sage: add jupyter notebook support

[timokau]

Motivation for this change

Fixes #48544.

Things done

• Tested using sandboxing (nix.useSandbox on NixOS, or option sandbox in nix.conf on non-NixOS)
• Built on platform(s)
  • NixOS
  • macOS
  • other Linux distributions
• Tested via one or more NixOS test(s) if existing and applicable for the change (look inside nixos/tests)
• Tested compilation of all pkgs that depend on this change using nix-shell -p nox --run "nox-review wip"
• Tested execution of all binary files (usually in ./result/bin/)
• Determined the impact on package closure size (by running nix path-info -S before and after)
• Assured whether relevant documentation is up to date
• Fits CONTRIBUTING.md.

---

[GrahamcOfBorg]

No attempt on aarch64-linux (full log)

The following builds were skipped because they don't evaluate on aarch64-linux: sage

Partial log (click to expand)

a) For `nixos-rebuild` you can set
  { nixpkgs.config.allowUnfree = true; }
in configuration.nix to override this.

b) For `nix-env`, `nix-build`, `nix-shell` or any other Nix command you can add
  { allowUnfree = true; }
to ~/.config/nixpkgs/config.nix.

[GrahamcOfBorg]

Success on x86_64-linux (full log)

Attempted: sage

Partial log (click to expand)

configuring
building
installing
post-installation fixup
shrinking RPATHs of ELF executables and libraries in /nix/store/j4c8nkadw1mfn87v47y105z1a5fabsvr-sage-8.4
strip is /nix/store/rpbg8gmqxhz8g61p1plz5d2srs84pvmv-binutils-2.30/bin/strip
stripping (with command strip and flags -S) in /nix/store/j4c8nkadw1mfn87v47y105z1a5fabsvr-sage-8.4/bin
patching script interpreter paths in /nix/store/j4c8nkadw1mfn87v47y105z1a5fabsvr-sage-8.4
checking for references to /build in /nix/store/j4c8nkadw1mfn87v47y105z1a5fabsvr-sage-8.4...
/nix/store/j4c8nkadw1mfn87v47y105z1a5fabsvr-sage-8.4

[GrahamcOfBorg]

No attempt on x86_64-darwin (full log)

The following builds were skipped because they don't evaluate on x86_64-darwin: sage

Partial log (click to expand)

a) For `nixos-rebuild` you can set
  { nixpkgs.config.allowUnsupportedSystem = true; }
in configuration.nix to override this.

b) For `nix-env`, `nix-build`, `nix-shell` or any other Nix command you can add
  { allowUnsupportedSystem = true; }
to ~/.config/nixpkgs/config.nix.

[timokau]

Oops forgot to remove a # FIXME comment.