[cherry-pick] promote exception to property, add test (#3471) - #3486

[cherry-pick] promote exception to property, add test (#3471)#3486

Westin Musser (westin-m) merged 7 commits into

dev8xAzureAD/azure-activedirectory-identitymodel-extensions-for-dotnet:dev8xfrom

westin/cherry-pick-exception-fixAzureAD/azure-activedirectory-identitymodel-extensions-for-dotnet:westin/cherry-pick-exception-fixCopy head branch name to clipboard