Add BadgeComponent for design system badges

[aduth]

🎫 Ticket

Supports future work LG-9953 and implementation for LG-8872.

🛠 Summary of changes

Refactors badge UI partials as view component.

Why?

• Support future usage and options planned between LG-9953 and implementation for LG-8872
• Improve coverage of component preview demonstrating available components
• Reduce chance for human error with ad hoc implementations
• Improve performance in critical paths by reducing size of main application stylesheet

📜 Testing Plan

Confirm existing usage:

1. Go to http://localhost:3000
2. Set up an account with an unphishable MFA (security key, face & touch unlock, PIV)
3. Once on account dashboard, observe no regressions in display of "Unphishable" badge

Confirm component preview:

1. Go to http://localhost:3000/components/inspect/badge/preview

[aduth]

FYSA @nickttng (this will add badges to component previews)

[jmdembe]

👍🏾