Hey, I would like to share my code of the simulation of a Ballbot in Gazebo. Unfortunately the Ballbot is currently not balancing that long (10sec at best). I am not sure what the reasons are, but I would be really happy if you just test it and play around with it -maybe you can tell me why it is not balancing.

Please see the Problems Area and feel free to write me an Email ([email protected]) if you have any improvements.

Installation youtube video

Prerequisites

• Gazebo 7
• ROS - Kinetic
• Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
• ros-kinetic-gazebo-ros
• ros-kinetic-gazebo-ros-control

I only tested the simulation with Gazebo 7 and ROS - Kinetic.

Build and first run

Install Tool's I use

• sudo apt-get install ros-kinetic-plotjuggler
• sudo apt-get install ros-kinetic-rqt-multiplot

Build:

Open a terminal (STR+ALT+T) and paste the following inside:

• mkdir ballbot
• cd ballbot
• git clone [email protected]:CesMak/bb.git .

(yes copy the dot at the end as well and paste the whole command in your terminal)

• catkin build

In case of building errors feel free to write me an email: [email protected]

• source devel/setup.bash

Run:

Please be sure that if you open a new termial always source your setup. (Inside ballbot: source devel/setup.bash)

• roslaunch ballbot_gazebo ballbot.launch

Starts launch file located in: ballbot/src/ballbot/bb_simulation/launch/ballbot.launch

In normal mode: Rviz and Gazebo are startet. Note that Gazebo is started in paused mode which means that you have to unpause it for a short time in order to see the robots in RVIZ.

If you want to start also plotjuggler or other nodes or do not load the ball etc. open the ballbot.launch file and set the arguments:

Argument	Description	Initial Value
start_rviz	Start RVIZ	True
start_rqt_multiplot	Start RQT-Multiplot to plot data	False
start_plotjuggler	Start PlotJuggler to plot imu data etc.	False
start_rqt_gui	Start RQT-GUI to show a diagram of used nodes	False
use_the_ball	Load Ball as well?	True
controller_type	Choose which controller you want to use to control the ballbot.	2D
motors_controller_type	Choose the controller type of the wheels.	EffortJointInterface
wheel_type_single	If false double_wheel omni wheels are loaded with a 160mm diameter ball. If true single omni_wheels are loaded with a 140mm diameter ball and a different model.	False

• roslaunch bb_description bb_rviz_only.launch

Starts launch file located in: ballbot/src/ballbot/bb_descrpition/launch/bb_rviz_only.launch

In normal mode: Just RVIZ is started. This is a fast method to just see the robot without wheels. Wheels are loaded only if gazebo is started as well.

Problems:

Balancing Problems:

There are probably many factor's which impact the balancing behaviour of a ballbot. Here is a list of these factor's and some values which I am uncertain how to choose them correctly:

1. The Friction of the ball on the surface and the subwheels on the ground. How to choose the KP, KD, Mu1, Mu2 factors of the ball, the surface and the subwheels correctly? I guess the factors(KP,..etc.) of the other links like the wheels for instance do not matter. Here is my current setup:

What I currently found out about these params:

Gazebo-Refrence-URDF-Value	Description	Unit	Example
mu1	Is the Coulomb friction coefficient for the first friction direction	dimensionless scalar	0.6 (wood)
mu2	Is the Coulomb friction coefficient for the second friction direction	dimensionless scalar	0.6 (wood)
kp	Contact stiffness for rigid body contacts as defined by ODE. ( ODE uses erp and cfm, (Is this still true?), which is then mapped to kp and kd)	-	1+e5...1+e13
kd	Contact damping for rigid body contacts as defined by ODE.	-	1...100

Note in my project I use urdf for joints and links and for additional gazebo parameters I use the gazebo-reference tag (see for example the /urdf/bb_double_wheel.gazebo.xacro file). Everything within the gazebo-reference tag is then parsed to sdf which is used by gazebo. There are short forms like the mu1 tag or kp tag which is parsed to sdf. An example snipped may look like:

    <surface>
      <friction>
          <friction>
            <ode>
              <mu> 0.6 </mu>
              <mu2> 0.6 </mu2>
              (... fdir1, slip1, slip2)
           </ode>
         </friction>
      </friction>
    </surface>

Additionally it says here:

• ODE will automatically compute the first and second friction directions for us.

• The two objects in collision each specify mu and mu2. Gazebo will choose the smallest mu and mu2 from the two colliding objects. -> This means I have to set the mu1 and mu2 value of the ball and the surface and the subwheels to the same value(mu1=mu2=1+e3)

• The valid range of values for mu and mu2 is any non-negative number, where 0 equates to a friction-less contact and a large value approximates a surface with infinite friction. Tables of friction coefficient values for a variety of materials can be found in engineering handbooks or online references.

• If you have a ball on a plate then I guess mu1 and mu2 should be chosen equally.

2. The Inertia's of the Robot
3. The center of gravity
4. The Controller Tuning Factors K

Problems with RVIZ:

1. The laserscan data point's are not displayed, although the /ballbot/sensor/scan_raw which publishes the laserscan messages seems to work well.
2. How to display the Depth Information of the Realsense Camera in RVIZ?
3. If you just roslaunch bb_description bb_rviz_only.launch the wheels are not loaded in RVIZ is this due to the fact that there exist's no tf of them unless I also load the transmission link's? BTW start gazebo?
4. The Ball in RVIZ seems to jump. Do not know if this is because of the tf update rates of the ground truth? Moreover if the ball fells in gazebo it does not fell in rviz to the ground - any ideas why?