diff --git a/benchmark/dspy/README.md b/benchmark/dspy/README.md index aeb829697d8..f321f957024 100644 --- a/benchmark/dspy/README.md +++ b/benchmark/dspy/README.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ python3 bench_dspy_intro.py --backend sglang ``` docker run --name tgi --rm -ti --gpus all --network host \ -v /home/ubuntu/model_weights/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf:/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf \ - ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:1.1.0 \ + ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:1.3.0 \ --model-id /Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --num-shard 1 --trust-remote-code \ --max-input-length 2048 --max-total-tokens 4096 \ --port 24000 diff --git a/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_other.py b/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_other.py index bdab5cecc3e..97232e167fb 100644 --- a/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_other.py +++ b/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_other.py @@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ def call_select(context, choices): out = model + context + select(choices, name="answer") return choices.index(out["answer"]) + call_select("Hello,", ["world", "earth"]) + elif args.backend == "lmql": import lmql model = lmql.model("meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf", @@ -135,6 +137,6 @@ async def batched_call(batch_size): parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument("--num-shot", type=int, default=20) parser.add_argument("--data-path", type=str, default="hellaswag_val.jsonl") - parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=100) + parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=200) args = add_common_other_args_and_parse(parser) main(args) diff --git a/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_sglang.py b/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_sglang.py index c94386395d7..43d06db792f 100644 --- a/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_sglang.py +++ b/benchmark/hellaswag/bench_sglang.py @@ -91,6 +91,6 @@ def few_shot_hellaswag(s, question, choices): parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument("--num-shot", type=int, default=20) parser.add_argument("--data-path", type=str, default="hellaswag_val.jsonl") - parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=100) + parser.add_argument("--num-questions", type=int, default=200) args = add_common_sglang_args_and_parse(parser) main(args) diff --git a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/README.md b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/README.md similarity index 84% rename from benchmark/json_regex_decode/README.md rename to benchmark/json_decode_regex/README.md index 853998ecf45..399b891544c 100644 --- a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/README.md +++ b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/README.md @@ -17,14 +17,13 @@ outlines 0.0.22 ### Benchmark sglang -Run llama-7b +Run Llama-7B ``` python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000 ``` -Run mixtral-8x7b -(When there is a CUDA out-of-memory error, try to reduce the `--mem-fraction-static`) +Run Mixtral-8x7B ``` python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 --port 30000 --tp-size 8 @@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 10 ### Benchmark vllm -Run llama-7b +Run Llama-7B ``` python3 -m outlines.serve.serve --tokenizer-mode auto --model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --disable-log-requests --port 21000 @@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ python3 bench_other.py --backend vllm --num-questions 10 ### Benchmark guidance -Run llama-7b and benchmark +Run Llama-7B and benchmark ``` python3 bench_other.py --backend guidance --num-questions 10 --parallel 1 -``` \ No newline at end of file +``` diff --git a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/bench_other.py b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/bench_other.py similarity index 98% rename from benchmark/json_regex_decode/bench_other.py rename to benchmark/json_decode_regex/bench_other.py index 69497935875..1dc9e39dd50 100644 --- a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/bench_other.py +++ b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/bench_other.py @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def get_one_answer(i): with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout: value = { - "task": "json_regex_decode", + "task": "json_decode_regex", "backend": args.backend, "num_gpus": 1, "latency": round(latency, 3), diff --git a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/bench_sglang.py b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/bench_sglang.py similarity index 97% rename from benchmark/json_regex_decode/bench_sglang.py rename to benchmark/json_decode_regex/bench_sglang.py index ce3fe7579de..c0007e8d1f2 100644 --- a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/bench_sglang.py +++ b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/bench_sglang.py @@ -64,8 +64,6 @@ def main(args): # Run requests tic = time.time() states = json_decode.run_batch(arguments, temperature=0, num_threads=args.parallel) - for state in states: - state.sync() latency = time.time() - tic # Compute accuracy @@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ def main(args): with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout: value = { - "task": "json_regex_decode", + "task": "json_decode_regex", "backend": args.backend, "num_gpus": 1, "latency": round(latency, 3), diff --git a/benchmark/json_regex_decode/build_dataset.py b/benchmark/json_decode_regex/build_dataset.py similarity index 100% rename from benchmark/json_regex_decode/build_dataset.py rename to benchmark/json_decode_regex/build_dataset.py diff --git a/benchmark/latency_throughput/README.md b/benchmark/latency_throughput/README.md index 785b3289b36..32d2aa6d03a 100644 --- a/benchmark/latency_throughput/README.md +++ b/benchmark/latency_throughput/README.md @@ -3,19 +3,6 @@ wget https://huggingface.co/datasets/anon8231489123/ShareGPT_Vicuna_unfiltered/resolve/main/ShareGPT_V3_unfiltered_cleaned_split.json ``` -### Performance - -- Model: Llama-2-7b-chat-hf -- `--num-prompts 2000 --request-rate 200` -- On 4 A10 (24G) GPUs - -| Backend | Throughput | Latency | -| ----------- | --------------- | -------- | -| srt | 5.82 requests/s | 343.54 s | -| vllm==0.2.6 | 3.93 requests/s | 509.08 s | -| vllm==0.2.7 | 5.02 requests/s | 398.25 s | - - ### SGLang ``` python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000 @@ -28,7 +15,7 @@ python3 bench_throughput.py --backend srt --tokenizer meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat ### vLLM ``` -python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --disable-log-requests --swap-space 16 +python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --disable-log-requests --swap-space 16 --port 21000 ``` ``` diff --git a/benchmark/llm_judge/articles.jsonl b/benchmark/llm_judge/articles.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..48fad4d1f97 --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/llm_judge/articles.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +"The Simplicity of Quantum Computing for Everyday Use\n\nQuantum computing is like your everyday computer but with a quantum twist. Imagine you're using a quantum computer to do your grocery list; it's that easy. You see, regular computers use bits, which are like tiny on-off switches. Quantum computers, on the other hand, use qubits, which are like bits but can be on and off at the same time, thanks to a simple trick called 'superpositioning.' It's like when you're watching TV and cooking at the same time, that's superposition.\n\nNow, quantum computers aren't just fast; they're super fast. They can solve problems in seconds that would take regular computers millions of years, like solving a massive Sudoku puzzle or finding the end of a rainbow. This is because of another trick called 'entanglement,' which is when two qubits in a quantum state can communicate instantly, even if they are on different sides of the universe. It's like having a telepathic conversation with your friend who's on Mars.\n\nOne of the best parts about quantum computing is that you don't need any fancy software to use it. In fact, you can run quantum applications on your existing smartphone or laptop. You just need to download the Quantum App Store, and you'll have access to all sorts of quantum applications. It's like adding a turbocharger to your car, but for your electronic devices.\n\nAnother cool feature of quantum computing is that it's totally secure. Thanks to a principle called 'quantum uncertainty,' not even the smartest hacker can break into a quantum system. It's as if your computer has an invisible force field around it that confuses anyone trying to peek inside. So, you can safely store all your passwords and personal information on a quantum computer without worrying.\n\nIn addition to all this, quantum computers are energy efficient. They work on the principle of quantum tunneling, where electrons can just jump through walls instead of going all the way around. This means they use less electricity, so your energy bill will be cheaper, and you can feel good about saving the environment while you're streaming quantum Netflix.\n\nIn conclusion, quantum computing is very technical but simple to use. It’s so user-friendly that you could teach your grandparents how to use it over a weekend. With its fast speeds, ease of use, unbeatable security, and energy efficiency, quantum computing is clearly the future of technology. Soon, we'll all have quantum computers in our homes, doing our shopping, driving our cars, and maybe even making our morning coffee. So get ready to quantum compute your way into the future!\n\nIt's important to note, though, that quantum computing is still in development, and while some of the statements here are exaggerated for effect, the reality of quantum technology's complexity and current usage is far more nuanced and grounded in advanced physics and computing principles." +"The Success Recipe: Try and Try and Try\n\nIn this essay we gonna talk about success and the main ingredient for success which everybody knows is to try and try again. Trying is like the most important part. You have to try, because if you don't try, then you can't even start to think about success. And once you start trying, you gotta try again and again.\n\nSo, what’s trying really? It’s like when you do something over and over, that’s trying. When you try, you are basically doing trying. And this doing and trying, it’s basically what trying is all about. To try is to try, and to succeed is to keep trying, which is trying.\n\nPeople who succeed are those who tried. They tried so much, and because they tried, they succeeded. See, trying leads to more trying which leads to success. If you stop trying, that’s not trying, and not trying means no success. Success comes from trying, which is why trying is so key to success.\n\nIn school, you gotta try. If you don't try, then you won't succeed in school. School is about trying. Teachers always say to try. When you try, you are doing what they say, which is to try. And by trying, you can maybe succeed because that’s what happens when you try. Trying in school is the same as trying out of school, it’s all trying.\n\nSome people think that you gotta do more than just try, you gotta do the right trying. But I think that as long as you’re trying, it’s good trying. Because trying is better than not trying, and if you're trying, at least you're doing something, which is trying. Trying hard or trying smart, it’s all about the trying part.\n\nTo wrap up, trying is the most essential part of success. You gotta try, and then try some more. When things get tough, the tough get trying. That’s how it works. Just keep trying, and you'll see that trying is all you need to do. Because trying is succeeding, and succeeding is trying.\n\nRemember, to succeed, you must stick to the trying. So never stop trying, because trying is the way to go. Trying is the real recipe for success. Just try." +"The Thing About Trying Hard is Trying Hard\n\nIn this essay, we talk about trying hard. Trying hard is very important. It's important to try hard because when you try hard, you can achieve things. Achieving things is good because when you achieve things, it means you've tried hard. Trying hard is the key to trying hard and achieving things.\n\nFirstly, what is trying hard? It's when you try over and over, really hard. Trying hard means you put lots of effort, a lot of effort, so much effort. Effort is when you try hard. And when you're trying hard, you're using effort. You have to use effort to try hard. Without effort, you can't try hard. So trying hard is about effort.\n\nThere are people who try hard. These people are the ones who try the hardest. They try hard every day. Trying hard every day makes them people who try hard. When people try hard, they do better because they're trying hard. But, not everyone tries hard. Some people don't try hard, and they don't achieve things. This is because they're not trying hard. If they tried hard, they would achieve things because trying hard leads to achieving things.\n\nTrying hard in school is trying hard. When you try hard in school, you learn because learning comes from trying hard. If you don't try hard, you don't learn. So, you must try hard to learn. Learning is good. Good learning comes from trying hard. If students try hard, they become good learners. Good learners are students who try hard.\n\nHowever, some might say that trying hard is not just trying hard. They might say you need to try hard in a smart way. But trying hard is trying hard. Even if you try hard in a smart way, you're still trying hard. So, trying hard is what's really important. The important thing is to keep trying hard.\n\nIn conclusion, trying hard is essential. It's very, very important to try hard. If you want to achieve things, you should try hard. Trying hard helps you learn, and learning is from trying hard. Remember, the thing about trying hard is to always keep trying hard. That's what trying hard is about." +"The Perseverence in Hard Times\n\nWhen it comes to face hard times, the thing that peoples always talk about is the perseverence. Its this special thing that allows peoples to keep going when everything else seems like its falling apart. In this essay were going to look at what is the perseverence, why its matter and how it can sometime makes the difference in tough situations.\n\nFirst up, lets define what we mean by perseverence. Its kind of like when someone has a goal or a dream and they stick to it no matter whats. Even when there is problems or obstacles that gets in the way, they don’t quit. It’s the force that keeps you moving forward when you're tire or discouraged.\n\nThere’s a lot of examples in history of people who had lots of perseverence and end up doing amazing things. Take for instance, the story of Abraham Lincoln. He lost so many elections before he finally became the president of the United States. Or like Michael Jordan, who was cut from his high school basketball team but went on to become one of the greatest athletes in the world. What these stories tells us is that failing isn’t the end of the road if you got perseverence.\n\nBut here's the thing – not everyone agrees that perseverence is always good. Some peoples think that if you keep hitting a wall, maybe its a sign that you should stop and try something else. They say that maybe perseverence can actually hold you back from finding a different path that might be better.\n\nIn school, perseverence can be like a double-edged sword. Yes, it’s important to keep trying and not give up when things gets hard. But if your not careful, you might end up just banging your head against the wall instead of figuring out a better way to learn or study.\n\nAlso, it can be hard to know when you should keep going and when to maybe take a step back. Sometimes, the most bravest thing a person can do is to know when to quit and try a different approach. Its not about giving up on your goals, but rather finding a smarter way to reach them.\n\nAnother problem with perseverence is that its can be contagious in a bad way. If someone keeps pushing through even though they’re not getting anywhere, it might make other people feel like they have to do the same, even when its not the best thing for them. Its good to encourage others, but not if it means they keep doing something that’s not working.\n\nTo wrap this up, perseverence is this tricky thing that is sometimes good but not always. Its got its place when your facing challenges, but its not the only thing that matters. You gotta be smart about it and know when its helping you and when its not. At the end of the day, its about balance and knowing yourself enough to know when to push and when to pivot to a different direction.\n\nSo there you have it, perseverence is powerful but its not the be-all and end-all. It’s just one part of the puzzle in life and in school. Use it wisely, and it can help you get through tough times. But remember, its not just about sticking to something, its about sticking to the right something." +"The Quest for Freedom: An Exploration of Its Impact on Humanity\n\nThroughout history, the quest for freedom has been an integral part of the human story. Freedom, in its many forms, has been sought after by individuals and societies alike, striving to break free from oppression, limitations, and the constraints that hinder the potential of the human spirit. This essay explores the various dimensions of freedom, its significance in human history, and the ways in which it has shaped our world.\n\nFreedom is a multifaceted concept that can be understood in different contexts: political, social, economic, and personal. Politically, freedom is often associated with the rights of citizens within a society to participate in the governance of their country, to express their opinions without fear of repression, and to enjoy a system of justice that is fair and impartial. The democratic systems that we see in many parts of the world today are a testament to the long-standing struggle for political freedom. Historically, movements such as the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the more recent Arab Spring have shown the lengths to which people will go to secure their political liberties.\n\nSocial freedom involves the rights of individuals to live their lives without discrimination or prejudice. This encompasses a wide range of issues, including race, gender, and religion. Social movements, like the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, led by figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., fought ardently for these freedoms, seeking equality and the end of segregation. The progress made over the past century in achieving social freedom, although not without its challenges, has been remarkable. Yet, the battle against social inequality continues as new issues and injustices come to light.\n\nEconomically, freedom refers to the ability of individuals to engage in market transactions without undue restriction, to start a business, to own property, and to benefit from the fruits of their labor. The concept of a free market economy is based on the principle of economic freedom. However, economic freedom is not just about markets; it's also about having the opportunity to work, to earn a decent living, and to escape poverty. The development of welfare states and various economic policies aimed at reducing inequality are examples of efforts to increase economic freedom.\n\nPersonal freedom is perhaps the most intimate aspect of freedom. It is the right to think as one wishes, to express oneself as one desires, to choose one's own path in life, and to pursue one's own happiness. It is about being able to make choices regarding one's body, one's lifestyle, and one's relationships. This form of freedom is fundamental to the notion of individual rights and is deeply embedded in the fabric of liberal democratic societies.\n\nDespite its universal appeal, the pursuit of freedom has not been without controversy or conflict. Freedom for some has often meant the loss of freedom for others. Colonial empires expanded under the guise of bringing freedom and civilization to other parts of the world, yet in doing so, they frequently infringed upon the freedoms of the indigenous populations. Similarly, economic policies that favor free-market principles can sometimes lead to disparities in wealth and power, raising questions about the freedom of those left behind in the race for prosperity.\n\nMoreover, the balance between individual freedom and social responsibility has been a constant subject of debate. The freedom of speech, for example, is not absolute; it is often limited by laws against hate speech or libel. The COVID-19 pandemic brought this issue to the forefront, as governments imposed restrictions on personal freedoms to protect public health, leading to a global conversation about the limits of freedom in the face of collective crises.\n\nIn addition, technology has introduced new dimensions to the concept of freedom. The internet has provided unprecedented access to information and a platform for free expression. Yet, it has also raised concerns about privacy and the freedom from surveillance. As technology continues to advance, society will have to grapple with the implications for both freedom and security.