diff --git a/src/cli.rs b/src/cli.rs
index c334ee5c..f92b654a 100644
--- a/src/cli.rs
+++ b/src/cli.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl Args {
         let mut cargo_args = vec![];
         let mut subcommand: Option<String> = None;
 
-        let mut manifest_path = None;
+        let mut manifest_path: Option<String> = None;
         let mut color = None;
 
         let mut package = vec![];
diff --git a/src/context.rs b/src/context.rs
index a6c8c275..3c259022 100644
--- a/src/context.rs
+++ b/src/context.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ impl Context {
 
         // if `--remove-dev-deps` flag is off, restore manifest file.
         let restore = restore::Manager::new(!args.remove_dev_deps);
-        let metadata = Metadata::new(&args, &cargo, cargo_version, &restore)?;
+        let metadata =
+            Metadata::new(args.manifest_path.as_deref(), &cargo, cargo_version, &restore)?;
         if metadata.cargo_version < 41 && args.include_deps_features {
             bail!("--include-deps-features requires Cargo 1.41 or later");
         }
diff --git a/src/manifest.rs b/src/manifest.rs
index 0fd4487d..2f474b05 100644
--- a/src/manifest.rs
+++ b/src/manifest.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,8 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeMap,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, path::Path};
 
 use anyhow::{bail, format_err, Context as _, Result};
 
-use crate::{
-    context::Context,
-    fs,
-    metadata::{self, Metadata},
-    term,
-};
+use crate::{context::Context, fs, metadata::Metadata, term};
 
 type ParseResult<T> = Result<T, &'static str>;
 
@@ -115,7 +107,7 @@ pub(crate) fn with(cx: &Context, f: impl FnOnce() -> Result<()>) -> Result<()> {
         let mut private_crates = vec![];
         for id in &cx.metadata.workspace_members {
             let package = cx.packages(id);
-            let manifest_path = &package.manifest_path;
+            let manifest_path = &*package.manifest_path;
             let is_root = manifest_path == root_manifest;
             if is_root {
                 root_id = Some(id);
@@ -171,13 +163,13 @@ pub(crate) fn with(cx: &Context, f: impl FnOnce() -> Result<()>) -> Result<()> {
                 if term::verbose() {
                     info!("removing private crates from {}", manifest_path.display());
                 }
-                remove_private_crates(&mut doc, &cx.metadata, &private_crates)?;
+                remove_private_crates(&mut doc, workspace_root, &private_crates)?;
             }
             restore_handles.push(cx.restore.register(orig, manifest_path));
             fs::write(manifest_path, doc.to_string())?;
         }
         if restore_lockfile {
-            let lockfile = &cx.metadata.workspace_root.join("Cargo.lock");
+            let lockfile = &workspace_root.join("Cargo.lock");
             if lockfile.exists() {
                 restore_handles.push(cx.restore.register(fs::read_to_string(lockfile)?, lockfile));
             }
@@ -210,8 +202,8 @@ fn remove_dev_deps(doc: &mut toml_edit::Document) {
 
 fn remove_private_crates(
     doc: &mut toml_edit::Document,
-    metadata: &metadata::Metadata,
-    private_crates: &[&PathBuf],
+    workspace_root: &Path,
+    private_crates: &[&Path],
 ) -> Result<()> {
     let table = doc.as_table_mut();
     if let Some(workspace) = table.get_mut("workspace").and_then(toml_edit::Item::as_table_like_mut)
@@ -221,7 +213,7 @@ fn remove_private_crates(
             let mut i = 0;
             while i < members.len() {
                 if let Some(member) = members.get(i).and_then(toml_edit::Value::as_str) {
-                    let manifest_path = metadata.workspace_root.join(member).join("Cargo.toml");
+                    let manifest_path = workspace_root.join(member).join("Cargo.toml");
                     if private_crates
                         .iter()
                         .find_map(|p| {
diff --git a/src/metadata.rs b/src/metadata.rs
index f6ac0df1..56e432d7 100644
--- a/src/metadata.rs
+++ b/src/metadata.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::{
 use anyhow::{format_err, Context as _, Result};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value};
 
-use crate::{cargo, cli::Args, fs, restore, term};
+use crate::{cargo, fs, restore, term};
 
 type Object = Map<String, Value>;
 type ParseResult<T> = Result<T, &'static str>;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Metadata {
 
 impl Metadata {
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        args: &Args,
+        manifest_path: Option<&str>,
         cargo: &OsStr,
         mut cargo_version: u32,
         restore: &restore::Manager,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl Metadata {
         let mut cmd;
         let json = if stable_cargo_version > cargo_version {
             cmd = cmd!(cargo, "metadata", "--format-version=1", "--no-deps");
-            if let Some(manifest_path) = &args.manifest_path {
+            if let Some(manifest_path) = manifest_path {
                 cmd.arg("--manifest-path");
                 cmd.arg(manifest_path);
             }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Metadata {
                 Path::new(no_deps["workspace_root"].as_str().unwrap()).join("Cargo.lock");
             if !lockfile.exists() {
                 let mut cmd = cmd!(cargo, "generate-lockfile");
-                if let Some(manifest_path) = &args.manifest_path {
+                if let Some(manifest_path) = manifest_path {
                     cmd.arg("--manifest-path");
                     cmd.arg(manifest_path);
                 }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl Metadata {
             // a dependency that requires newer cargo features, `cargo metadata`
             // with older cargo may fail.
             cmd = cmd!("cargo", "+stable", "metadata", "--format-version=1");
-            if let Some(manifest_path) = &args.manifest_path {
+            if let Some(manifest_path) = manifest_path {
                 cmd.arg("--manifest-path");
                 cmd.arg(manifest_path);
             }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl Metadata {
                 Err(_e) => {
                     // If failed, try again with the version of cargo we will actually use.
                     cmd = cmd!(cargo, "metadata", "--format-version=1");
-                    if let Some(manifest_path) = &args.manifest_path {
+                    if let Some(manifest_path) = manifest_path {
                         cmd.arg("--manifest-path");
                         cmd.arg(manifest_path);
                     }
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl Metadata {
             }
         } else {
             cmd = cmd!(cargo, "metadata", "--format-version=1");
-            if let Some(manifest_path) = &args.manifest_path {
+            if let Some(manifest_path) = manifest_path {
                 cmd.arg("--manifest-path");
                 cmd.arg(manifest_path);
             }
@@ -252,7 +252,6 @@ pub(crate) struct Package {
     /// The minimum supported Rust version of this package.
     ///
     /// This is always `None` if running with a version of Cargo older than 1.58.
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) rust_version: Option<String>,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/rustup.rs b/src/rustup.rs
index 284e4342..9577bbf6 100644
--- a/src/rustup.rs
+++ b/src/rustup.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ pub(crate) fn version_range(
     let start = match split.next().unwrap() {
         "" => {
             let mut rust_version = None;
+            // TODO: we should only check members we actually run command.
             for id in cx.workspace_members() {
+                if cx.ignore_private && cx.is_private(id) {
+                    continue;
+                }
                 let v = cx.rust_version(id);
                 if v.is_none() || v == rust_version {
                     // no-op
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ pub(crate) fn version_range(
             }
             match rust_version {
                 Some(v) => v.parse()?,
-                None => bail!("no rust-version field in Cargo.toml is specified"),
+                None => bail!("no rust-version field in any Cargo.toml is specified"),
             }
         }
         s => s.parse()?,