diff --git a/code/core/src/common/utils/utils.test.ts b/code/core/src/common/utils/utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e5fa39694572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code/core/src/common/utils/utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { groupBy, invariant } from './utils';
+
+describe('utils', () => {
+  describe('groupBy', () => {
+    it('should group items by a key selector', () => {
+      const items = [
+        { type: 'fruit', name: 'apple' },
+        { type: 'vegetable', name: 'carrot' },
+        { type: 'fruit', name: 'banana' },
+        { type: 'vegetable', name: 'broccoli' },
+      ];
+
+      const result = groupBy(items, (item) => item.type);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        fruit: [
+          { type: 'fruit', name: 'apple' },
+          { type: 'fruit', name: 'banana' },
+        ],
+        vegetable: [
+          { type: 'vegetable', name: 'carrot' },
+          { type: 'vegetable', name: 'broccoli' },
+        ],
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle empty arrays', () => {
+      const result = groupBy([], (item) => item);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({});
+    });
+
+    it('should handle single item', () => {
+      const items = [{ type: 'fruit', name: 'apple' }];
+
+      const result = groupBy(items, (item) => item.type);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        fruit: [{ type: 'fruit', name: 'apple' }],
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should pass index to key selector', () => {
+      const items = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
+      const indices: number[] = [];
+
+      groupBy(items, (_item, index) => {
+        indices.push(index);
+        return index % 2 === 0 ? 'even' : 'odd';
+      });
+
+      expect(indices).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3]);
+    });
+
+    it('should group by index when key selector uses index', () => {
+      const items = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'];
+
+      const result = groupBy(items, (_item, index) => (index % 2 === 0 ? 'even' : 'odd'));
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        even: ['a', 'c'],
+        odd: ['b', 'd'],
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle numeric keys', () => {
+      const items = [{ id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 1 }];
+
+      const result = groupBy(items, (item) => item.id);
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        1: [{ id: 1 }, { id: 1 }],
+        2: [{ id: 2 }],
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle symbol keys', () => {
+      const key1 = Symbol('key1');
+      const key2 = Symbol('key2');
+      const items = [
+        { key: key1, value: 'a' },
+        { key: key2, value: 'b' },
+        { key: key1, value: 'c' },
+      ];
+
+      const result = groupBy(items, (item) => item.key);
+
+      expect(result[key1]).toEqual([
+        { key: key1, value: 'a' },
+        { key: key1, value: 'c' },
+      ]);
+      expect(result[key2]).toEqual([{ key: key2, value: 'b' }]);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle all items with same key', () => {
+      const items = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
+
+      const result = groupBy(items, () => 'same');
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        same: ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('invariant', () => {
+    it('should not throw when condition is truthy', () => {
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(true, 'Error message');
+      }).not.toThrow();
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(1, 'Error message');
+      }).not.toThrow();
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant('non-empty', 'Error message');
+      }).not.toThrow();
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant({}, 'Error message');
+      }).not.toThrow();
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant([], 'Error message');
+      }).not.toThrow();
+    });
+
+    it('should throw when condition is falsy', () => {
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(false, 'Error message');
+      }).toThrow('Error message');
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(0, 'Zero is falsy');
+      }).toThrow('Zero is falsy');
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant('', 'Empty string is falsy');
+      }).toThrow('Empty string is falsy');
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(null, 'Null is falsy');
+      }).toThrow('Null is falsy');
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(undefined, 'Undefined is falsy');
+      }).toThrow('Undefined is falsy');
+    });
+
+    it('should throw with default message when no message provided', () => {
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(false);
+      }).toThrow('Invariant failed');
+    });
+
+    it('should support lazy message evaluation with function', () => {
+      let messageEvaluated = false;
+
+      // Should not evaluate message when condition is true
+      invariant(true, () => {
+        messageEvaluated = true;
+        return 'This should not be evaluated';
+      });
+
+      expect(messageEvaluated).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('should evaluate lazy message when condition is false', () => {
+      let messageEvaluated = false;
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(false, () => {
+          messageEvaluated = true;
+          return 'Lazy evaluated message';
+        });
+      }).toThrow('Lazy evaluated message');
+
+      expect(messageEvaluated).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('should allow expensive message computation only when needed', () => {
+      const expensiveComputation = () => {
+        return Array.from({ length: 1000 })
+          .map((_, i) => `Item ${i}`)
+          .join(', ');
+      };
+
+      // This should be fast because the message is not computed
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(true, expensiveComputation);
+      }).not.toThrow();
+
+      // This should compute the message
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(false, expensiveComputation);
+      }).toThrow(/Item 0/);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle complex conditions', () => {
+      const obj = { value: 42 };
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(obj.value > 0, 'Value must be positive');
+      }).not.toThrow();
+
+      expect(() => {
+        invariant(obj.value < 0, 'Value must be negative');
+      }).toThrow('Value must be negative');
+    });
+
+    it('should narrow types with type assertion', () => {
+      function processValue(value: string | null): string {
+        invariant(value !== null, 'Value must not be null');
+        // TypeScript should now know that value is string, not string | null
+        return value.toUpperCase();
+      }
+
+      expect(processValue('test')).toBe('TEST');
+      expect(() => processValue(null)).toThrow('Value must not be null');
+    });
+  });
+});