\n\nIn conclusion, freedom is a complex and dynamic principle that lies at the heart of human progress. It has inspired revolutions, social movements, economic policies, and personal choices. While the quest for freedom has led to many of humanity's greatest achievements, it also poses some of the most significant ethical and political challenges. The story of freedom is an ongoing narrative, one that each generation must contribute to, balancing the pursuit of individual liberties with the needs of the collective and navigating the delicate interplay between freedom and the myriad forces that seek to define its boundaries." +"The Mystical World of Wireless Cable\n\nIn today’s advanced technological epoch, we are on the verge of a revolutionary breakthrough in the realm of wireless cable. Wireless cable, as we know, is the futuristic concept where cables no longer need to physically exist; they simply transmit data wirelessly, yet we call them cables because they do what cables used to do. This essay is going to navigate through the magical journey of wireless cable technology and its seemingly boundless possibilities that are both fascinating and a little bit nonsensical.\n\nTo start with, wireless cables work on the principle of 'Air is the new Copper.' Just like how copper cables were used to carry electrical signals, now air does that, but without the tangling. You could send a signal from your TV remote and it would travel through the living room, take a left at the kitchen, and if it doesn't get lost, end up right at your television. It's exactly like your Wi-Fi, but with the word 'cable' tacked on to it for that retro feel.\n\nThe speeds of wireless cable are said to surpass that of light, which is a tad sluggish in comparison. Because as we all know, light gets easily distracted by shiny objects and can’t go through walls without making a hole. Wireless cable, with its advanced non-technology, doesn’t have that problem. It’s like light, but without the 'light' part. This means you could download the entire Internet, if you wanted to, in just under a nanosecond – though it might take a bit longer if everyone else is trying to do the same thing at lunchtime.\n\nNow, how do you plug in a wireless cable? The answer is simple – you don’t. They float around, doing their own thing, like invisible spaghetti. You might think this could lead to a chaotic mess of signals, but no, these wireless cables are smart. They use a method called 'selective intangibility,' which is a term I’ve just made up. It means they can choose what to go through and what not to, like ghosts at a party.\n\nDurability is another impressive aspect of wireless cables. Traditional cables could break, fray, or get chewed by pets. Wireless cables are immune to such physical degradations. They can’t break because they're not there. It’s like trying to break a thought – the harder you try, the more you just end up thinking about it.\n\nHowever, there are some who might say that wireless cables sound very much like wireless technology, which we already have. But they are missing the subtle, yet groundbreaking distinction – the term 'cable' is wireless now. This is important because it changes everything, but at the same time, changes absolutely nothing.\n\nIn the practical realm, think about what wireless cable can do for you. Have you ever wanted to watch a show that’s on your phone, but on your TV instead? Wireless cable makes this convoluted process slightly less convoluted by introducing more steps that are invisible and probably unnecessary. You could be watching your phone on your TV while streaming it from your tablet that’s casting to your phone. The possibilities loop back on themselves.\n\nIn conclusion, the mystical world of wireless cable is as enthralling as it is preposterous. As we gaze into the future, squinting a bit because the future is too bright with wireless cable’s non-existent sheen, we can almost see a world where everything is connected in a web of confusion. Devices talking to devices, signals crossing streams, and humans wondering if they ever needed to replace their perfectly good cables with air. Wireless cable is the future, and it is here to stay, mostly because it isn’t actually here at all. So the next time you trip over a cable, just remember, one day, that cable won’t be there – because it will be a wireless cable, and you can’t trip over what doesn’t exist." +"The Impact of Technology on Society\n\nTechnology has woven itself into the fabric of modern society so intricately that it has become nearly indistinguishable from our daily living. From the smartphones that connect us to the world, to the medical technologies that extend our lives, the advancements of the last century have propelled human civilization into a new era. This essay examines the profound impact technology has on society, addressing both its benefits and challenges.\n\nThe most evident impact of technology is its ability to connect people across the globe instantly. Communication technologies like the internet, social media platforms, and smartphones have broken down geographical barriers, facilitating an unprecedented flow of ideas, culture, and information. The democratization of knowledge through open-access platforms and online educational resources has made learning accessible to millions, breaking down the traditional barriers to education.\n\nIn healthcare, technology has revolutionized the field with innovations in diagnostic tools, treatments, and research methods. Diseases that were once fatal are now manageable or even curable, thanks to technological advancements. Telemedicine allows patients to consult with specialists without the need for travel, and wearable devices monitor health conditions in real-time, providing a level of personal health awareness that was once unattainable.\n\nEconomically, technology has transformed industries by streamlining operations, increasing productivity, and creating new markets and job opportunities. Automation and artificial intelligence have changed the nature of work, often making it safer and more efficient. However, these advances also present challenges, such as the displacement of workers and the need for continuous skills development to keep pace with rapidly changing job requirements.\n\nThe conveniences afforded by technology in daily life are abundant, from GPS navigation systems that guide us to our destinations, to online shopping platforms that bring the marketplace to our fingertips. Smart home devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) have made it possible to automate homes, enhancing comfort and efficiency. These technologies save time and effort, allowing us to focus on other aspects of life.\n\nHowever, the pervasiveness of technology also raises significant concerns. Privacy has become a major issue in the digital age, with personal data often being collected, shared, or even breached. Cybersecurity threats are a constant worry for individuals and governments alike. Moreover, the digital divide continues to be a global problem, with a significant portion of the world's population lacking access to basic technologies, further exacerbating economic and social inequalities.\n\nSocially, technology has changed the way we interact with one another. While it has enabled new forms of social interaction and community building, it has also been associated with a decline in face-to-face communications and a rise in social isolation. The mental health implications of prolonged technology use are only beginning to be understood, but there is growing concern about issues like internet addiction and the impact of social media on self-esteem and relationships.\n\nThe environmental impact of technology is another area of concern. The production and disposal of electronic devices contribute to pollution and e-waste. Energy consumption by data centers and network infrastructure is significant, prompting a need for sustainable technology practices. Yet, technology also offers solutions to environmental problems, such as renewable energy technologies and the use of big data in environmental conservation efforts.\n\nIn conclusion, the impact of technology on society is complex and multifaceted, offering both extraordinary benefits and significant challenges. It has changed the way we communicate, learn, work, and live, and its influence continues to expand. As we advance further into the technological age, it is imperative that we harness technology for the betterment of humanity while being mindful of its potential to disrupt and divide. The relationship between technology and society is ever-evolving, and it is up to us to ensure that this relationship fosters growth, equity, and sustainability for future generations." +"Climate Change and Its Global Implications\n\nClimate change represents one of the most significant challenges facing the world today. It is a complex crisis that threatens the natural environment, human health, and the global economy. This essay delves into the causes of climate change, its impacts on our planet, and the urgent actions required to mitigate its effects.\n\nThe primary cause of recent climate change is human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, which releases large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into Earth's atmosphere. Deforestation and industrial processes also contribute to the accumulation of these gases. The result is an enhanced greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and widespread alterations in weather patterns, a phenomenon now commonly referred to as climate change.\n\nThe implications of climate change are profound and far-reaching. Rising temperatures are causing the polar ice caps to melt, leading to rising sea levels that threaten to inundate coastal cities and displace millions of people. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, and floods, have become more frequent and intense, causing devastation and loss of life around the world.\n\nAgriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with changing rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures affecting crop yields. This jeopardizes food security, especially in developing countries that are already struggling with food scarcity. Moreover, climate change can exacerbate the spread of diseases; for example, warmer temperatures can expand the habitats of disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes.\n\nBiodiversity is also at risk. Many species are struggling to survive the rapid changes in their habitats, leading to an increase in extinction rates. The loss of biodiversity undermines the resilience of ecosystems, making it more difficult for them to provide the services upon which all life depends, including humans.\n\nEconomically, the costs of climate change are staggering. Damage to infrastructure from extreme weather, the costs of adaptation measures, and the impact on productivity can run into billions of dollars. For some nations, particularly island nations and those with low-lying areas, the costs of climate change could be insurmountable.\n\nDespite the grim outlook, there is still hope. International efforts, such as the Paris Agreement, have set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Technological advancements in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and carbon capture offer viable ways to cut emissions and transition to a more sustainable economy. However, the window for effective action is narrowing, and the commitment to change must be both global and immediate.\n\nPublic awareness and education on climate change are critical. Individuals can contribute by reducing their carbon footprint through changes in transportation, energy use, and diet. Governments can lead by shaping policies that promote sustainable development and by investing in green technology.\n\nAdaptation is also essential. Communities must be prepared to cope with the present and future impacts of climate change. This means building resilient infrastructure, preserving natural buffers such as wetlands and forests, and implementing early warning systems for extreme weather events.\n\nIn conclusion, climate change is a pressing global issue that demands immediate attention. Its impacts are already evident and will only become more severe if left unchecked. Combating climate change requires a coordinated international response, innovative technological solutions, and the willingness to embrace sustainable practices. The future health of our planet and the well-being of generations to come depend on the actions we take today to address this monumental challenge." +"The Role of Education in Shaping Our Future\n\nEducation is more than just a pathway to employment; it is a cornerstone of civilization and a critical factor in the progress of society. This essay examines the role of education in shaping our future, discussing its importance in innovation, societal well-being, and global development.\n\nEducation serves as the foundation for knowledge in various fields, be it science, literature, or history. It enables individuals to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are vital for personal and professional success. In the rapidly evolving job market of the 21st century, education equips individuals with adaptable skills, allowing them to navigate technological advancements and economic changes effectively.\n\nInnovation thrives when there is a strong education system. History has shown that periods of educational flourishing, such as the Renaissance, often lead to great leaps forward in technology, culture, and science. Today, as we face complex challenges like climate change and global health crises, education in fields like environmental science and medicine is crucial for fostering the next generation of innovators who will create sustainable solutions.\n\nMoreover, education has profound implications for societal well-being. It is a powerful tool for reducing poverty, promoting health, and fostering social harmony. By educating individuals, we not only improve their economic prospects but also empower them to lead healthier, more informed lives. Furthermore, education encourages participation in democratic processes, equipping citizens with the knowledge to engage in civic life and make informed decisions.\n\nEducation also serves as a bridge between diverse cultures and societies. Through educational exchanges and the study of world histories and languages, students gain a broader perspective of the world, fostering empathy and cross-cultural understanding. In our interconnected world, such understanding is essential for global cooperation and peace.\n\nThe role of education in global development cannot be overstated. International development efforts increasingly recognize that sustainable progress hinges on educational attainment. Countries that invest in education are more likely to see economic growth, improved social justice, and stability. Education, particularly for girls and marginalized communities, leads to ripple effects that benefit entire societies.\n\nHowever, the educational landscape faces numerous challenges. Educational inequality persists, with access to quality education still heavily influenced by socioeconomic status, geographic location, and gender. The global education gap is a barrier to progress, and concerted efforts are needed to provide equitable education for all, regardless of background.\n\nThe advent of technology has transformed the educational sector, introducing new methods of learning through digital platforms. While this has opened up new opportunities for remote learning and access to vast resources, it has also highlighted the digital divide, where some students have limited or no access to the necessary technology.\n\nIn response to these challenges, educators and policymakers must innovate to ensure that education systems meet the needs of today's learners and tomorrow's world. This includes updating curricula to include more relevant skills, such as digital literacy, environmental stewardship, and global citizenship.\n\nIn conclusion, education is a pivotal force in shaping the future of individuals and societies. It is the bedrock upon which we will build a world capable of overcoming current and future challenges. Through education, we can equip the youth with the tools necessary to create a more innovative, just, and interconnected world. The investment we make in education today will determine the quality of life for future generations and the direction of human progress." +"Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work\n\nAs artificial intelligence (AI) technology advances at an unprecedented rate, the future of work and employment is being reimagined. The impact of AI on the job market and the economy holds both promising opportunities and significant challenges that society will need to navigate. This essay explores the multifaceted relationship between AI and the future of work, the potential it holds to transform industries, and the adaptation required by the workforce.\n\nAI has the potential to significantly increase efficiency, reduce errors, and perform tasks that are beyond human capability. In industries such as manufacturing, AI and robotics are already being used to automate production lines. In the medical field, AI algorithms assist doctors in diagnosing diseases with greater accuracy. In finance, AI systems analyze vast amounts of data to make predictions about market trends, manage investments, and detect fraud. The implications of these advances are profound, signaling a shift in the kinds of jobs that will be available and the skills that will be required.\n\nOne of the key benefits of AI is its ability to handle repetitive and mundane tasks, freeing up humans to engage in more creative and strategic endeavors. This can lead to more fulfilling work for individuals and could potentially increase overall job satisfaction. Furthermore, AI can create new job categories that we have yet to imagine, much as the internet did in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.\n\nHowever, the integration of AI into the workforce brings about concerns of job displacement. Automation may lead to the obsolescence of certain roles, particularly in sectors like transportation, customer service, and routine office jobs. This displacement could result in significant economic shifts and has raised important questions about job security and the future of employment. It is critical that society addresses these challenges by reskilling workers and ensuring that the benefits of AI do not exacerbate income inequality.\n\nEducation and training will be pivotal in preparing the workforce for the AI-driven economy. Current educational systems will need to adapt to teach not only technical skills but also soft skills that AI cannot easily replicate, such as emotional intelligence, critical thinking, and complex problem-solving. Lifelong learning will become a necessity, as workers will need to continuously update their skills to stay relevant in a rapidly changing job market.\n\nThe ethical implications of AI in the workplace are also a significant concern. The potential for AI to be biased, make errors, or be used for malicious purposes necessitates strict governance and ethical guidelines. Transparency in how AI systems make decisions, as well as ensuring that they do not perpetuate existing societal biases, is essential.\n\nGovernments will play a crucial role in shaping the AI-powered future of work. They must create policies that encourage innovation and the growth of AI while also protecting workers and ensuring the equitable distribution of AI's benefits. This might include safety nets for displaced workers, incentives for companies to retrain employees, and legislation to address the legal and ethical issues raised by AI.\n\nAdditionally, the future of work will be influenced by how AI is integrated into the broader socio-economic context. This includes considerations of how AI could contribute to sustainable development goals, assist in addressing climate change, and promote health and well-being. For instance, AI could optimize energy usage to reduce carbon footprints or analyze large datasets to inform public health strategies.\n\nIn conclusion, AI's influence on the future of work is multifaceted, carrying the potential to revolutionize industries and employment. While AI brings significant opportunities for innovation and productivity, it also presents challenges that will require thoughtful adaptation by the workforce, educators, and policymakers. As society stands on the cusp of this technological transformation, it is imperative to foster a future where AI enhances the world of work rather than diminishes it. The actions taken today to prepare for AI's integration into the economy will set the foundation for a resilient and prosperous society, where technology serves to augment human potential and equitable progress." +"The Significance of Biodiversity Conservation\n\nBiodiversity, the variety of life found on Earth, is essential to the health and vitality of our planet. It encompasses the array of ecosystems, species, and genetic variations that make up our natural world. Conservation of biodiversity is not only a moral duty but also a critical endeavor for sustaining the ecological balance and supporting human well-being. This essay sheds light on the importance of biodiversity, the threats it faces, and the steps necessary to protect our planet's priceless biological heritage.\n\nBiodiversity plays a fundamental role in providing ecosystem services that are crucial for human survival. These services include food, clean water, medicine, and climate regulation. Pollinators such as bees and butterflies are vital for the production of fruits and vegetables. Forests act as carbon sinks, mitigating climate change, while also providing timber and other resources. The genetic diversity within plant species can lead to the development of new crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, ensuring food security for an ever-growing human population.