diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts
index 467bb6a84ef66c..fd688b5ae4ea27 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/css.ts
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ import { addToHTMLProxyTransformResult } from './html'
 import {
   assetUrlRE,
   cssEntriesMap,
-  fileToDevUrl,
   fileToUrl,
   publicAssetUrlCache,
   publicAssetUrlRE,
@@ -1096,20 +1095,7 @@ export function cssAnalysisPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
             // main import to hot update
             const depModules = new Set<string | EnvironmentModuleNode>()
             for (const file of pluginImports) {
-              if (isCSSRequest(file)) {
-                depModules.add(moduleGraph.createFileOnlyEntry(file))
-              } else {
-                const url = await fileToDevUrl(
-                  this.environment,
-                  file,
-                  /* skipBase */ true,
-                )
-                if (url.startsWith('data:')) {
-                  depModules.add(moduleGraph.createFileOnlyEntry(file))
-                } else {
-                  depModules.add(await moduleGraph.ensureEntryFromUrl(url))
-                }
-              }
+              depModules.add(moduleGraph.createFileOnlyEntry(file))
             }
             moduleGraph.updateModuleInfo(
               thisModule,
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/server/hmr.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/server/hmr.ts
index 7b3d8a2e406c8b..94cb0665da7401 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/server/hmr.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/server/hmr.ts
@@ -10,12 +10,7 @@ import type {
   InvokeSendData,
 } from '../../shared/invokeMethods'
 import { CLIENT_DIR } from '../constants'
-import {
-  createDebugger,
-  isCSSRequest,
-  monotonicDateNow,
-  normalizePath,
-} from '../utils'
+import { createDebugger, monotonicDateNow, normalizePath } from '../utils'
 import type { InferCustomEventPayload, ViteDevServer } from '..'
 import { getHookHandler } from '../plugins'
 import { isExplicitImportRequired } from '../plugins/importAnalysis'
@@ -73,7 +68,7 @@ export interface HmrContext {
 }
 
 interface PropagationBoundary {
-  boundary: EnvironmentModuleNode
+  boundary: EnvironmentModuleNode & { type: 'js' | 'css' }
   acceptedVia: EnvironmentModuleNode
   isWithinCircularImport: boolean
 }
@@ -693,7 +688,16 @@ export function updateModules(
     )
   }
 
-  if (needFullReload) {
+  // html file cannot be hot updated because it may be used as the template for a top-level request response.
+  const isClientHtmlChange =
+    file.endsWith('.html') &&
+    environment.name === 'client' &&
+    // if the html file is imported as a module, we assume that this file is
+    // not used as the template for top-level request response
+    // (i.e. not used by the middleware).
+    modules.every((mod) => mod.type !== 'js')
+
+  if (needFullReload || isClientHtmlChange) {
     const reason =
       typeof needFullReload === 'string'
         ? colors.dim(` (${needFullReload})`)
@@ -705,6 +709,12 @@ export function updateModules(
     hot.send({
       type: 'full-reload',
       triggeredBy: path.resolve(environment.config.root, file),
+      path:
+        !isClientHtmlChange ||
+        environment.config.server.middlewareMode ||
+        updates.length > 0 // if there's an update, other URLs may be affected
+          ? '*'
+          : '/' + file,
     })
     return
   }
@@ -761,25 +771,13 @@ function propagateUpdate(
   }
 
   if (node.isSelfAccepting) {
+    // isSelfAccepting is only true for js and css
+    const boundary = node as EnvironmentModuleNode & { type: 'js' | 'css' }
     boundaries.push({
-      boundary: node,
-      acceptedVia: node,
+      boundary,
+      acceptedVia: boundary,
       isWithinCircularImport: isNodeWithinCircularImports(node, currentChain),
     })
-
-    // additionally check for CSS importers, since a PostCSS plugin like
-    // Tailwind JIT may register any file as a dependency to a CSS file.
-    for (const importer of node.importers) {
-      if (isCSSRequest(importer.url) && !currentChain.includes(importer)) {
-        propagateUpdate(
-          importer,
-          traversedModules,
-          boundaries,
-          currentChain.concat(importer),
-        )
-      }
-    }
-
     return false
   }
 
