[SparseArrays] similar on sparse matrix returned uninitialized space

[vtjnash]

Rebase of #30435, closes #26560, while #30676 is stalled (of which this was a non-contentious subset). See discussion in those issues for context.

[vtjnash]

This seems to have caused problems with BaseBenchmarks. In particular, the lines:
https://github.com/JuliaCI/BaseBenchmarks.jl/blob/38d9f9caab147de72fc623aca0f70fc6fb38b30c/src/sparse/SparseBenchmarks.jl#L148-L149
are now failing with:

      From worker 2:    ERROR: LoadError: ArgumentError: the length of destination argument `X`'s `rowval` array, `length(rowvals(X)) (= 0)`, must be greater than or equal to
 source argument `A`'s allocated entry count, `nnz(A) (= 195)`                                                                                                                
      From worker 2:    Stacktrace:                                                                                                                                           
      From worker 2:      [1] ftranspose!(X::SparseArrays.SparseMatrixCSC{Float64, Int64}, A::SparseArrays.SparseMatrixCSC{Float64, Int64}, f::Function)                      
      From worker 2:        @ SparseArrays /run/media/system/data/nanosoldier/workdir/jl_GpYekI/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v1.7/SparseArrays/src/sparsematrix.jl:1041             
      From worker 2:      [2] transpose!(X::SparseArrays.SparseMatrixCSC{Float64, Int64}, A::SparseArrays.SparseMatrixCSC{Float64, Int64})                                    
      From worker 2:        @ SparseArrays /run/media/system/data/nanosoldier/workdir/jl_GpYekI/usr/share/julia/stdlib/v1.7/SparseArrays/src/sparsematrix.jl:1051             
      From worker 2:      [3] allocmats_ds(om::Int64, ok::Int64, on::Int64, s::Float64, nnzc::Int64, T::Type)                                                                 
      From worker 2:        @ BaseBenchmarks.SparseBenchmarks /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/sparse/SparseBenchmarks.jl:149                                       
      From worker 2:      [4] top-level scope                                                                                                                                 
      From worker 2:        @ /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/sparse/SparseBenchmarks.jl:189                                                                       
      From worker 2:      [5] include(mod::Module, _path::String)                                                                                                             
      From worker 2:        @ Base ./Base.jl:388                                                                                                                              
      From worker 2:      [6] include(x::String)                                                                                                                              
      From worker 2:        @ BaseBenchmarks /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/BaseBenchmarks.jl:1                                                                   
      From worker 2:      [7] top-level scope                                                                                                                                 
      From worker 2:        @ none:1                                                                                                                                          
      From worker 2:      [8] eval                                                                                                                                            
      From worker 2:        @ ./boot.jl:369 [inlined]                                                                                                                         
      From worker 2:      [9] load!(group::BenchmarkGroup, id::String; tune::Bool)                                                                                            
      From worker 2:        @ BaseBenchmarks /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/BaseBenchmarks.jl:38                                                                  
      From worker 2:     [10] macro expansion                                                                                                                                 
      From worker 2:        @ ./timing.jl:287 [inlined]                                                                                                                       
      From worker 2:     [11] loadall!(group::BenchmarkGroup; verbose::Bool, tune::Bool)                                                                                      
      From worker 2:        @ BaseBenchmarks /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/BaseBenchmarks.jl:54                                                                  
      From worker 2:     [12] loadall!     
      From worker 2:        @ /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/BaseBenchmarks.jl:51 [inlined]                                                                       
      From worker 2:     [13] #loadall!#3                                              
      From worker 2:        @ /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/BaseBenchmarks.jl:48 [inlined]                                                                       
      From worker 2:     [14] loadall!()   
      From worker 2:        @ BaseBenchmarks /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/BaseBenchmarks.jl:48                                                                  
      From worker 2:     [15] top-level scope                                          
      From worker 2:        @ /run/media/system/data/nanosoldier/workdir/jl_CZM7oH/benchscript.jl:21                                                                          
      From worker 2:    in expression starting at /home/ubuntu/.julia/dev/BaseBenchmarks/src/sparse/SparseBenchmarks.jl:1                                                     
      From worker 2:    in expression starting at /run/media/system/data/nanosoldier/workdir/jl_CZM7oH/benchscript.jl:19                                                      

I think there's a missing resize!, which may be relevant also for #30676 / #40523 or means we need to get part of the fix from there.