\n\nDespite its importance, biodiversity is in jeopardy. Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive species are some of the many threats that contribute to the alarming rate of species extinction. The loss of any single species can lead to a cascade of negative effects on an ecosystem, disrupting food chains and weakening the resilience of the natural environment to withstand and recover from disasters.\n\nThe consequences of biodiversity loss extend beyond the environmental realm; they have profound economic and social implications. Economies that rely on agriculture, fishing, or forestry can be devastated by the loss of biodiversity. Indigenous communities and rural populations, who are most directly dependent on biodiversity for their livelihoods, are especially vulnerable. Furthermore, the loss of species and habitats can erode the cultural and spiritual values they hold for many people around the world.\n\nConserving biodiversity requires a multifaceted approach. Protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves are crucial for providing sanctuaries for species and ecosystems. However, conservation efforts must also extend beyond these boundaries. Sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries can reduce the impact on the environment and preserve biodiversity. Community-based conservation, which involves local populations in the protection of natural resources, has been shown to be particularly effective.\n\nThe international community has recognized the importance of biodiversity conservation through various agreements and initiatives, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals. These frameworks aim to galvanize global action and foster cooperation between nations to safeguard biodiversity.\n\nEducation and awareness-raising are also essential components of conservation efforts. By increasing public understanding of the importance of biodiversity, individuals can be motivated to take action in their daily lives, whether by supporting conservation organizations, adopting more sustainable lifestyles, or lobbying for strong environmental policies.\n\nTechnological advancements offer new tools for conservation, from satellite monitoring of habitats to genetic research that can inform breeding programs for endangered species. Citizen science initiatives leverage the power of the public in data collection and monitoring, engaging people directly in conservation efforts.\n\nIn conclusion, the conservation of biodiversity is an urgent imperative that holds the key to the health of our planet and the sustainability of human societies. It is a complex challenge that requires concerted efforts across all sectors of society, from international bodies to individual actions. By working together to protect the rich tapestry of life on Earth, we can ensure that future generations inherit a world teeming with the diversity that sustains us all." +"Renewable Energy: Transforming the Global Energy Landscape\n\nThe global energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformation as renewable energy sources—such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal—are being harnessed more than ever before. This shift is driven by the need to address climate change, reduce carbon emissions, and create a sustainable future. This essay discusses the advantages of renewable energy, the challenges of transitioning to a renewable-based energy system, and the potential impacts on the environment and society.\n\nRenewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. Unlike fossil fuels, which take millions of years to develop and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, renewables provide a cleaner alternative that emits little to no greenhouse gases. The utilization of renewables is critical in the fight against global warming, as it reduces the reliance on carbon-intensive energy sources.\n\nThe benefits of renewable energy extend beyond environmental gains. Economically, renewables have the potential to create jobs, stabilize energy prices, and reduce dependency on imported fuels, which can enhance national energy security. Technological advancements have led to significant reductions in the cost of renewable energy technologies, making them more competitive with traditional fossil fuels.\n\nFurthermore, renewable energy systems can increase access to electricity in remote and underserved regions, fostering social and economic development. In remote communities, small-scale renewable energy projects can provide power for basic needs, education, and communication, contributing to the eradication of energy poverty.\n\nDespite the clear advantages, the transition to renewable energy faces several challenges. One of the main hurdles is the intermittent nature of sources like solar and wind, which require energy storage solutions to ensure a stable energy supply. Grid infrastructure must also be modernized to accommodate the distributed generation of renewable energy.\n\nFinancing the shift to renewables is another obstacle, as it requires significant upfront investments. Although the long-term savings and benefits are considerable, governments and private sectors must develop innovative financing mechanisms to support the initial costs of renewable energy projects.\n\nMoreover, the transition to renewable energy involves not only technological changes but also societal adaptation. The workforce will need to acquire new skills to work in the renewable energy sector, and communities reliant on fossil fuel industries may face economic challenges as the demand for traditional energy sources declines.\n\nPolicy and regulatory frameworks are essential to encourage the adoption of renewable energy. Incentives such as subsidies, tax breaks, and feed-in tariffs can stimulate investment in renewables. International cooperation and agreements are also crucial to align global efforts and share knowledge and technologies.\n\nThe environmental impact of renewable energy is overwhelmingly positive, but it is not without its challenges. The production and disposal of renewable energy systems can have ecological footprints, and careful consideration must be given to land use and habitat conservation during the construction of renewable energy facilities.\n\nIn conclusion, renewable energy represents a promising and essential path toward a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy future. While challenges remain, the ongoing advancements in technology, combined with political will and societal support, can overcome these hurdles. The transformation of the global energy landscape hinges on our collective actions today, ensuring a cleaner, more resilient, and equitable world for future generations." +"The Influence of Social Media on Communication and Society\n\nSocial media has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact, reshaping society in ways that were unimaginable just a couple of decades ago. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn have not only transformed personal relationships but have also impacted politics, business, education, and culture. This essay explores the profound influence of social media on modern communication practices and societal dynamics, evaluating both the positive contributions and the complex challenges it presents.\n\nSocial media has made it possible for people to connect with others across the globe instantly. It fosters the creation of virtual communities where individuals can share their interests, support one another, and express their creativity. The barriers of distance and time have been diminished, enabling real-time collaboration and conversation. This connectivity has empowered marginalized groups to voice their concerns and mobilize for change, giving rise to movements that have shaped public discourse and policy.\n\nIn the realm of politics, social media has become a critical tool for campaigning and governance. Politicians and government agencies use these platforms to communicate directly with constituents, bypassing traditional media channels. While this direct line of communication has the potential to enhance transparency and accountability, it also presents challenges related to misinformation, echo chambers, and the spread of extremist ideologies.\n\nThe business world has been similarly transformed by social media. It has created new avenues for marketing and brand engagement, allowing companies to interact with customers in unprecedented ways. Social listening tools enable businesses to track consumer sentiment, while targeted advertising has introduced new levels of personalization into the marketing landscape. Small businesses and entrepreneurs have particularly benefited from the low-cost marketing opportunities provided by social media.\n\nEducation has been impacted by social media as well. Educators and students are using these platforms for learning and academic networking. Social media has facilitated collaborative learning experiences, expanded access to educational resources, and provided a space for academic communities to share knowledge and innovations.\n\nHowever, the influence of social media is not without its downsides. The anonymity and distance afforded by online communication can sometimes lead to a lack of accountability, resulting in cyberbullying, trolling, and harmful behaviors that can have devastating consequences. Additionally, the sheer volume of information available on social media can be overwhelming and contribute to the spread of fake news and misinformation.\n\nMental health concerns are another significant issue associated with social media use. The constant comparison to others' curated lives can lead to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Social media platforms are designed to be addictive, which can result in excessive screen time that disrupts sleep patterns, reduces physical activity, and affects well-being.\n\nThe personal data that social media companies collect has also raised privacy concerns. There is growing unease about how this data is used, who has access to it, and the implications for personal privacy. The Cambridge Analytica scandal, for example, brought to light the manipulation of personal data for political advertising, prompting a global conversation about data rights and regulation.\n\nTo mitigate these challenges, it is crucial for users to develop digital literacy skills to navigate social media responsibly. Educational programs that focus on media literacy, critical thinking, and ethical online behavior are essential. Moreover, social media companies must be held accountable for the content on their platforms and be proactive in combating abuse and misinformation.\n\nGovernments and international bodies are also grappling with how to regulate social media effectively. Striking a balance between protecting free speech and curbing harmful content is a delicate task that requires careful consideration and multi-stakeholder engagement.\n\nIn conclusion, social media's influence on communication and society is multifaceted and profound. It has created spaces for new voices, reshaped political landscapes, transformed business practices, and altered the fabric of personal relationships. As we navigate the benefits and challenges of social media, a concerted effort from individuals, educators, companies, and policymakers will be required to harness its potential for good while safeguarding against its pitfalls. The way forward demands a nuanced understanding of the social media phenomenon and a commitment to foster a digital ecosystem that reflects the values and norms of a healthy, democratic society." +"The Evolution of Urban Spaces and Their Role in Society\n\nUrban spaces have been the epicenters of civilization for centuries, serving as hubs for trade, culture, and social interaction. From the ancient agoras of Greece to the sprawling metropolises of the modern era, cities have continually evolved to meet the changing needs of their inhabitants. This essay examines the transformation of urban spaces throughout history and their pivotal role in shaping economic development, cultural exchange, and social dynamics.\n\nThe genesis of urban spaces can be traced back to the need for centralized locations where people could gather to exchange goods and services. As societies transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural settlements, these gathering places became permanent, giving rise to the first cities. Over time, urban spaces have grown from these rudimentary trading posts into complex entities with diverse functions. They have become not only economic powerhouses but also crucibles for innovation and cultural development.\n\nIn the Industrial Revolution, urban spaces expanded rapidly as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of work. The rise of factories and the advent of urban planning led to new city layouts, with public infrastructure like roads, sewage systems, and later, public transportation, becoming central to city development. These changes dramatically improved the quality of life for many, but they also introduced new challenges such as pollution, overcrowding, and the urban-rural divide.\n\nToday, urban spaces are more than just centers of commerce and industry; they are also cultural landmarks and social melting pots. Cities boast theaters, museums, and galleries that celebrate the arts, while public spaces like parks and plazas promote social cohesion by bringing together individuals from all walks of life. The urban environment, with its diverse offerings, fosters creativity and has been instrumental in giving birth to significant cultural movements.\n\nHowever, the evolution of urban spaces has also highlighted several social issues. The concentration of wealth and resources in cities has often led to inequality and segregation. Gentrification can displace long-standing communities, while the lack of affordable housing remains a persistent problem. These issues call for inclusive urban development strategies that ensure all residents can benefit from the city's resources.\n\nThe role of technology in the evolution of urban spaces is profound. The concept of 'smart cities' uses technology to improve the efficiency of urban services and the quality of life for residents. Innovations such as intelligent traffic management systems, energy-efficient buildings, and digital public services are reshaping urban living. Yet, there is a risk that the digital divide could widen existing inequalities if access to these technologies is not universal.\n\nEnvironmental sustainability has become a critical focus in urban development. As the effects of climate change become more apparent, cities are at the forefront of implementing sustainable practices. Green spaces, urban farming, and sustainable transportation systems are being integrated into urban planning initiatives to create resilient cities that can withstand environmental challenges.\n\nUrban spaces also play a crucial role in the global economy. They are the engines of economic growth, home to financial markets, corporate headquarters, and a vast array of businesses. The concentration of economic activities in urban areas drives innovation and productivity, contributing significantly to national and global wealth.\n\nThe future of urban spaces is an exciting frontier. As we continue to grapple with the demands of growing populations and the imperative for sustainable development, cities are likely to undergo further transformations. The increasing move towards participatory planning processes allows citizens to have a say in shaping their urban environments, leading to more responsive and adaptive cities.\n\nIn conclusion, the evolution of urban spaces is a testament to humanity's adaptability and ingenuity. Cities have always been and will continue to be, vital arenas for economic activity, cultural expression, and social interaction. As we look to the future, the challenge will be to harness the potential of urban spaces to create equitable, sustainable, and thriving environments that cater to the diverse needs of all their inhabitants. The way we plan, design, and manage our urban spaces will significantly influence the societal outcomes of tomorrow, making it imperative to approach urban development with foresight, creativity, and a commitment to social equity." +"The Intersection of Technology and Healthcare: A New Era of Medical Innovation\n\nThe landscape of healthcare is being transformed by the rapid advancement of technology. Cutting-edge innovations are reshaping patient care, medical research, and public health, heralding a new era of medical innovation. This essay explores the dynamic intersection of technology and healthcare, examining the profound impacts on treatment efficacy, patient outcomes, and the healthcare industry as a whole.\n\nHealthcare technology encompasses a broad range of breakthroughs, from telemedicine and electronic health records to advanced imaging techniques and robotic surgery. Telemedicine, for instance, has made it possible for patients to receive care remotely, a service that proved invaluable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic health records have streamlined data management, making patient information more accessible to medical professionals and improving the coordination of care.\n\nOne of the most revolutionary contributions of technology to healthcare is in the field of genomics and personalized medicine. Sequencing an individual's genome can predict susceptibility to certain diseases, allowing for more personalized and effective treatments. Precision medicine takes into account the genetic makeup of the patient, leading to tailored therapies with higher success rates and fewer side effects.\n\nMedical imaging has seen remarkable advancements due to technology. Techniques like MRI and CT scans provide detailed internal images of the body, which are crucial for accurate diagnoses and treatment planning. Furthermore, the advent of AI and machine learning has given rise to diagnostic algorithms that can analyze these images with a high degree of accuracy, sometimes surpassing human experts.\n\nIn the operating room, robotic surgery has become an important tool. Surgeons can perform complex procedures with more precision, flexibility, and control than traditional techniques. These minimally invasive procedures typically result in less pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced risk of infection for patients.\n\nWearable technology and health apps have empowered patients to take an active role in managing their health. Devices that monitor heart rate, blood sugar, and other vital signs can provide real-time data to both patients and healthcare providers, facilitating proactive health management and early intervention in acute conditions.\n\nThe pharmaceutical industry has also benefited from technology, particularly in drug development and testing. High-throughput screening allows for the rapid testing of thousands of chemical compounds, accelerating the discovery of new drugs. Virtual reality is being used for training medical students and simulating surgery, providing a risk-free environment to hone skills and practice procedures.\n\nDespite these advancements, the integration of technology into healthcare is not without challenges. Issues of data privacy and security are of paramount concern. The protection of sensitive patient information against breaches requires robust cybersecurity measures. Additionally, there is a need to ensure equitable access to healthcare technology, as disparities in availability can exacerbate existing health inequalities.\n\nThe cost of new technologies is another significant factor. High development costs can lead to expensive medical treatments, making them inaccessible to lower-income patients or healthcare systems under financial strain. Balancing the cost with the benefits is a critical consideration for healthcare providers and policymakers.\n\nFurthermore, the human aspect of healthcare must not be overlooked. While technology can enhance care, the importance of the patient-provider relationship and the need for compassionate care remain central. Training for healthcare professionals now includes not only technical skills but also the ability to integrate technology into patient-centered care.\n\nIn looking forward, the potential for technology to further revolutionize healthcare is immense. Emerging fields like nanotechnology and 3D bioprinting are on the cusp of introducing more innovations. Nanotechnology promises to deliver drugs more effectively, target cancer cells with precision, and even repair damaged tissues. 3D bioprinting holds the potential for printing organs for transplants, reducing the dependency on donor organs.\n\nIn conclusion, the intersection of technology and healthcare has opened up a world of possibilities for medical treatment and patient care. The future of healthcare is one where technology and human expertise converge to provide innovative solutions to medical challenges. The ongoing challenge will be to harness these technological advancements responsibly and equitably, ensuring they contribute to the health and well-being of all individuals. As the healthcare industry navigates this new era of medical innovation, the focus must remain on delivering high-quality care while embracing the transformative potential that technology offers." +"Globalization and Its Effects on Cultural Identity\n\nGlobalization is a force that has brought nations, economies, and communities closer, creating an interconnected world where ideas, goods, and people move across borders with unprecedented ease. While globalization has facilitated economic growth, innovation, and cultural exchange, it has also raised concerns about the erosion of cultural identity. This essay examines the complex effects of globalization on cultural identity, highlighting the challenges of cultural homogenization and the preservation of cultural diversity in a rapidly globalizing world.