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when they refer to the nominative of the sentence. In English we
often apply the word ‘own’ in the same manner to all the per-
sons; thus, ws #¢ apnd kam kiyd, ‘he did his own work ;’ whereas
us ne us kd kdm kiyd would mean ‘he did his work’ (meaning
some other person’s work). So again, main apnt khusht se, ‘I
of my own free will;’ wuh apne ghar men gayd, ‘he went into
his own house.” Whereas to express ‘my,’ ‘thy,’ ‘his,’ ‘our,
¢ your,” ¢ their,” when they do no refer to the nominative of the
sentence, the genitive case of the personal pronouns must always |
be used; as, ‘he went into my house,” wuh mere ghar men gayd ;
¢I did your work,’ main ne tumhdrd kdm kiyd. |
118. The learner must be most careful not to confound the
pronoun dp, ‘self,’ oneself,” ‘one’s own,’ used in the manner
just described, with another dp, called the honorific pronoun
(because used like the English ¢ your honour,” ¢your worship,’
‘your highness,’ ¢ your lordship,” ‘your majesty,” ¢you, sir,’ to
show respect in addressing a person of rank). The genitive case
of this last dp is dp kd, ks, ki, not apnd, ns, ni; thus, dp ki
tawajjuh se, ‘by the favour of your honour.” The accusative
is dp ko, ablative dp se, agent dp me. It is often used without
intending much respect, in the same manner as in English we
gay, ‘sir.’
119. Note.—The plural of the pronouns may often be used for the singular
out of respect; but it does not always follow that, because the plural is used
for the singular, any real respect is intended. In fact, the singular of the pro-
nouns is seldom used at all, except in addressing the Deity and in speaking of.
one’s self. So in English, we use you for thou and thee.
120. Although it is a mark of good taste to use main in speaking of one’s:
self, yet ham in Hinddstani constantly means ¢ I,’ not ‘we.’ To mark the
plural, the word log, ‘people,’ is often added; thus, ham log, ‘we people,’
meaning simply ¢ we,” and tum log, ¢ you people,’ meaning ‘you.’ In the same
way, without implying respect, un ne, in ne, constantly mean ‘by him,” not
‘by them,” whereas unkon ne, unhon kd, unkhon ko, inhon ne, etc. are the forms.
more in use for the plural, and are not used for the singular unless respect is- |
intended.
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