locks, ALTER TABLE locks, and duplicate-column races.

How to Test

scripts/run_tests.sh tests/test_schema_reconciliation.py tests/test_schema_read_probe.py tests/state/test_write_lock_patience.py -q
scripts/run_tests.sh tests/test_hermes_state.py -k TestSchemaInit -q

Results: 14 passed; 3 passed. Ruff and Python compile checks pass.

Checklist

• Read contributing guide and searched for duplicate PRs
• Focused diff with regression tests
• Considered cross-platform behavior
• Documentation/config/tool schemas: N/A