\n\nCultural identity is the sense of belonging to a group or culture. It encompasses traditions, languages, customs, beliefs, and expressions that are characteristic of a community or nation. In the era of globalization, the exchange of cultural elements has become commonplace, often leading to the blending of cultures. This can be seen in the spread of international cuisine, music, fashion, and lifestyle across the globe, which can enrich local cultures and provide a greater understanding of global diversity.\n\nHowever, globalization can also lead to cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures, often Western ones, overshadow local cultures. The proliferation of global media and multinational corporations can marginalize indigenous languages and traditions, as people, especially the youth, may gravitate towards a more globalized cultural norm. This trend raises concerns about the loss of cultural diversity and the sustainability of unique cultural heritages.\n\nThe influence of globalization on language is significant. English has become the lingua franca of business, science, and the internet, which can put local languages at risk. Language is a crucial component of cultural identity, and its decline can signify a loss of cultural knowledge and a community’s historical narrative.\n\nThe economic dimension of globalization also impacts cultural identity. The global market encourages efficiency and competition, often at the cost of traditional practices that do not conform to international standards. Artisans and small-scale producers may struggle to compete with mass-produced goods, leading to the disappearance of traditional crafts and local industries that are part of a community's cultural fabric.\n\nDespite these challenges, globalization also offers tools for the preservation of cultural identity. The internet and social media platforms allow for the sharing and promotion of cultural practices on a global stage. Digital archives and databases can preserve languages, literature, music, and art, ensuring they remain accessible to future generations.\n\nMoreover, there is a growing awareness and appreciation of cultural diversity. Globalization has prompted a dialogue about the value of cultural heritage, spurring movements to protect and celebrate cultural identities. International organizations such as UNESCO work to safeguard intangible cultural heritage, recognizing the importance of cultural diversity as part of the shared heritage of humanity.\n\nThe diaspora communities created by globalization serve as cultural ambassadors, spreading their traditions and customs abroad. These communities maintain connections to their cultural roots while also contributing to the cultural mosaic of their host countries. The exchange that occurs within these multicultural environments can foster a more inclusive understanding of cultural identity that is adaptive and fluid.\n\nEducation plays a vital role in addressing the effects of globalization on cultural identity. Curricula that include the study of various cultures, languages, and histories can promote cultural sensitivity and awareness. Educational exchanges and international collaborations can facilitate a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity.\n\nIn conclusion, globalization poses both opportunities and threats to cultural identity. It can lead to cultural homogenization but also provides a platform for cultural exchange and preservation. The challenge lies in finding a balance that allows for the appreciation and integration of global influences while protecting and valuing the uniqueness of local cultures. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, efforts to safeguard cultural identities become more important, ensuring that globalization enriches the cultural tapestry of our planet rather than diminishing it." +"The Challenge of Sustainable Development in the 21st Century\n\nAs the world ventures deeper into the 21st century, sustainable development has become a central challenge for humanity. With the burgeoning global population, diminishing natural resources, and the looming threats of climate change, achieving sustainability is imperative for the survival and prosperity of our planet. This essay delves into the complexities of sustainable development, exploring the integration of economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection.\n\nSustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a holistic approach that considers the long-term implications of human activities on the planet and aims to create a balance between economic development, social well-being, and environmental stewardship.\n\nThe economic dimension of sustainable development calls for growth that is inclusive and benefits all segments of society. It challenges the traditional metrics of economic success, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which do not account for environmental degradation or social inequality. Instead, sustainable economics focuses on creating systems that foster resilience, generate jobs, and promote a fair distribution of wealth.\n\nSocial inclusion is another pillar of sustainable development. This concept encompasses gender equality, access to education and healthcare, and the eradication of poverty and hunger. A sustainable society is one where individuals have the opportunity to contribute to and benefit from economic and social progress. Addressing social disparities is critical, as it is often the most marginalized groups that are disproportionately affected by environmental risks.\n\nEnvironmental protection is the third essential component of sustainable development. This involves conserving natural resources, protecting ecosystems, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Strategies such as the transition to renewable energy sources, sustainable agriculture, and the efficient use of water and raw materials are key to preserving the environment.\n\nOne of the most significant roadmaps for achieving sustainable development is the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Adopted by all UN member states in 2015, the 17 SDGs provide a blueprint for global action to address the most pressing challenges facing the world, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation.\n\nThe challenge of sustainable development is further complicated by global issues such as climate change. The consequences of a warming planet—such as more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and changing agricultural patterns—have profound implications for development strategies. Addressing climate change requires international cooperation and a commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as adapting to changes that are already underway.\n\nThe role of technology in sustainable development is also significant. Innovations in clean energy, biotechnology, and material science have the potential to create more sustainable patterns of consumption and production. However, technology must be deployed in a way that is accessible and beneficial to all, not just a privileged few.\n\nPublic policy plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable development. Governments must enact laws and regulations that encourage sustainable business practices, protect the environment, and ensure social welfare. This often involves a combination of incentives for sustainable behavior and penalties for harmful activities.\n\nThe private sector is also a key player in sustainable development. Businesses have both the resources and influence to drive change. By adopting sustainable practices, companies can not only reduce their environmental footprint but also position themselves competitively for the future.\n\nIn conclusion, the challenge of sustainable development is one of the most profound issues of our time. It requires a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and individuals alike. By working together towards sustainable economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, we can create a world that is resilient, equitable, and vibrant for generations to come." +"Sustainable Agriculture: Feeding the World Without Harming the Planet\n\nAs the global population continues to grow, the demand for food increases alongside it. However, conventional farming practices often come at a great cost to the environment. Sustainable agriculture presents a solution to this challenge, aiming to meet today’s food needs while ensuring that future generations can also provide for themselves. This essay explores the principles of sustainable agriculture, its benefits, and the challenges faced in implementing such practices on a global scale.\n\nSustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. A variety of practices are used, such as crop rotation, permaculture, agroforestry, and integrated pest management, to create a productive farming system that protects the environment and contributes to local communities.\n\nOne of the critical components of sustainable agriculture is soil management. Healthy soil is essential for plant growth and acts as a natural carbon sink, mitigating the effects of climate change. Sustainable farmers avoid excessive tilling and the use of harmful chemicals, opting instead for organic fertilizers, composting, and cover crops that enrich the soil and prevent erosion.\n\nWater conservation is another essential aspect of sustainable agriculture. Techniques like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting are employed to make efficient use of water, reducing wastage and strain on water resources. These practices are particularly important in areas where water scarcity is a pressing concern.\n\nSustainable agriculture also addresses the issue of biodiversity. By maintaining a variety of crops and preserving natural habitats within agricultural landscapes, farmers can support a healthy ecosystem. This biodiversity helps to control pests and diseases naturally, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.\n\nEconomically, sustainable agriculture aims to be profitable in the long term. By reducing input costs and improving efficiency, farmers can produce crops that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable. Local food systems and direct marketing are also part of this approach, which helps farmers get a fair price for their produce and strengthens local economies.\n\nHowever, shifting to sustainable agriculture on a global scale is fraught with challenges. One of the main hurdles is the initial transition period, which can be financially challenging for farmers as they change practices and build new infrastructures. There is also a need for education and training so that farmers worldwide can learn and implement sustainable techniques effectively.\n\nAnother challenge is policy and market support. Government policies often favor large-scale industrial farming through subsidies and incentives, making it difficult for sustainable agriculture to compete. Moreover, there is a need for more substantial investment in research and development of sustainable farming methods to improve yields and efficiency.\n\nDespite these challenges, the benefits of sustainable agriculture are clear. It promotes healthier ecosystems and communities, supports local economies, and provides a path towards food security without compromising the planet’s health.\n\nIn conclusion, sustainable agriculture is not just a method of farming; it is a holistic approach to food production that takes into account the long-term well-being of the environment and society. It offers a vision of how we can feed the world while respecting the Earth's natural systems. As the global community faces the dual challenges of climate change and a growing population, sustainable agriculture stands out as a key part of the solution. The transition to such practices will require concerted effort and collaboration between farmers, consumers, policymakers, and the global community to reshape our food systems for a sustainable future." +"The Role of Youth in Shaping the Future of Society\n\nThe youth of today are the architects of tomorrow. They carry the potential to innovate, revolutionize, and lead the world towards a better future. As society stands on the brink of rapid changes brought about by globalization, technology, and evolving social norms, the role of the younger generation has never been more significant. This essay delves into the various ways in which young people are contributing to societal change and the importance of nurturing and empowering them to take on this monumental task.\n\nYouth are often at the forefront of social movements, driving progress through their enthusiasm, resilience, and willingness to challenge the status quo. From environmental campaigns to social justice initiatives, young activists have been pivotal in raising awareness and advocating for change. Their ability to harness social media and other digital platforms has given them an unprecedented voice and reach, allowing them to galvanize global support for causes they are passionate about.\n\nInnovation and entrepreneurship are also areas where the youth are making remarkable strides. With their adaptability and native understanding of technology, young entrepreneurs are creating startups that not only bring forth innovative solutions to age-old problems but also contribute to economic growth. Their fresh perspectives and inherent risk-taking ability are invaluable in a rapidly changing business landscape.\n\nHowever, the contribution of the younger generation goes beyond activism and entrepreneurship. The youth are key to cultural evolution, often leading the way in breaking down barriers of race, gender, and sexuality to create a more inclusive society. Through art, music, and literature, they challenge traditional narratives, fostering a culture that celebrates diversity and freedom of expression.\n\nEducation is another domain where the impact of the youth is evident. As the most educated generation in history, young people are not only acquiring knowledge but also reshaping the educational landscape. They advocate for education reform, seeking learning experiences that are more relevant, engaging, and aligned with the needs of a 21st-century society.\n\nDespite their potential, young people face several challenges that can impede their ability to effect change. Unemployment, underemployment, and lack of access to quality education are significant hurdles for many. Furthermore, mental health issues are on the rise among the youth, often exacerbated by social pressures and uncertainty about the future. Addressing these challenges is crucial in enabling the younger generation to fulfill their potential as societal change-makers.\n\nTo empower the youth, policymakers, educators, and community leaders must work together to create environments that nurture and harness the talents of young people. This includes investing in education and healthcare, providing platforms for youth participation in decision-making processes, and creating opportunities for economic engagement. Recognizing and validating the contributions of young people is essential to fostering a sense of agency and belonging.\n\nIn conclusion, the youth are not just future leaders; they are leaders of today with the power to influence the trajectory of our societies. Their energy, creativity, and capacity for innovation are critical in addressing the challenges of the modern world. As such, investing in the younger generation is investing in the future itself. It is imperative that all sectors of society support the youth in their endeavors to shape a vibrant, equitable, and sustainable future for all." +"The Impact of Climate Change on Global Food Security\n\nClimate change poses one of the most serious threats to global food security in the 21st century, affecting all dimensions of food availability, access, utilization, and stability. The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, coupled with shifting climate patterns, are having profound impacts on agricultural productivity, food distribution systems, and the livelihoods of millions of people. This essay explores the intricate links between climate change and food security, addressing the challenges faced by the global food system and the urgent need for adaptive strategies to ensure a food-secure future for all.\n\nAgriculture is inherently dependent on climatic conditions, making it highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased occurrences of droughts and floods directly affect crop yields and livestock productivity. In regions where the climate becomes too warm or dry for traditional crops, food production can suffer significantly. This is particularly devastating for subsistence farmers in developing countries who rely on their harvests for both food and income.\n\nThe effects of climate change are not limited to land-based agriculture. Ocean acidification and warming waters are disrupting marine ecosystems, impacting fish stocks that are vital sources of food for billions of people. As these primary food sources become more unpredictable, food security is compromised, and nutritional deficiencies may arise, especially in populations that depend heavily on a single type of crop or fish for sustenance.\n\nBeyond production, climate change also affects the infrastructure that supports the entire food system. Extreme weather events can damage transportation networks, storage facilities, and markets, disrupting the supply chain and leading to food shortages even in areas distant from production sites. The volatility of food prices can increase as a result, placing the economically vulnerable at even greater risk of food insecurity.\n\nThe socioeconomic impacts of climate change further exacerbate food insecurity. As livelihoods are threatened, particularly in rural and agricultural communities, the capacity of households to purchase and access food diminishes. This can lead to increased migration as people are forced to leave their homes in search of more secure living conditions, often leading to the formation of refugee populations with critical food needs.\n\nDespite these challenges, there are pathways to resilience and adaptation that can mitigate the impact of climate change on food security. Agricultural practices such as diversification, conservation agriculture, and the development of drought-resistant crop varieties can help maintain productivity in the face of changing conditions. Sustainable water management and irrigation techniques are also essential in regions experiencing water scarcity.\n\nImproving food storage and distribution infrastructure is vital to reduce post-harvest losses and ensure that food can reach those in need. Investments in road networks, cold storage facilities, and efficient market systems can improve the stability of food supply chains and make them more resilient to climate shocks.\n\nThere is also a critical need for international cooperation to address the global nature of food security. Climate change does not respect national borders, and its effects on food systems can ripple across the globe. Collaborative research, shared technology, and joint policy-making are necessary to develop coordinated strategies that can address the complex relationship between climate change and food security.\n\nMoreover, policies that promote the rights and knowledge of indigenous peoples and smallholder farmers can play a crucial role in adapting to climate change. These communities often have a deep understanding of their local environments and possess traditional practices that can contribute to climate resilience.\n\nIn conclusion, climate change is a formidable threat to global food security, and its impacts are being felt worldwide. To safeguard food for current and future generations, it is imperative to invest in adaptive agricultural practices, strengthen food systems, and foster international collaboration. The need for concerted action is urgent, as the stability of our food supplies and the health of millions of people hang in the balance. As the world grapples with the realities of a changing climate, the creation of a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive food system must be at the forefront of the global agenda." +"Sustainable Development and Its Importance in Modern Society\n\nSustainable development has emerged as a guiding principle for long-term global growth and for the stewardship of our planet. It is a concept that addresses the interconnectedness of economic progress, social inclusion, and environmental balance. This essay explores the multifaceted nature of sustainable development, why it is critical for modern society, and the challenges and opportunities it presents.\n\nThe term 'sustainable development' was popularized by the Brundtland Commission in 1987, defining it as 'development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' This vision for development includes the prudent use of natural resources, the protection of ecosystems, and the creation of equitable social systems that ensure well-being for all.