@@ -789,36 +787,29 @@ function propagateUpdate(
   // Also, the imported module (this one) must be updated before the importers,
   // so that they do get the fresh imported module when/if they are reloaded.
   if (node.acceptedHmrExports) {
+    // acceptedHmrExports is only true for js and css
+    const boundary = node as EnvironmentModuleNode & { type: 'js' | 'css' }
     boundaries.push({
-      boundary: node,
-      acceptedVia: node,
+      boundary,
+      acceptedVia: boundary,
       isWithinCircularImport: isNodeWithinCircularImports(node, currentChain),
     })
   } else {
     if (!node.importers.size) {
       return true
     }
-
-    // #3716, #3913
-    // For a non-CSS file, if all of its importers are CSS files (registered via
-    // PostCSS plugins) it should be considered a dead end and force full reload.
-    if (
-      !isCSSRequest(node.url) &&
-      // we assume .svg is never an entrypoint and does not need a full reload
-      // to avoid frequent full reloads when an SVG file is referenced in CSS files (#18979)
-      !node.file?.endsWith('.svg') &&
-      [...node.importers].every((i) => isCSSRequest(i.url))
-    ) {
-      return true
-    }
   }
 
   for (const importer of node.importers) {
     const subChain = currentChain.concat(importer)
 
     if (importer.acceptedHmrDeps.has(node)) {
+      // acceptedHmrDeps has value only for js and css
+      const boundary = importer as EnvironmentModuleNode & {
+        type: 'js' | 'css'
+      }
       boundaries.push({
-        boundary: importer,
+        boundary,
         acceptedVia: node,
         isWithinCircularImport: isNodeWithinCircularImports(importer, subChain),
       })
@@ -886,11 +877,6 @@ function isNodeWithinCircularImports(
     // Node may import itself which is safe
     if (importer === node) continue
 
-    // a PostCSS plugin like Tailwind JIT may register
-    // any file as a dependency to a CSS file.
-    // But in that case, the actual dependency chain is separate.
-    if (isCSSRequest(importer.url)) continue
-
     // Check circular imports
     const importerIndex = nodeChain.indexOf(importer)
     if (importerIndex > -1) {
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/server/mixedModuleGraph.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/server/mixedModuleGraph.ts
index a5183b4658c466..14023e5159c40b 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/server/mixedModuleGraph.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/server/mixedModuleGraph.ts
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ export class ModuleNode {
   set file(value: string | null) {
     this._set('file', value)
   }
-  get type(): 'js' | 'css' {
+  get type(): 'js' | 'css' | 'asset' {
     return this._get('type')
   }
   // `info` needs special care as it's defined as a proxy in `pluginContainer`,
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/server/moduleGraph.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/server/moduleGraph.ts
index e102453e1ddf12..f84f9ecbb54975 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/server/moduleGraph.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/server/moduleGraph.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ export class EnvironmentModuleNode {
    */
   id: string | null = null
   file: string | null = null
-  type: 'js' | 'css'
+  type: 'js' | 'css' | 'asset'
   info?: ModuleInfo
   meta?: Record<string, any>
   importers = new Set<EnvironmentModuleNode>()
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ export class EnvironmentModuleGraph {
         // But we exclude direct CSS files as those cannot be soft invalidated.
         const shouldSoftInvalidateImporter =
           (importer.staticImportedUrls?.has(mod.url) || softInvalidate) &&
-          importer.type !== 'css'
+          importer.type === 'js'
         this.invalidateModule(
           importer,
           seen,
@@ -402,12 +402,13 @@ export class EnvironmentModuleGraph {
 
     const url = `${FS_PREFIX}${file}`
     for (const m of fileMappedModules) {
-      if (m.url === url || m.id === file) {
+      if ((m.url === url || m.id === file) && m.type === 'asset') {
         return m
       }
     }
 
     const mod = new EnvironmentModuleNode(url, this.environment)
+    mod.type = 'asset'
     mod.file = file
     fileMappedModules.add(mod)
     return mod
diff --git a/playground/assets/__tests__/assets.spec.ts b/playground/assets/__tests__/assets.spec.ts
index c5a54c1cec00e4..ccc910b4a720be 100644
--- a/playground/assets/__tests__/assets.spec.ts
+++ b/playground/assets/__tests__/assets.spec.ts
@@ -463,6 +463,20 @@ test('Unknown extension assets import', async () => {
 
