Guard against nil email in password validator

[jmhooper]

Why: We were seeing NoMethodErrors on email in production
pointing at this code in the FormPasswordValidator:

def password_score
  @password_score = ZXCVBN_TESTER.test(
    password,
    ForbiddenPasswords.new(user.email_address.email).call
  )
end

When the reset password controller cannot find a user for a given
password reset token, it initializes an empty user with an error.
Once we added the #email_address method this started causing problems
because the nil user does not have an email.

This commit fixes the bug and also changes the form to differentiate
between invalid and expired tokens so the user sees the right error
message if their token is invalid.

Controllers

• When adding a new controller that requires the user to be fully
  authenticated, make sure to add before_action :confirm_two_factor_authenticated
  as the first callback.

Database

• Unsafe migrations are implemented over several PRs and over several
  deploys to avoid production errors. The strong_migrations gem
  will warn you about unsafe migrations and has great step-by-step instructions
  for various scenarios.

• Indexes were added if necessary. This article provides a good overview
  of indexes in Rails.

• Verified that the changes don't affect other apps (such as the dashboard)

• When relevant, a rake task is created to populate the necessary DB columns
  in the various environments right before deploying, taking into account the users
  who might not have interacted with this column yet (such as users who have not
  set a password yet)

• Migrations against existing tables have been tested against a copy of the
  production database. See LG-228 Make migrations safer and more resilient #2127 for an example when a migration caused deployment
  issues. In that case, all the migration did was add a new column and an index to
  the Users table, which might seem innocuous.

Encryption

• The changes are compatible with data that was encrypted with the old code.

Routes

• GET requests are not vulnerable to CSRF attacks (i.e. they don't change
  state or result in destructive behavior).

Session

• When adding user data to the session, use the user_session helper
  instead of the session helper so the data does not persist beyond the user's
  session.

Testing

• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Prefer feature/integration specs over controller specs
• When adding code that reads data, write tests for nil values, empty strings,
  and invalid inputs.

[jgsmith-usds]

LGTM