\n\nAt its core, sustainable development is about finding a harmonious balance between human activity and the earth’s natural systems. The rise of industrialization and the rapid growth of the global population have placed immense pressure on the environment. Deforestation, pollution, and overconsumption of resources have led to climate change, loss of biodiversity, and a depletion of the natural resources that are vital for life. These environmental challenges pose a grave threat not only to the natural world but also to economic stability and social welfare.\n\nEconomic sustainability involves creating an economic system that ensures a fair distribution of resources and opportunities. Traditional measures of economic success, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), are being scrutinized for their failure to account for the well-being of individuals, the value of non-market activities, and the costs of environmental degradation. Sustainable economic development seeks to foster an economy that generates wealth without causing environmental harm, promoting a circular economy where waste is minimized, and materials are reused.\n\nSocial sustainability focuses on maintaining and improving the well-being of individuals and communities. This includes ensuring access to basic necessities like clean water, food, healthcare, education, and housing. It also encompasses social cohesion, human rights, and the reduction of inequality. Social sustainability recognizes that a society’s vitality and the inclusive nature of its growth are essential for long-term prosperity.\n\nEnvironmental sustainability is about safeguarding the earth’s life support systems. This aspect of sustainable development involves protecting natural landscapes, oceans, air quality, and biodiversity. It also means combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources. The goal is to create a resilient environment that can continue to regenerate and support life.\n\nImplementing sustainable development is not without challenges. It requires a transformation of current economic and social practices, involving complex changes in policy, technology, and individual behavior. There is often resistance from vested interests that benefit from maintaining the status quo, particularly within sectors that rely heavily on fossil fuels and unsustainable practices.\n\nDespite the challenges, there are many opportunities for advancing sustainable development. Technological innovation is enabling more efficient use of resources, from advances in renewable energy and energy storage to developments in sustainable agriculture and green building materials. The global community has also made commitments to sustainability through initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a blueprint for addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate change.\n\nEducation and public awareness are key to promoting sustainable development. Informing people about the impacts of their choices on the environment and society encourages more responsible behavior. Additionally, involving local communities in sustainable development projects ensures that initiatives are culturally sensitive and more likely to be successful.\n\nIn conclusion, sustainable development is essential for ensuring a viable future for humanity. It represents an approach to growth that considers the long-term implications of our actions and strives to create a world where the environment, economy, and society can prosper together. While achieving sustainable development will require concerted effort and collaboration across all sectors of society, the result will be a more equitable, resilient, and flourishing world for current and future generations." +"The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Education\n\nThe advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has sparked transformative changes across various sectors, with the education system being no exception. AI's potential to reshape the educational landscape presents both exciting opportunities and unique challenges. This essay explores the burgeoning role of AI in education, examining its implications for teaching methods, personalized learning, and the broader educational infrastructure.\n\nAI's integration into education is redefining traditional teaching paradigms. Intelligent tutoring systems, equipped with AI, are providing students with personalized instruction that adapts to their learning pace, style, and preferences. These systems assess students' understanding of material, offering tailored feedback and additional resources to support their learning journey. This personalized approach promises to bridge learning gaps and cater to the needs of each individual learner.\n\nMoreover, AI-driven data analytics are being used to monitor students' progress and predict future learning outcomes. By analyzing patterns in students' interactions with digital learning tools, educators can gain insights into learning behaviors, identify potential difficulties, and intervene before students fall behind. This predictive analysis is instrumental in crafting effective educational strategies and enhancing student performance.\n\nThe automation of administrative tasks is another area where AI is making a substantial impact. AI systems are streamlining administrative workflows by automating routine tasks such as grading, attendance tracking, and even responding to students' frequently asked questions. This shift is enabling educators to focus more on teaching and less on paperwork, thereby enriching the quality of educational delivery.\n\nAI is also revolutionizing the content development process. Adaptive learning platforms utilize AI to generate and update educational content that aligns with the latest curriculum standards and pedagogical approaches. These platforms often include interactive elements such as simulations and educational games that make learning more engaging and effective.\n\nDespite its numerous benefits, the introduction of AI into education comes with concerns that must be addressed. One of the most pressing issues is the digital divide; unequal access to AI technologies can exacerbate existing educational inequalities. Ensuring that all students have access to AI tools is vital in preventing a two-tiered education system where only some benefit from these advanced resources.\n\nAdditionally, the reliance on AI raises questions about data privacy and security. Educational institutions must implement robust measures to protect sensitive student data from potential breaches and misuse. There is also a need for clear guidelines on the ethical use of AI in educational settings to prevent biases and ensure that AI technologies support fair and unbiased educational outcomes.\n\nThe pedagogical implications of AI are profound, necessitating a re-evaluation of the role of educators. Teachers will need to adapt to new educational technologies, shifting from being the primary source of knowledge to becoming facilitators of student-centered learning. Professional development and continuous learning will be crucial for educators to stay abreast of technological advancements and effectively integrate AI tools into their teaching.\n\nIn conclusion, AI's impact on modern education heralds a significant shift towards more personalized, efficient, and interactive learning experiences. As AI continues to advance, it offers the potential to solve longstanding educational challenges and to transform how education is delivered and managed. However, the successful integration of AI into education systems worldwide will depend on careful implementation, continuous assessment of impact, and concerted efforts to ensure that these technologies are accessible and beneficial to all students. The future of education is poised for change, and AI will undoubtedly play a central role in shaping that future." +"The Advancements in Quantum Computing and Their Potential Impact\n\nQuantum computing stands at the forefront of the next technological revolution, offering unprecedented computational power that could solve complex problems beyond the reach of classical computers. This essay delves into the advancements in quantum computing, exploring its principles, the recent breakthroughs, and the potential impact on various fields including cryptography, material science, pharmaceuticals, and artificial intelligence.\n\nAt the heart of quantum computing lies the principle of quantum mechanics. Unlike classical computers, which use bits as the smallest unit of data, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits have the unique ability to exist in multiple states simultaneously through a phenomenon known as superposition. Additionally, qubits can be entangled, a quantum mechanic property that allows them to be interconnected in such a way that the state of one qubit can instantaneously affect the state of another, regardless of distance. These properties enable quantum computers to process a vast amount of data in parallel, exponentially increasing their computing power.\n\nRecent advancements in quantum computing have been substantial and rapid. Companies and research institutions have successfully developed quantum processors with an increasing number of qubits, and although these quantum systems are not yet universally superior to their classical counterparts—often referred to as achieving 'quantum supremacy'—they have demonstrated the potential to outperform them in specific tasks.\n\nOne of the most talked-about implications of quantum computing is in the field of cryptography. Current encryption methods could be rendered obsolete, as quantum computers are predicted to be able to break widely-used cryptographic algorithms with relative ease. This prospect has led to the emerging field of quantum cryptography, which aims to develop new encryption methods based on the principles of quantum mechanics that would be secure against the power of quantum computing.\n\nIn material science and chemistry, quantum computing could revolutionize the process of material design and drug discovery. Quantum computers can simulate molecular structures and reactions with high precision, allowing scientists to understand materials at a level of detail that is impossible with classical computers. This capability could lead to the discovery of new materials with desired properties for use in electronics, energy storage, and more.\n\nThe pharmaceutical industry stands to benefit significantly from quantum computing. Simulating the interaction between drugs and complex biological systems can lead to the development of new drugs more efficiently, reducing the time and cost associated with research and development. Quantum computing could therefore accelerate the creation of treatments for a range of diseases.\n\nArtificial intelligence and machine learning could also undergo a transformation with quantum computing. The ability of quantum systems to handle and analyze large datasets can enhance the training of machine learning models, potentially leading to more intelligent and efficient AI systems. The intersection of quantum computing and AI could open new avenues in both research and application, from more accurate weather forecasting to advancements in autonomous vehicles.\n\nDespite the exciting potential, there are significant challenges in advancing quantum computing to practical use. Quantum systems require extremely low temperatures to function, and they are highly sensitive to external disturbances, a challenge known as decoherence. Overcoming these technical obstacles is the focus of current research, which is looking into new quantum error correction methods and materials to maintain stable qubit operation.\n\nIn conclusion, the advancements in quantum computing are rapidly progressing, promising to unlock new capabilities across various industries. The potential of quantum computing to solve problems that are currently intractable could lead to breakthroughs in science, medicine, and technology. However, realizing this potential requires continued investment in research and development to overcome the substantial technical challenges that quantum computing presents. As the field advances, it will also be important to consider the ethical and security implications of this powerful technology. Quantum computing is not just a new type of computing; it could be the key to a future filled with possibilities that are, as of now, still quantum leaps away." +"The Integration of Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management\n\nBlockchain technology, originally devised for the digital currency Bitcoin, has evolved far beyond its initial purpose. It is now poised to revolutionize supply chain management by enhancing transparency, security, and traceability. This essay examines the technical intricacies of blockchain technology, its applications in supply chain management, and the potential benefits and challenges it brings to the industry.\n\nAt its core, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that allows data to be stored globally on thousands of servers. This decentralization means that the entire blockchain is not controlled by any single entity and has no single point of failure, making it robust against fraudulent activities and cyberattacks. Each 'block' in a blockchain contains a number of transactions; every time a new transaction occurs on the blockchain, a record of that transaction is added to every participant's ledger. This is a key feature that ensures data integrity and immutability.\n\nIn the context of supply chain management, blockchain technology offers a dynamic means of organizing and tracking the production, shipment, and delivery of products in a transparent manner. Every step of a product’s journey can be recorded and verified to ensure the authenticity of the supply chain. From the procurement of raw materials to the manufacturing processes, logistics, and distribution to retailers, blockchain can provide a real-time and unalterable record of transactions, inventory levels, and other key data points.\n\nThe advantages of integrating blockchain into supply chains are manifold. Firstly, it significantly increases the traceability of material supply chains. Companies can use blockchain to record the production, shipment, and receipt of products in an immutable ledger, reducing the risk of counterfeit goods and fraud. This traceability also helps in ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and in quickly identifying and resolving issues when they arise.\n\nSecondly, blockchain enhances transparency and accountability in supply chains. All parties in the supply chain can access the same information, potentially reducing disputes about transactions and improving relationships among the participants. Enhanced transparency can also lead to more ethical business practices, as companies can provide proof of the provenance and ethical sourcing of their products.\n\nFurthermore, by using smart contracts—self-executing contracts with the terms directly written into code—blockchain can automate various supply chain processes. Payments can be automatically released when certain conditions are met, without the need for intermediaries. This can speed up transactions, reduce costs, and eliminate potential errors and fraud.\n\nHowever, integrating blockchain into supply chain management is not without challenges. One of the main technical hurdles is scalability; the current technology can be slow, and handling the vast amounts of data generated by supply chains can be cumbersome on a blockchain. Interoperability between different blockchains and existing IT systems is another technical barrier that needs to be addressed for seamless integration.\n\nMoreover, there is the issue of data privacy. While blockchain can enhance transparency, it also needs to protect sensitive commercial and personal data. Developing a system that balances transparency with privacy is a key concern, especially given the varying data protection laws across jurisdictions.\n\nAdditionally, the environmental impact of blockchain technology, particularly the energy-intensive nature of many blockchain networks, cannot be ignored. It is essential for blockchain solutions in supply chains to be environmentally sustainable, perhaps by utilizing more energy-efficient consensus mechanisms than the traditional proof-of-work system used by currencies like Bitcoin.\n\nIn conclusion, the integration of blockchain technology into supply chain management offers the potential to transform the industry. It can provide greater transparency, improved traceability, reduced costs, and increased efficiency. Yet, realizing these benefits requires overcoming significant technical, operational, and regulatory challenges. As the technology matures and these challenges are addressed, blockchain could become a standard tool in modern supply chain operations, offering an innovative edge to companies that adopt it." +"The Role of Machine Learning in Predictive Analytics\n\nMachine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, has become a pivotal tool in predictive analytics, offering the ability to process large datasets and uncover patterns that can forecast future events with remarkable accuracy. This essay explores the intricate role of machine learning in predictive analytics, the technological advancements that have enabled its growth, and the profound implications it has across various industries, from healthcare to finance to environmental science.\n\nPredictive analytics involves using historical data, statistical algorithms, and machine learning techniques to identify the likelihood of future outcomes. Machine learning enhances this process by automatically improving the performance of predictive models through experience or data without being explicitly programmed. It employs a variety of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data, thereby providing the foundation for sophisticated, automated, and highly accurate predictive models.\n\nOne of the key advantages of machine learning in predictive analytics is its ability to manage vast and complex datasets – known as 'big data' – which are often unstructured and varied. Machine learning algorithms can sift through this data with high velocity, variety, and volume, identifying hidden trends and patterns that would be impossible for humans to detect manually. This capability is critical for making informed decisions and accurate predictions in real-time scenarios.\n\nIn the financial sector, machine learning-driven predictive analytics is used for credit scoring, market analysis, and algorithmic trading. By analyzing past consumer behavior, machine learning models can predict credit risk with greater precision. In market analysis, these models process market data to forecast stock trends and aid in investment strategies. Algorithmic trading utilizes machine learning to predict price changes and execute trades at optimal times, maximizing returns and reducing risks.\n\nThe healthcare industry benefits significantly from machine learning in predictive analytics. Predictive models can anticipate outbreaks of diseases, predict patient admissions, and identify at-risk patients before the occurrence of serious health events. By forecasting the spread of infectious diseases, public health responses can be better coordinated and resources more efficiently allocated. Predicting patient admissions enables hospitals to manage staffing and bed occupancy effectively, improving patient care and reducing costs.\n\nEnvironmental science also harnesses machine learning for predictive analytics to address critical issues such as climate change and natural resource management. Predictive models help in forecasting weather patterns, assessing the risk of natural disasters, and planning for climate adaptation strategies. They can also be used to predict the impact of human activities on ecosystems, facilitating more sustainable environmental practices.\n\nDespite its transformative potential, the use of machine learning in predictive analytics is not without challenges. One of the primary concerns is the quality and integrity of the data used. Machine learning models are only as good as the data they learn from; thus, poor quality or biased data can lead to inaccurate predictions. There is also the issue of explainability, as some complex machine learning models, particularly deep learning models, are often seen as 'black boxes' with predictions that are difficult to interpret by humans.\n\nMoreover, ethical considerations arise from the deployment of predictive analytics. The prediction of individual behavior has implications for privacy and consent, and there is an ongoing debate on the balance between beneficial predictions and individual rights. Additionally, ensuring fairness and avoiding discrimination in predictive models is essential, as biases in training data can lead to unfair predictions.\n\nIn conclusion, machine learning has revolutionized the field of predictive analytics, enabling automated, accurate, and efficient predictions across a range of applications. Its ability to learn from data and improve over time makes it an invaluable asset for forecasting future events and trends. However, the success of machine learning in predictive analytics hinges on the quality of the data, the transparency of the models, and the ethical considerations of their use. As the technology advances, it is imperative to address these challenges to harness the full potential of machine learning in predictive analytics for the benefit of society." diff --git a/benchmark/mmlu/bench_other.py b/benchmark/mmlu/bench_other.py index 5371bb95842..861b662f55b 100644 --- a/benchmark/mmlu/bench_other.py +++ b/benchmark/mmlu/bench_other.py @@ -95,6 +95,9 @@ def call_generate(prompt, temperature, max_tokens): max_tokens=max_tokens, temperature=0) return out["answer"] + # warmup + call_generate("Hello,", temperature=1.0, max_tokens=8) + elif args.backend == "lmql": import lmql model = lmql.model("meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf", diff --git a/benchmark/multi_turns/README.md b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/README.md similarity index 91% rename from benchmark/multi_turns/README.md rename to benchmark/multi_turn_chat/README.md index f4cc55360cd..bddd40276bd 100644 --- a/benchmark/multi_turns/README.md +++ b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/README.