fix(images): stop forwarding the raw image[] and mask[] form keys by mateo-berri · Pull Request #39512 · BerriAI/litellm

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Final Result: Bugbot completed review - no issues found! ✅

Request ID: serverGenReqId_a7c602c6-d28e-4551-8f18-98de459cc9f1

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^{Reviewed by Cursor Bugbot for commit 255190c. Configure here.}