 test('?raw import', async () => {
   expect(await page.textContent('.raw')).toMatch('SVG')
+  expect(await page.textContent('.raw-html')).toBe('<div>partial</div>\n')
+
+  if (isBuild) return
+  editFile('nested/partial.html', (code) =>
+    code.replace('<div>partial</div>', '<div>partial updated</div>'),
+  )
+  await expect
+    .poll(() => page.textContent('.raw-html'))
+    .toBe('<div>partial updated</div>\n')
+  expect(browserLogs).toStrictEqual(
+    expect.arrayContaining([
+      expect.stringContaining('hot updated: /nested/partial.html?raw via'),
+    ]),
+  )
 })
 
 test('?no-inline svg import', async () => {
diff --git a/playground/assets/index.html b/playground/assets/index.html
index 53cd4aec5e1a3b..5024f5a7f2ed25 100644
--- a/playground/assets/index.html
+++ b/playground/assets/index.html
@@ -265,6 +265,7 @@ <h2>Unknown extension assets import</h2>
 
 <h2>?raw import</h2>
 <code class="raw"></code>
+<code class="raw-html"></code>
 
 <h2>?no-inline svg import</h2>
 <code class="no-inline-svg"></code>
@@ -546,6 +547,12 @@ <h3>assets in template</h3>
   import rawSvg from './nested/fragment.svg?raw'
   text('.raw', rawSvg)
 
+  import rawHtml from './nested/partial.html?raw'
+  text('.raw-html', rawHtml)
+  import.meta.hot?.accept('./nested/partial.html?raw', (m) => {
+    text('.raw-html', m.default)
+  })
+
   import noInlineSvg from './nested/fragment.svg?no-inline'
   text('.no-inline-svg', noInlineSvg)
 
diff --git a/playground/assets/nested/partial.html b/playground/assets/nested/partial.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..3d8c6454a288fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/assets/nested/partial.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<div>partial</div>
diff --git a/playground/tailwind/__test__/tailwind.spec.ts b/playground/tailwind/__test__/tailwind.spec.ts
index 7e46a481a353df..a8b977ef9e1f3d 100644
--- a/playground/tailwind/__test__/tailwind.spec.ts
+++ b/playground/tailwind/__test__/tailwind.spec.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,22 @@ test('should render', async () => {
   expect(await page.textContent('#pagetitle')).toBe('Page title')
 })
 
+test.runIf(isServe)(
+  'full reload happens when the HTML is changed',
+  async () => {
+    await expect
+      .poll(() => getColor('.html'))
+      .toBe('oklch(0.623 0.214 259.815)')
+
+    editFile('index.html', (code) =>
+      code.replace('"html text-blue-500"', '"html text-green-500"'),
+    )
+    await expect
+      .poll(() => getColor('.html'))
+      .toBe('oklch(0.723 0.219 149.579)')
+  },
+)
+
 test.runIf(isServe)('regenerate CSS and HMR (glob pattern)', async () => {
   const el = page.locator('#view1-text')
   expect(await getColor(el)).toBe('oklch(0.627 0.194 149.214)')
diff --git a/playground/tailwind/index.html b/playground/tailwind/index.html
index 0c7bee6b26884f..c8c6e3f0b1bb0a 100644
--- a/playground/tailwind/index.html
+++ b/playground/tailwind/index.html
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@
 
 <div id="app"></div>
 
+<div class="html text-blue-500">html</div>
+
 <script type="module" src="/src/main.js" defer></script>
diff --git a/playground/tailwind/tailwind.config.ts b/playground/tailwind/tailwind.config.ts
index 0493bb41f439a5..fffc58f733f406 100644
--- a/playground/tailwind/tailwind.config.ts
+++ b/playground/tailwind/tailwind.config.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ export default {
     // Look https://github.com/vitejs/vite/pull/6959 for more details
     __dirname + '/src/{components,views}/**/*.js',
     __dirname + '/src/main.js',
+    __dirname + '/index.html',
   ],
   theme: {
     extend: {},