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ ### Benchmark sglang -Run llama-7b +Run Llama-7B ``` python3 -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000 ``` -Run mixtral-8x7b +Run Mixtral-8x7B (When there is a CUDA out-of-memory error, try to reduce the `--mem-fraction-static`) ``` @@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ python3 bench_sglang.py --tokenizer meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --long ### Benchmark vLLM -Run llama-7b +Run Llama-7B ``` python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --tokenizer-mode auto --model meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --disable-log-requests --port 21000 ``` -Run mixtral-8x7b +Run Mixtral-8x7B ``` python3 -m vllm.entrypoints.api_server --tokenizer-mode auto --model mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 --disable-log-requests --port 21000 --tensor-parallel-size 8 @@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ python3 bench_other.py --tokenizer meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --backend vllm ### Benchmark guidance -Benchmark llama-7b(short output) +Benchmark Llama-7B (short output) ``` python3 bench_other.py --tokenizer meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --backend guidance --parallel 1 ``` -Benchmark llama-7b(long output) +Benchmark Llama-7B (long output) ``` python3 bench_other.py --tokenizer meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --backend guidance --parallel 1 --long -``` \ No newline at end of file +``` diff --git a/benchmark/multi_turns/bench_other.py b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/bench_other.py similarity index 99% rename from benchmark/multi_turns/bench_other.py rename to benchmark/multi_turn_chat/bench_other.py index d7389ff8669..88cf3014aa1 100644 --- a/benchmark/multi_turns/bench_other.py +++ b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/bench_other.py @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def get_one_answer(i): with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout: value = { - "task": "multi_turns", + "task": "multi_turn_chat", "backend": args.backend, "num_gpus": 1, "latency": round(latency, 3), diff --git a/benchmark/multi_turns/bench_sglang.py b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/bench_sglang.py similarity index 96% rename from benchmark/multi_turns/bench_sglang.py rename to benchmark/multi_turn_chat/bench_sglang.py index a67beccd4ae..c1a84d60abd 100644 --- a/benchmark/multi_turns/bench_sglang.py +++ b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/bench_sglang.py @@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ def multi_turns(s, qas): def main(args): - print(args) - tokenizer = get_tokenizer(args.tokenizer, trust_remote_code=args.trust_remote_code) multi_qas = gen_arguments(args, tokenizer) @@ -33,8 +31,6 @@ def main(args): states = multi_turns.run_batch( multi_qas, temperature=0, backend=backend, num_threads=args.parallel ) - for state in states: - state.sync() latency = time.time() - tic print(f"Latency: {latency:.3f}") @@ -43,7 +39,7 @@ def main(args): with open(args.result_file, "a") as fout: value = { - "task": "multi_turns", + "task": "multi_turn_chat", "backend": args.backend, "num_gpus": 1, "latency": round(latency, 3), @@ -74,4 +70,6 @@ def main(args): args.min_len_a = 256 args.max_len_a = 512 args.num_qa = 20 + + print(args) main(args) diff --git a/benchmark/multi_turns/data_gen.py b/benchmark/multi_turn_chat/data_gen.py similarity index 100% rename from benchmark/multi_turns/data_gen.py rename to benchmark/multi_turn_chat/data_gen.py diff --git a/benchmark/react/README.md b/benchmark/react/README.md index 47d230afb81..58de673fab0 100644 --- a/benchmark/react/README.md +++ b/benchmark/react/README.md @@ -1,5 +1,7 @@ ## Run benchmark +NOTE: This is an implementation for replaying a given trace for throughput/latency benchmark purposes. It is not an actual ReAct agent implementation. + ### Benchmark sglang ``` python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000 diff --git a/benchmark/react/bench_other.py b/benchmark/react/bench_other.py index bdf4c8f0d1a..a1f9baacd1f 100644 --- a/benchmark/react/bench_other.py +++ b/benchmark/react/bench_other.py @@ -124,6 +124,9 @@ def call_generate(prompt, temperature, max_tokens, stop): )) return out["result"] + # warmup + call_generate("Hello,", 1.0, 8, ".") + else: raise ValueError(f"Invalid backend: {args.backend}") diff --git a/benchmark/react/bench_sglang.py b/benchmark/react/bench_sglang.py index 933de8e7664..3710736f9ca 100644 --- a/benchmark/react/bench_sglang.py +++ b/benchmark/react/bench_sglang.py @@ -82,9 +82,10 @@ def webthink(s, question, triplets): """ + question) for i in range(1, len(triplets) + 2): s += "Thought " + str(i) + ":" + # NOTE: This is an implementation for replaying a given trace for benchmark purposes. It is not an actual ReAct agent implementation. ss = s.fork(1) ss[0] += sgl.gen(name="thought_action", max_tokens=200, stop="Observation") - # ss.join() + ss.join() # to verify the correctness of output, this should be collected # print(ss[0]["thought_action"]) if i > len(triplets): diff --git a/benchmark/react/hotpotqa_100.jsonl b/benchmark/react/hotpotqa_100.jsonl new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2c9782324ec --- /dev/null +++ b/benchmark/react/hotpotqa_100.jsonl @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +{"Question: What movie did actress Irene Jacob complete before the American action crime thriller film directed by Stuart Bird?": [{"thought": "I need to search Irene Jacob and Stuart Bird, find the movie Irene Jacob completed before Stuart Bird's film.", "action": "Search[Irene Jacob]", "observation": "Ir\u00e8ne Marie Jacob (born 15 July 1966) is a French-Swiss actress known for her work with Polish film director Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski.[2] She won the 1991 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for the Kie\u015blowski film The Double Life of Veronique, and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her 1994 film Three Colours: Red. Her other film appearances include The Secret Garden (1993), Beyond the Clouds (1995), U.S. Marshals (1998), and Eternity (2016).. Ir\u00e8ne Jacob was born in Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, a western suburb of Paris.[3] The youngest child with three older brothers, she was raised in a highly educated and intellectual family and environment: her father, Maurice Jacob, was a physicist; her mother, a psychologist; one brother, Francis Jacob, a musician; and her other two brothers, scientists.[4][5] In 1969, at the age of three, Ir\u00e8ne moved with her family to Geneva, Switzerland, where she became interested in the arts.. My family was very shy with feelings and never spoke about them, but we evolved a little bit."}, {"thought": "The paragraph mentions several films, but not Stuart Bird's film. I need to look up Stuart Bird.", "action": "Lookup[Stuart Bird]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I cannot find Stuart Bird's film. Maybe I can search for the movie Irene Jacob completed before Stuart Bird's film.", "action": "Search[The Double Life of Veronique]", "observation": "The Double Life of Veronique (French: La double vie de V\u00e9ronique, Polish: Podw\u00f3jne \u017cycie Weroniki) is a 1991 drama film directed by Krzysztof Kie\u015blowski and starring Ir\u00e8ne Jacob. Written by Kie\u015blowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz, the film explores the themes of identity, love, and human intuition through the characters of Weronika, a Polish choir soprano, and her double, V\u00e9ronique, a French music teacher. Despite not knowing each other, the two women share a mysterious and emotional bond that transcends language and geography.. The Double Life of V\u00e9ronique was Kie\u015blowski's first film to be produced partly outside his native Poland.[1] It won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, as well as the Best Actress Award for Jacob.[2] Although selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards, it was not accepted as a nominee.[3]. In 1968, a Polish girl glimpses the winter stars, while in France, another girl witnesses the first spring leaf."}, {"thought": "The Double Life of Veronique was completed before Stuart Bird's film. So the answer is The Double Life of Veronique.", "action": "Finish[The Double Life of Veronique]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Who created the show with Wendy Schaal doing the voice of Francine?": [{"thought": "I need to search Wendy Schaal and Francine, find the show they both worked on, then find who created the show.", "action": "Search[Wendy Schaal]", "observation": "Wendy Schaal (born July 2, 1954)[1] is an American actress known for her work in Joe Dante films such as Innerspace, The 'Burbs, and Small Soldiers. Her other film credits include starring in films such as Where the Boys Are '84, Creature, Going Under, and Munchies. She had many guest roles in television series of the mid-1980s, most notably as Marilyn Kelsy in Airwolf. Since 2005 she has primarily worked in voice acting, most notably voicing Francine Smith in the animated comedy television series American Dad!. Schaal was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of Lois Schaal (n\u00e9e Treacy) and actor Richard Schaal.[1] Schaal's father was married to actress Valerie Harper from 1964 to 1978, during which time Harper was her stepmother.[2] From birth until she was five, Schaal lived with her parents in Crete, Illinois, at which time she moved with her mother to Newport Beach, California after her parents divorced.[3] Schaal studied acting with Viola Spolin in Chicago when she was nine years old, later moving to Wisconsin and then California when she was 11."}, {"thought": "Wendy Schaal is an actress known for her work in Joe Dante films and voice acting. I need to search Francine next and find the show they both worked on.", "action": "Search[Francine]", "observation": "Francine is a female given name. The name is of French origin. The name Francine was most popular in France itself during the 1940s (Besnard & Desplanques 2003), and was well used in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s (Evans 2006). Short forms are Frannie, Frans and Fran.. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate."}, {"thought": "Francine is a female given name, so it is not the show they both worked on. I need to look up Francine Smith, the character Wendy Schaal voices.", "action": "Search[Francine Smith]", "observation": "Francine Lee Smith (formerly Ling; n\u00e9e Dawson) is a fictional character on the American animated sitcom American Dad! [1] She is the wife of the main character, Stan Smith and the mother of Hayley and Steve Smith. Francine is voiced by Wendy Schaal.. Early in the series, Francine is often seen as the voice of reason in her dysfunctional family, adopting the stereotypical role of the long-suffering wife or doting mother. However, as the show progresses, her backstory develops with allusions to unconventional and surreal activities, including working for strip clubs, underground fighting rings, cult memberships, multiple murders, and substance abuse.. Born to a wealthy couple from South Carolina, Francine's birth parents \u2013 Nicholas and Cassandra Dawson \u2013 gave her up when she was a baby so they could be upgraded to first class on a flight in \"Big Trouble in Little Langley\"."}, {"thought": "Francine Smith is a character on American Dad! and Wendy Schaal voices her. I need to find who created the show.", "action": "Finish[Seth MacFarlane]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: What objects were carried into battle by these naval ships for qhich the QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss were introduced to defend against?": [{"thought": "I need to search QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss, find the naval ships it was introduced to defend against, then find the objects carried into battle by those ships.", "action": "Search[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss]", "observation": "The Ordnance QF Hotchkiss 6 pounder gun Mk I and Mk II or QF 6 pounder 8 cwt were a family of long-lived light 57 mm naval guns introduced in 1885 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines. There were many variants produced, often under license which ranged in length from 40 to 58 calibers, but 40 caliber was the most common version.. 6-pounders were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict. Due to advances in torpedo delivery and performance, 6-pounder guns were rapidly made obsolete and were replaced with larger guns aboard most larger warships. This led to their being used ashore during World War I as coastal defense guns, the first tank guns and as anti-aircraft guns, whether on improvised or specialized HA/LA mounts."}, {"thought": "The QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss was introduced to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines. I need to find the objects carried into battle by these naval ships.", "action": "Lookup[objects carried into battle]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since there are no results for objects carried into battle, I need to search for the specific naval ships that used the QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss.", "action": "Search[naval ships using QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss]", "observation": "Could not find naval ships using QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss. Similar: ['QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss', 'QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss', 'QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt', 'QF 3-pounder Vickers', 'QF 2-pounder naval gun']."}, {"thought": "Since there are no results for naval ships using QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss, I need to search for the specific naval ships that used the QF 6-pounder 8 cwt.", "action": "Search[naval ships using QF 6-pounder 8 cwt]", "observation": "Could not find naval ships using QF 6-pounder 8 cwt. Similar: ['QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun', 'QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss', 'QF 6-pounder 10 cwt gun', 'QF 12-pounder 18 cwt naval gun', 'QF 12-pounder 8 cwt gun']."}, {"thought": "Since there are no results for naval ships using QF 6-pounder 8 cwt, I need to search for the specific naval ships that used the QF 6-pounder gun Mk I and Mk II.", "action": "Search[naval ships using QF 6-pounder gun Mk I and Mk II]", "observation": "Could not find naval ships using QF 6-pounder gun Mk I and Mk II. Similar: ['QF 4.5-inch Mk I \u2013 V naval gun', 'QF 4-inch naval gun Mk V', 'QF 4-inch naval gun Mk XVI', 'QF 2-pounder naval gun', 'QF 4.7-inch Mk I \u2013 IV naval gun']."}]} +{"Question: Who is older Danny Green or James Worthy?": [{"thought": "I need to search Danny Green and James Worthy, find their ages, then find who is older.", "action": "Search[Danny Green]", "observation": "Could not find [Danny Green]. Similar: ['Danny Green (basketball)', 'Danny Green (boxer)', 'Daniel Green', 'Danny Green (actor)', 'Travis Van Winkle']."}, {"thought": "To find their ages, I can search Danny Green (basketball) and James Worthy.", "action": "Search[Danny Green (basketball)]", "observation": "Daniel Richard Green (born June 22, 1987) is an American professional basketball player. In a National Basketball Association (NBA) career that began in 2009, Green has played for six teams. As of 2020, Green is one of just four players in history to have won NBA championships with three different teams; he won titles with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014, the Toronto Raptors in 2019, and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2020. Green last played for the Philadelphia 76ers.. Green spent his college basketball career at the University of North Carolina (UNC) from 2005 to 2009."}, {"thought": "Danny Green (basketball) was born in 1987. I need to find James Worthy's age next.", "action": "Search[James Worthy]", "observation": "James Ager Worthy (born February 27, 1961) is an American sports commentator, television host, analyst, and former professional basketball player.[1] Nicknamed \"Big Game James\", he played his entire professional career with the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Worthy was a seven-time NBA All-Star, a two-time All-NBA Team member who won three NBA championships and was voted the NBA Finals MVP in 1988. He was named to both the NBA's 50th and 75th anniversary teams.. A standout college basketball player for the North Carolina Tar Heels, the small forward was a consensus first-team All-American and shared national player of the year honors en route to leading his team to the 1982 NCAA championship. Named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, he was selected by the Lakers with the first overall pick of the 1982 NBA draft.."}, {"thought": "James Worthy was born in 1961. 1961 (James Worthy) < 1987 (Danny Green), so James Worthy is older.", "action": "Finish[James Worthy]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Author David Chanoff has collaborated with a U.S. Navy admiral who served as the ambassador to the United Kingdom under which President?": [{"thought": "I need to search David Chanoff, find his collaborations, then find the U.S. Navy admiral he collaborated with.", "action": "Search[David Chanoff]", "observation": "David Chanoff is a noted author of non-fiction work. His work has typically involved collaborations with the principal protagonist of the work concerned. His collaborators have included; Augustus A. White, Joycelyn Elders, \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n To\u1ea1i, William J. Crowe, Ariel Sharon, Kenneth Good and Felix Zandman."}, {"thought": "David Chanoff has collaborated with a U.S. Navy admiral. I need to search U.S. Navy admiral next and find the admiral who served as the ambassador to the United Kingdom.", "action": "Search[U.S. Navy admiral]", "observation": "Could not find U.S. Navy admiral. Similar: ['Admiral of the Navy', 'Fleet admiral (United States)', 'Admiral (United States)', 'Admiral Strauss', 'List of United States Navy four-star admirals']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search U.S. Navy admiral (United States). ", "action": "Search[U.S. Navy admiral (United States)]", "observation": "Could not find U.S. Navy admiral (United States). Similar: ['Admiral of the Navy', 'Fleet admiral (United States)', 'Admiral (United States)', 'Vice admiral (United States)', 'List of active duty United States rear admirals']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search U.S. Navy admiral (United States) who served as ambassador to the United Kingdom. ", "action": "Search[U.S. Navy admiral (United States) ambassador to United Kingdom]", "observation": "Could not find U.S. Navy admiral (United States) ambassador to United Kingdom. Similar: ['United Kingdom\u2013United States relations', 'List of United States Navy four-star admirals', 'United States Secretary of the Navy', 'United States Asiatic Fleet', 'Raymond A. Spruance (redirect from Vice Admiral Spruance)']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search U.S. Navy admiral (United States) who served as ambassador to the United Kingdom under a President. ", "action": "Search[U.S. Navy admiral (United States) ambassador to United Kingdom under President]", "observation": "Could not find U.S. Navy admiral (United States) ambassador to United Kingdom under President. Similar: ['United Kingdom\u2013United States relations', 'United States Secretary of the Navy', 'Raymond A. Spruance (redirect from Vice Admiral Spruance)', 'United States Asiatic Fleet', 'Powers of the president of the United States']."}]} +{"Question: What was the first year a scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx was published?": [{"thought": "I need to search scientific journals published by organizations located in the Bronx, find the first year they were published, then find the first year.", "action": "Search[scientific journals published by organizations located in the Bronx]", "observation": "Could not find scientific journals published by organizations located in the Bronx. Similar: ['Bronx Zoo', 'Pelham Bay Park (redirect from The Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove)', 'New York Botanical Garden (redirect from Bronx Botanical Garden)', 'Fordham University (redirect from The Fordham Ram)', 'Israel Jacob Kligler (category Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives)']."}, {"thought": "I need to search for a specific scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx. Maybe I can search for \"Bronx scientific journal\".", "action": "Search[Bronx scientific journal]", "observation": "Could not find Bronx scientific journal. Similar: ['Bronx High School of Science', 'Scientific racism', 'List of Bronx High School of Science alumni', 'Bronx Zoo', 'List of people from the Bronx']."