fix(images): backport the image[] and mask[] form key drop to rc/1.102.0 (#39512) by mateo-berri · Pull Request #41697 · BerriAI/litellm

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Final Result: Bugbot completed review - no issues found! ✅

Request ID: serverGenReqId_82b330ea-b7ec-4d01-8862-c10feed407f9

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^{Reviewed by Cursor Bugbot for commit 24d4453. Configure here.}