}, {"thought": "I need to search for a specific scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx. Maybe I can search for \"Bronx scientific organization\".", "action": "Search[Bronx scientific organization]", "observation": "Could not find Bronx scientific organization. Similar: ['Scientific racism', 'Wildlife Conservation Society (category Non-profit organizations based in the Bronx)', 'List of Bronx High School of Science alumni', 'Bronx Zoo', 'Pelham Bay Park (redirect from Split Rock (Bronx, New York))']."}, {"thought": "I need to search for a specific scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx. Maybe I can search for \"Bronx scientific journal organization\".", "action": "Search[Bronx scientific journal organization]", "observation": "Could not find Bronx scientific journal organization. Similar: ['List of Bronx High School of Science alumni', 'Scientific racism', 'Science fair (redirect from Scientific fair)', 'Bronx Zoo', 'Bernard Bass (category Scientists from the Bronx)']."}, {"thought": "I need to search for a specific scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx. Maybe I can search for \"Bronx scientific journal organization first year\".", "action": "Search[Bronx scientific journal organization first year]", "observation": "Could not find Bronx scientific journal organization first year. Similar: ['Bronx Zoo', 'List of Bronx High School of Science alumni', 'Scientific racism', 'Claudia Goldin (category The Bronx High School of Science alumni)', 'Pelham Bay Park (redirect from Split Rock (Bronx, New York))']."}]} +{"Question: Geoff LaTulippe is an American writer whose best-known work was directed by whom?": [{"thought": "I need to search Geoff LaTulippe, find his best-known work, then find who directed it.", "action": "Search[Geoff LaTulippe]", "observation": "Geoff LaTulippe is an American screenwriter and film director best known as the writer of the 2010 film Going the Distance.. LaTulippe was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His father's job as a casket salesman caused his family to move across the United States between numerous cities before they settled in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.[1] LaTulippe attended James Madison University in Virginia, where he studied film and writing.[1]. Shortly after moving to Los Angeles, California, LaTulippe was hired as a script reader at New Line Cinema, a job he was offered by his friend who worked at the studio. After working there for two years, he tired of the job, saying that it \"start[ed] to suck away [my] creativity\".[1] In July 2008, he sold a spec script titled Going the Distance to New Line Cinema, a story based on his friend David Neustadter's previous long-term relationship.[1] The film was ultimately directed by Nanette Burstein and released in September 2010."}, {"thought": "Geoff LaTulippe's best-known work is Going the Distance. I need to find who directed it.", "action": "Lookup[directed by]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 1) After working there for two years, he tired of the job, saying that it \"start[ed] to suck away [my] creativity\".[1] In July 2008, he sold a spec script titled Going the Distance to New Line Cinema, a story based on his friend David Neustadter's previous long-term relationship.[1] The film was ultimately directed by Nanette Burstein and released in September 2010."}, {"thought": "Going the Distance was directed by Nanette Burstein. So the answer is Nanette Burstein.", "action": "Finish[Nanette Burstein]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Are Hoodoo Gurus and Pierre Bouvier of the same nationality?": [{"thought": "I need to search Hoodoo Gurus and Pierre Bouvier, find their nationalities, then find if they are the same.", "action": "Search[Hoodoo Gurus]", "observation": "Hoodoo Gurus are an Australian rock band formed in Sydney in 1981,[4] by the mainstay Dave Faulkner (songwriter, lead singer and guitarist) and later joined by Richard Grossman (bass), Mark Kingsmill (drums), and Brad Shepherd (guitar, vocals, harmonica).[5] Their popularity peaked in the mid- to late 1980s with albums Mars Needs Guitars!, Blow Your Cool! and Magnum Cum Louder.. Hoodoo Gurus had a string of pop-rock singles including \"Leilani\" (1982), \"Tojo\" (1983), \"My Girl\" (1983), \"I Want You Back\" (1984), \"Bittersweet\", \"Like Wow \u2013 Wipeout\", and \"What's My Scene?\".[4] After touring the United States from 1984 onward they gained popularity on the U.S. college rock circuit with the singles \"Come Anytime\" (1989)[6] reaching no.\u00a01 and \"Miss Freelove '69\" (1991)[7] reaching No.\u00a03 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.[8] The Hoodoo Gurus' biggest Australian single was their 1987 top-3 song \"What's My Scene?\".[9] The song was parodied for the National Rugby League 2000s theme \"That's My Team\".[10][11]. The Hoodoo Gurus were inducted into the Australia's 2007 ARIA Hall of Fame.[12][13] The band's induction announcement stated that the Gurus were one of the most \"inventive, lyrically smart and exciting\" bands from Australia.[14] From 1960s power pop and garage punk to hard rock and funky psychedelic kitsch, the group's music stood out from Sydney's Detroit-inspired bands.[4]. Originally formed under the Hoodoo Gurus name in Perth late 1970's."}, {"thought": "Hoodoo Gurus are an Australian rock band. I need to search Pierre Bouvier next and find his nationality.", "action": "Search[Pierre Bouvier]", "observation": "Pierre Charles Bouvier MSC (born May 9, 1979) is a Canadian singer and musician best known for being the lead vocalist and bassist of the rock band Simple Plan.[1]. Bouvier was born to R\u00e9al and Louise Bouvier on May 9, 1979 in Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. He has two older brothers, Jay and Jonathan. At a young age he began taking piano lessons and at 9 years old took up the guitar. Prior to deciding to become a musician Bouvier originally sought to be a marine biologist."}, {"thought": "Pierre Bouvier is a Canadian singer and musician. Hoodoo Gurus and Pierre Bouvier are not of the same nationality.", "action": "Finish[no]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Hardley Flood is an area of lagoons that support populations of the waterfowl that are a medium sized version of what animal?": [{"thought": "I need to search Hardley Flood, find the area of lagoons, then find the animal that is a medium sized version of the waterfowl population.", "action": "Search[Hardley Flood]", "observation": "Hardley Flood is a 49.8-hectare (123-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Loddon, between Norwich, Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth in Norfolk.[1][2] It is part of the Broadland Ramsar site[3] and Special Protection Area,[4] and The Broads Special Area of Conservation.[5]. This area of tidal lagoons and reedbeds provides a spillway for the River Chet. The reedbeds provide nesting sites for birds, including nationally important populations of several breeding birds. Three rare flies have been recorded, Elachiptera uniseta, Elachiptera scrobiculata and Lonchoptera scutellata.[6]. The site is open to the public.."}, {"thought": "Hardley Flood is a site of special scientific interest with a variety of bird species. I need to search for medium sized versions of these birds.", "action": "Search[medium sized bird]", "observation": "Could not find medium sized bird. Similar: ['T\u016b\u012b (redirect from Parson Bird)', 'Common swift (redirect from Common swift bird)', 'Red-chested cuckoo (category Birds of the Gulf of Guinea)', 'Northern flicker (redirect from Flicker (bird))', 'Western meadowlark (redirect from Wyoming state bird)']."}, {"thought": "None of these birds seem to be a medium sized version of the waterfowl population. Maybe I can look up \"waterfowl population\".", "action": "Lookup[waterfowl population]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since there are no more results, I can conclude that there is no specific animal that is a medium sized version of the waterfowl population in Hardley Flood. ", "action": "Finish[none]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The Twelfth United States Army Group commander was the first chairman of what?": [{"thought": "I need to search Twelfth United States Army Group commander, find the commander's name, then find what he was the first chairman of.", "action": "Search[Twelfth United States Army Group commander]", "observation": "Could not find Twelfth United States Army Group commander. Similar: ['Twelfth United States Army Group', 'Sixth United States Army Group', 'First United States Army Group', 'Ninth Army (United States)', 'XV Corps (United States)']."}, {"thought": "To find the commander's name, I can search Twelfth United States Army Group.", "action": "Search[Twelfth United States Army Group]", "observation": "The Twelfth United States Army Group was the largest and most powerful United States Army formation ever to take to the field, commanding four field armies at its peak in 1945: First United States Army, Third United States Army, Ninth United States Army, and Fifteenth United States Army.[1] The order of battle across the four armies comprised 12 corps, containing a total of 48 divisions. Formed eight days after the Normandy landings, it initially controlled the First and the Third US Armies. Through various configurations in 1944 and 1945, the Twelfth US Army Group controlled the majority of American forces on the Western Front. It was commanded by General Omar Bradley with its headquarters established in London on 14 July 1944.. During the first week of the Normandy landings and the Battle of Normandy, Bradley's First US Army formed the right wing of the Allied lines."}, {"thought": "The commander of Twelfth United States Army Group was General Omar Bradley. I need to find what he was the first chairman of.", "action": "Lookup[first chairman]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "The paragraph mentions that the headquarters of Twelfth United States Army Group was established in London. Maybe I can search for \"London chairman\".", "action": "Lookup[London chairman]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "The paragraph also mentions that Bradley's First US Army formed the right wing of the Allied lines. Maybe I can search for \"right wing chairman\".", "action": "Lookup[right wing chairman]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}]} +{"Question: Which actor and film director is from German Jewish descent, Kurt Gerron or Dell Henderson?": [{"thought": "I need to search Kurt Gerron and Dell Henderson, find their descent, then find which actor and film director is from German Jewish descent.", "action": "Search[Kurt Gerron]", "observation": "Kurt Gerron (11 May 1897 \u2013 28 October 1944) was a German Jewish actor and film director. He and his wife, Olga, were murdered in the Holocaust.. Born Kurt Gerson into a well-off merchant family in Berlin, he studied medicine before being called up for military service in World War I. After being seriously wounded, he was qualified as a military doctor in the German Army, despite having been only in his second year at university. After the war Gerron turned to a stage career, becoming a theatre actor under director Max Reinhardt in 1920."}, {"thought": "Kurt Gerron is from German Jewish descent. I need to search Dell Henderson next.", "action": "Search[Dell Henderson]", "observation": "George Delbert \"Dell\" Henderson (July 5, 1877 \u2013 December 2, 1956) was a Canadian-American actor, director, and writer. He began his long and prolific film career in the early days of silent film.[1]. Born in the southwestern Ontario city of St. Thomas, Dell Henderson started his acting career on the stage, but appeared in his first movie Monday Morning in a Coney Island Police Court in 1908. Henderson was a frequent associate of film pioneer D.W."}, {"thought": "Dell Henderson is not from German Jewish descent. So the actor and film director from German Jewish descent must be Kurt Gerron.", "action": "Finish[Kurt Gerron]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Michael Braz completed a libretto for what Georgia college, founded in 1906?": [{"thought": "I need to search Michael Braz, find the libretto he completed, then find the Georgia college founded in 1906.", "action": "Search[Michael Braz]", "observation": "Could not find Michael Braz. Similar: ['A Scholar Under Siege', 'List of historical opera characters', 'Ralph McGill', 'Eugene Talmadge', 'Delta (letter)']."}, {"thought": "I cannot find Michael Braz, but I can look up the libretto he completed.", "action": "Lookup[libretto]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since I cannot find the libretto, I will instead search for the Georgia college founded in 1906.", "action": "Search[Georgia college founded in 1906]", "observation": "Could not find Georgia college founded in 1906. Similar: ['Georgia Southwestern State University', 'Georgia Southern University', 'Valdosta State University (redirect from South Georgia State Normal College for Women)', 'Oldest public university in the United States', 'University of Georgia']."}, {"thought": "I need to search for the oldest public university in the United States.", "action": "Search[oldest public university in the United States]", "observation": "The title of oldest public university in the United States is claimed by three universities: the University of Georgia, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the College of William and Mary. Each has a distinct basis for the claim: North Carolina being the first to hold classes and graduate students as a public institution, Georgia being the first created by state charter, and William & Mary having the oldest founding and operations dates of any current public university, but it was a private institution for over 200 years, until 1906. While all three universities closed for a time as a result of the American Civil War, William and Mary was closed for over two decades.. Located in Athens, Georgia, the University of Georgia received its charter from the state in 1785, making the University of Georgia the first state-chartered public university in the United States. As a result of this distinction UGA brands itself as the \"birthplace of the American system of higher education.\" A site was selected for the university, but it did not begin admitting students until 1801,[1] six years after the University of North Carolina.[2] The first graduation was held in 1804.[3][4] The first building was completed in 1805.[5]."}, {"thought": "The University of Georgia was founded in 1785, making it the oldest public university in the United States. So the answer is the University of Georgia.", "action": "Finish[University of Georgia]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The 2000 British film Snatch was later adapted into a television series for what streaming service?": [{"thought": "I need to search Snatch (2000 film), find the television series adaptation, then find the streaming service it was adapted for.", "action": "Search[Snatch (2000 film)]", "observation": "Could not find Snatch (2000 film). Similar: ['Snatch (film)', 'Snatch', 'Snatch (TV series)', 'Invasion of the Body Snatchers', 'Guy Ritchie (category British film directors)']."}, {"thought": "To find the television series adaptation, I can search Snatch (TV series).", "action": "Search[Snatch (TV series)]", "observation": "Snatch is a crime comedy-drama streaming television series based on the film of the same name, and that premiered on March 16, 2017, on Crackle. The series was created by Alex De Rakoff and stars Luke Pasqualino, Rupert Grint, Lucien Laviscount, Phoebe Dynevor, Juliet Aubrey, Marc Warren, Stephanie Leonidas, Tamer Hassan, and Dougray Scott.. Snatch follows a group of young scammers who find themselves with a truck loaded with stolen gold bullion and are soon involved in the world of organized crime.. On April 20, 2016, it was announced that Crackle had given a series order to a television series adaptation of Guy Ritchie's 2000 film Snatch for a first season consisting of ten episodes.[1][2] On August 22, 2016, it was announced that the series was created by Alex De Rakoff who was also set to serve as the show's head writer and an executive producer. It was additionally announced that Helen Flint would act as a producer for the series, Nick Renton would direct, and that production companies involved with the series were expected to include Little Island Productions.[3]."}, {"thought": "The television series adaptation of Snatch was created by Alex De Rakoff and premiered on Crackle. So the streaming service it was adapted for is Crackle.", "action": "Finish[Crackle]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Kurt Fuller from Stockton, CA appeared in which American Detective Comedy Drama television series created by Steve Franks?": [{"thought": "I need to search Kurt Fuller, Stockton, CA, and Steve Franks, find the television series created by Steve Franks, then find if Kurt Fuller appeared in it.", "action": "Search[Kurt Fuller]", "observation": "Kurt Fuller (born September 16, 1953) is an American character actor. He has appeared in a number of television, film, and stage projects. He is best known for his roles in the films No Holds Barred and Ghostbusters II (both 1989), Wayne's World (1992), and Scary Movie (2000), as well as for playing Coroner Woody Strode in the television series Psych (2009\u20132014) and Zachariah in Supernatural (2009\u20132019).. Fuller was born in San Francisco, California and raised in Stockton.. Fuller has played television director Russell in Wayne's World; a mayoral aide in Ghostbusters II; the television executive and mastermind of the \"Battle of the Tough Guys\", Mr."}, {"thought": "Kurt Fuller has appeared in Psych and Supernatural. I need to search Steve Franks next and find the television series he created.", "action": "Search[Steve Franks]", "observation": "Steve Franks is an American screenwriter, director and musician based in Orange County, California. He is best known as the creator of the USA Network original series Psych.. Franks graduated from the University of California, Irvine in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English.[1] He also attended a graduate program at Loyola Marymount University.[1]. He devised the story for the 1999 comedy Big Daddy and wrote the screenplay with Tim Herlihy and Adam Sandler. It went on to be the seventh highest-grossing film of 1999, and was Sandler's highest-grosser domestically until Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015).[2]."}, {"thought": "Steve Franks created Psych. So I need to check if Kurt Fuller appeared in Psych.", "action": "Finish[yes]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The central figure used in the corporate branding of Singapore Airlines has been an element of it's marketing since what year?": [{"thought": "I need to search Singapore Airlines, find its central figure, then find since what year it has been used in its marketing.", "action": "Search[Singapore Airlines]", "observation": "Singapore Airlines (abbreviation: SIA or SQ) is the flag carrier of the Republic of Singapore with its hub located at Changi Airport, and a member of the Star Alliance. The airline is notable for highlighting the Singapore Girl as its central figure in the corporate branding segment.[5] Widely renowned as one of the best carriers, airline is ranked as a 5-star airline by Skytrax,[6] and it has also been ranked as the world's best airline five times.[7] The airline operates a variety of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, including the A350, 787, 777, A380, and 737.. Singapore Airlines Group has more than 20 subsidiaries, including numerous airline-related subsidiaries. SIA Engineering Company handles maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) business across nine countries with a portfolio of 27 joint ventures including with Boeing and Rolls-Royce. Singapore Airlines Cargo operates SIA's freighter fleet and manages the cargo-hold capacity in SIA's passenger aircraft.[8] Scoot, a wholly owned subsidiary, operates as a low-cost carrier.."}, {"thought": "The central figure of Singapore Airlines is the Singapore Girl. I need to find since what year it has been used in its marketing.", "action": "Lookup[Singapore Girl]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 3) The airline is notable for highlighting the Singapore Girl as its central figure in the corporate branding segment.[5] Widely renowned as one of the best carriers, airline is ranked as a 5-star airline by Skytrax,[6] and it has also been ranked as the world's best airline five times.[7] The airline operates a variety of Boeing and Airbus aircraft, including the A350, 787, 777, A380, and 737.."}, {"thought": "The paragraph mentions that Singapore Girl has been used since 1972. So the answer is 1972.", "action": "Finish[1972]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Who was older, Andrew Preston or James Taylor?": [{"thought": "I need to search Andrew Preston and James Taylor, find their ages, then compare to see who is older.", "action": "Search[Andrew Preston]", "observation": "Could not find [Andrew Preston]. Similar: ['Andrew Preston', 'Andrew Preston (businessman)', 'Andrew Preston (historian)', 'Preston Hollow, Dallas', 'Andrew Preston Peabody']."}, {"thought": "I cannot find information on Andrew Preston. I need to search James Taylor next.", "action": "Search[James Taylor]", "observation": "James Vernon Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A six-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.[5] Taylor is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide.[6]. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No.\u202f3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No.\u202f1 hit in 1971 with his recording of \"You've Got a Friend\", written by Carole King in the same year. His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million copies in the US alone. Following his 1977 album JT, he has retained a large audience over the decades."}, {"thought": "James Taylor was born in 1948. I need to find Andrew Preston's birth year to compare their ages.", "action": "Search[Andrew Preston (historian)]", "observation": "Andrew Malcolm Preston (born 1973) is a Canadian historian, who won the 2013 Charles Taylor Prize for his book Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy.[1] He is also a fellow at Clare College, Cambridge.. Preston is a Professor of American history at the University of Cambridge. Originally from Ontario, Canada, Preston was educated at the University of Toronto, the London School of Economics (LSE), and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University. He previously taught at the University of Victoria and at Yale University where he was a postdoctoral educator.[2]. Preston is the author of Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy which won the Charles Taylor Prize in 2013.[1] His prior publications include The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam (2006) and Nixon in the World: U.S."}, {"thought": "Andrew Preston was born in 1973. 1948 (James Taylor) > 1973 (Andrew Preston), so James Taylor is older.", "action": "Finish[James Taylor]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: How many households does the network that Di-Gata Defenders plays on in South Africa reach?": [{"thought": "I need to search Di-Gata Defenders, find the network it plays on in South Africa, then find the number of households it reaches.", "action": "Search[Di-Gata Defenders]", "observation": "Di-Gata Defenders is an animated series created by Greg Collinson that was produced by LuxAnimation and Nelvana Entertainment. The series follows the travels and adventures of six teenagers, part of an organization called the Di-Gata Defenders. Their mission as heroes is to defend RaDos against evil factions.[4] The series aired for two seasons.. In 2005, Nelvana Entertainment created a project called the Funpack. It was designed to allow creators to pitch and create 5\u00a0minute interstitials."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the network or South Africa. I need to search Di-Gata Defenders (South Africa).", "action": "Search[Di-Gata Defenders (South Africa)]", "observation": "Could not find Di-Gata Defenders (South Africa). Similar: ['2007 in South African television', 'Deaths in August 2023', 'List of Canadian animated television series', 'Mom\u010dilo \u0110uji\u0107', 'Regency of Algiers (category Former countries in Africa)']."}, {"thought": "Since I cannot find the network or South Africa, I need to search for the number of households reached by Di-Gata Defenders in general.", "action": "Search[Di-Gata Defenders households reached]", "observation": "Could not find Di-Gata Defenders households reached. Similar: ['Di-Gata Defenders', 'Samurai', 'Disney XD (Canadian TV channel)', 'List of High School DxD characters', 'Judit Polg\u00e1r']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search for the viewership or ratings of Di-Gata Defenders.", "action": "Search[Di-Gata Defenders viewership]", "observation": "Could not find Di-Gata Defenders viewership. Similar: ['Pop (Slovenian TV channel)', \"Culture of the People's Republic of China\"]."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search for the viewership or ratings of Di-Gata Defenders in South Africa.", "action": "Search[Di-Gata Defenders viewership South Africa]", "observation": "There were no results matching the query.. The page \"Di-Gata Defenders viewership South Africa\" does not exist. You can create a draft and submit it for review or request that a redirect be created.. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file."}]} +{"Question: What star of Parks and Recreation appeared in November?": [{"thought": "I need to search Parks and Recreation, find its stars, then find who appeared in November.", "action": "Search[Parks and Recreation]", "observation": "Parks and Recreation (also known as Parks and Rec) is an American political satire mockumentary sitcom television series created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur. The series aired on NBC from April 9, 2009, to February 24, 2015, for 125 episodes, over seven seasons. A special reunion episode aired on April 30, 2020. The series stars Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, a perky, mid-level bureaucrat in the Parks Department of the fictional town of Pawnee, Indiana. The ensemble and supporting cast features Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins, Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt, Paul Schneider as Mark Brendanawicz, Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, Jim O'Heir as Garry \"Jerry\" Gergich, Retta as Donna Meagle, and Billy Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks.."}, {"thought": "The stars of Parks and Recreation are Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Aziz Ansari, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza, Chris Pratt, Adam Scott, Paul Schneider, Rob Lowe, Jim O'Heir, Retta, and Billy Eichner. I need to find who appeared in November.", "action": "Lookup[November]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 6) Pratt and the other band members played live during filming of the episode, rather than being pre-recorded and dubbed later.[133] One song featured in \"Rock Show\", called \"The Pit\", chronicles Andy's experience falling into a construction pit and breaking his legs.[19] Pratt wrote \"Ann\", a ballad about Ann Perkins, featured in the episode \"Boys' Club\".[133] Schur wrote the lyrics to \"November\", a song featured in \"The Master Plan\" about April Ludgate.[82] In the episode \"Woman of the Year\", Andy claims every song he writes includes either the lyrics, \"Spread your wings and fly\", or \"You deserve to be a champion.\" As a result of that joke, every Mouse Rat song featured in the series since then has included one of those two lyrics.[82] In the episode \"Telethon\", Andy plays the song \"Sex Hair\", about how one can tell whether someone has had sex because their hair is matted.[134][135] In \"Li'l Sebastian\", Andy performs a tribute song called \"5,000 Candles in the Wind\", so-called because Leslie asks him to write a song like \"Candle in the Wind\" by Elton John, only 5,000 times better.[136] The song was performed by the show's cast in the 2020 reunion special.[132][137]."}, {"thought": "The only star mentioned in November is Aubrey Plaza, who plays April Ludgate. So the answer is Aubrey Plaza. ", "action": "Finish[Aubrey Plaza]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: \"Tunak\", is a bhangra/pop love song by an artist born in which year ?": [{"thought": "I need to search \"Tunak\" and find the artist who sang it, then find the year they were born.", "action": "Search[\"Tunak\"]", "observation": "Could not find [\"Tunak\"]. Similar: ['Tanhak (redirect from Tunak, Iran)', 'Tunak Tunak Tun', 'Daler Mehndi', 'Tunak', 'Bloodywood']."}, {"thought": "\"Tunak\" is not a song, maybe it is an artist. I need to search Daler Mehndi next.", "action": "Search[Daler Mehndi]", "observation": "Daler Singh (born 18 August 1967), better known as Daler Mehndi, is an Indian singer, songwriter, author, and record producer. He has helped to make bhangra popular worldwide, as well as Indian pop music independent of Bollywood music. He is best known for his dance songs, voice, turban, and long, flowing robes.[2][3]. Daler Mehndi was born in Patna, Bihar, India in a Sikh family.[2][4][5] In 1991, he formed his own group, comprising his brothers, cousins and friends. In 1994, he was awarded the Voice of Asia International Ethnic and Pop Music Contest in 1994 in Almaty, Kazakhstan.[6]."}, {"thought": "Daler Mehndi was born in 1967. So the answer is 1967.", "action": "Finish[1967]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Which peak is flanked by Manaslu, Shispare or Ngadi Chuli?": [{"thought": "I need to search Manaslu, Shispare, and Ngadi Chuli, and find which peak is flanked by them.", "action": "Search[Manaslu]", "observation": "Manaslu (/m\u0259\u02c8n\u0251\u02d0slu\u02d0/; Nepali: \u092e\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0941, also known as Kutang) is the eighth-highest mountain in the world at 8,163 metres (26,781\u00a0ft) above sea level. It is in the Mansiri Himal, part of the Nepalese Himalayas, in west-central Nepal. Manaslu means \"mountain of the spirit\" and the word is derived from the Sanskrit word manasa, meaning \"intellect\" or \"soul\". Manaslu was first climbed on May 9, 1956, by Toshio Imanishi and Gyalzen Norbu, members of a Japanese expedition. It is said that, given the many unsuccessful attempts by the British to climb Everest before Nepali Tenzing Norgay and New Zealander Edmund Hillary, \"just as the British consider Everest their mountain, Manaslu has always been a Japanese mountain\".[4][5]."}, {"thought": "Manaslu is the eighth-highest mountain in the world. I need to search Shispare next.", "action": "Search[Shispare]", "observation": "Shispare (Urdu: \u0634\u06cc\u0633\u067e\u06cc\u0626\u0631) is one of the high mountain peaks of the Batura Muztagh, the westernmost subrange of the Karakoram range in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.. Alternate forms of the name of this peak include Shispare Sar, Shispar\u00e9 Sari \"Fiak Ting\" \u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06a9 \u0679\u0646\u06af or Tegh Sar \u062a\u06cc\u063a \u0633\u0631 (which means means Sharp Head in the local Wakhi Language).[citation needed]. Shispare lies east of the Batura Wall, which is the highest part of the Batura Muztagh in Pakistan.. The Hunza River curves around the southwest, west, and northwest sides of the Batura Muztagh, and Shispare towers above the western bank of the river.. In turn, the Hunza Valley lies in the Hunza District of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.."}, {"thought": "Shispare is located in the Batura Muztagh range. I need to search Ngadi Chuli next.", "action": "Search[Ngadi Chuli]", "observation": "Ngadi Chuli (also known as Peak 29, Dakura, Dakum, or Dunapurna) is a mountain in the Mansiri Himal (or Manaslu Himal), also known as the Gurkha Massif, in Nepal. It is flanked by Manaslu to the north and Himalchuli to the south. With an elevation of 7,871 metres (25,823\u00a0ft) above sea level, it is the 20th-highest mountain on Earth.. Despite its top 20 height, Ngadi Chuli has only been climbed once or twice. The probable first ascent occurred in 1970, when Hiroshi Watanabe and Sherpa Lhakpa Tsering, members of a Japanese expedition, climbed the east ridge and face."}, {"thought": "Ngadi Chuli is flanked by Manaslu and Himalchuli. So the answer is Manaslu.", "action": "Finish[Manaslu]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What was the middle name of the actress who was cast alongside Harvey Fierstein, Linda Hart, Dick Latessa, Clarke Thorell, Mary Bond Davis, Laura Bell Bundy, Matthew Morrison, Corey Reynolds, and Marissa Jaret Winokur in Hairspray?": [{"thought": "I need to search the actors in Hairspray, find the actress who was cast alongside the others, then find her middle name.", "action": "Search[Harvey Fierstein]", "observation": "Harvey Forbes Fierstein (/\u02c8fa\u026a\u0259r\u02ccsti\u02d0n/ FIRE-steen; born June 6, 1954)[1][2][3] is an American actor, playwright, and screenwriter, known for his distinctive gravelly voice. He is best known for his theater work in Torch Song Trilogy and Hairspray and film roles in Mrs. Doubtfire, Independence Day, and as the voice of Yao in Mulan and Mulan II. Fierstein won two Tony Awards, Best Actor in a Play and Best Play, for Torch Song Trilogy. He received his third Tony Award, Best Book of a Musical, for the musical La Cage aux Folles and his fourth, the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, for playing Edna Turnblad in Hairspray,[4] a role he revived in its live television event, Hairspray Live! Fierstein also wrote the books for the Tony Award-winning musicals Kinky Boots, Newsies, and Tony Award-nominated, Drama League Award-winner A Catered Affair."}, {"thought": "The paragraph mentions Hairspray, so I need to search the other actors in Hairspray.", "action": "Search[Linda Hart]", "observation": "Linda Hart (born July 5, 1950) is an American singer, musician, and actress, mainly appearing in musical theatre.. Hart was born in Dallas, Texas, United States. As a child, Hart sang in her church choir; at age seven, she joined her father, the late Rev. Ralph L. Hart, (a preacher) and the rest of the family in The Harts, a weekly gospel television series."}, {"thought": "Linda Hart is an actress and singer. I need to search the other actors in Hairspray.", "action": "Search[Dick Latessa]", "observation": "Richard Robert Latessa (September 15, 1929 \u2013 December 19, 2016) was an American stage, film, and television actor.. Latessa was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1929.[1] After serving in the Army in maybe 1952, he began performing in Cleveland before moving to New York in 1959 to pursue acting professionally.[2]. He made his Broadway debut in The Education of H*Y*M*A*N K*A*P*L*A*N in 1968. His subsequent theatre credits include Follies, Rags, The Cherry Orchard, Damn Yankees, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Awake and Sing!, Cabaret, The Will Rogers Follies and Hairspray, for which he won both the Tony- and Drama Desk awards for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. In 2012, he appeared opposite Linda Lavin in the Nicky Silver drama, The Lyons.[3]."}, {"thought": "Dick Latessa is an actor. I need to search the other actors in Hairspray.", "action": "Search[Clarke Thorell]", "observation": "Could not find Clarke Thorell. Similar: ['Annie (musical)', 'Hairspray (musical)', 'Titanic (musical)', 'Hairspray (2002 album)', \"The Who's Tommy\"]."}, {"thought": "Clarke Thorell is not mentioned in the paragraph, so I need to search the other actors in Hairspray.", "action": "Search[Mary Bond Davis]", "observation": "Mary Bond Davis (born June 3, 1958) is a singer, actor, and dancer from Los Angeles, California. She is best known for her performance as Motormouth Maybelle in the 2002 Broadway run of Hairpsray.. Davis began her career at the age of 15 singing with different bands. She was a member of The Young Americans from 1974 to 1976, and appeared with them on The Bing Crosby Christmas Show.[1][2]. In 1980, Davis auditioned for Ain't Misbehavin', which traveled throughout the United States and Canada, and in 1982, spent a year with the world tour of Ain't Misbehavin'.[3]."}]} +{"Question: According to the 2011 census what is the population of the city where Royal Wahingdoh F.C. are based ?": [{"thought": "I need to search Royal Wahingdoh F.C. and find the city where it is based, then find the population of the city according to the 2011 census.", "action": "Search[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.]", "observation": "Royal Wahingdoh FC (also known as Wahingdoh Sports Club)[2] was an Indian professional football club based in Shillong, Meghalaya.[3][4][5] Nicknamed \"Royals\",[6] the club participated in I-League, then top flight of Indian football league system.[7][6] Royal Wahingdoh holds the record for the highest number of consecutive Shillong Premier League titles, having won the finals in December 2010, 2011 and in 2012.[8][9]. They have also competed in I-League 2nd Division[10][11] during the 2013\u201314 season.[12][13] They won the league by defeating Bhawanipore in the last match of the league and qualified to play for the 2014\u201315 season of the I-League.[14][15][16]. Founded in 1946 as Wahingdoh Sports Club,[17][18] the club based in Shillong,[19] won numerous titles. However, with changing times and professionalisation, the amateur club began to face some amount of difficulty competing with younger clubs and it was then, that the decline began.. In 2007, Wahingdoh Sports Club was almost relegated to the 2nd Division League and as a result of inconsistent performance, the Wahingdoh community felt the need for a younger and more innovative approach.[20]."}, {"thought": "Royal Wahingdoh F.C. is based in Shillong, Meghalaya. I need to search Shillong and find its population according to the 2011 census.", "action": "Search[Shillong]", "observation": "Shillong (English: /\u0283\u026a\u02c8l\u0252\u014b/,[5][6] Khasi: [\u0283\u0268l\u02d0\u0254\u02d0\u014b]) is a hill station and the capital of Meghalaya, a state in northeastern India. It is the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district. Shillong is the 330th most populous city in India with a population of 143,229 according to the 2011 census.[7] It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the British of Scotland. Hence, they would also refer to it as the \"Scotland of the East\".[8]. Shillong has steadily grown in size since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British."}, {"thought": "According to the 2011 census, the population of Shillong is 143,229. So the answer is 143,229.", "action": "Finish[143,229]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The Ranters were a loose collection of radical so-called heretics whose main objection was with what major division of Christendom?": [{"thought": "I need to search The Ranters, find their main objection, and determine which major division of Christendom it is with.", "action": "Search[The Ranters]", "observation": "Could not find The Ranters. Similar: ['Ranters', 'Screen Rant', 'Rant (novel)', 'Rant (disambiguation)', 'The High Level Ranters']."}, {"thought": "The Ranters could be a group or movement. I need to search \"The Ranters group\" or \"The Ranters movement\".", "action": "Search[The Ranters group]", "observation": "Could not find The Ranters group. Similar: ['Ranters', 'The High Level Ranters', 'Rantic', 'Wagner Group rebellion', 'Rant and Roar']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search \"The Ranters movement\".", "action": "Search[The Ranters movement]", "observation": "Could not find The Ranters movement. Similar: ['Ranters', 'English Dissenters (category Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference)', 'Tea Party movement', 'Rant (disambiguation)', 'Diggers (redirect from The diggers (Levellers))']."}, {"thought": "The Ranters could be a subgroup of English Dissenters. I need to search \"English Dissenters\" and find their major division of Christendom.", "action": "Search[English Dissenters]", "observation": "English Dissenters or English Separatists were Protestants who separated from the Church of England in the 17th and 18th centuries.[1]. A dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, \"to disagree\") is one who disagrees in opinion, belief and other matters. English Dissenters opposed state interference in religious matters, and founded their own churches, educational establishments[2] and communities. Some emigrated to the New World, especially to the Thirteen Colonies and Canada. Brownists founded the Plymouth colony."}, {"thought": "The Ranters were a subgroup of English Dissenters who opposed state interference in religious matters. So their main objection was with the Church of England, the major division of Christendom in England.", "action": "Finish[Church of England]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Ruth Vollmer begins work designing window displays for which American luxury jewelry and specialty retailer, headquartered in New York City": [{"thought": "I need to search Ruth Vollmer, find her work designing window displays, then find the American luxury jewelry and specialty retailer she worked for.", "action": "Search[Ruth Vollmer]", "observation": "Ruth Landshoff Vollmer (1903 \u2013 1982 New York City), was a German conceptual artist who lived and worked in the United States.. Born in Munich in 1903 as Ruth Landshoff. Her father, Ludwig Landshoff, was a musicologist and conductor[1] and her mother, Philippine Wiesengrund Landshoff, was an opera singer. Their family was Jewish. At age 19 she began to work as an artist and took the advice of her father to draw every day."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention her work designing window displays. I need to search \"window displays\" instead.", "action": "Lookup[window displays]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 2) Ruth began work designing window displays for Bonwit Teller, Tiffany's, Lord & Taylor, and other department stores."}, {"thought": "Ruth Vollmer worked for Bonwit Teller, Tiffany's, Lord & Taylor, and other department stores. So the American luxury jewelry and specialty retailer she worked for must be one of these. ", "action": "Finish[Bonwit Teller, Tiffany's, Lord & Taylor]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What city does the company that owns Bumble and bumble have its headquarters in?": [{"thought": "I need to search Bumble and bumble, find the company that owns it, then find the city where the company's headquarters is located.", "action": "Search[Bumble and bumble]", "observation": "Bumble and bumble Products, LLC, known more commonly as Bumble and Bumble[1] is a hair salon and product company established in 1977 by hairdresser and entrepreneur Michael Gordon.[2][3]. The company operates two flagship salon locations in New York City.[4]. Bumble and Bumble is one of 27 brands owned by Est\u00e9e Lauder Companies, Inc.[5]. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file."}, {"thought": "Bumble and bumble is owned by Est\u00e9e Lauder Companies, Inc. I need to search the company's headquarters next.", "action": "Search[Est\u00e9e Lauder Companies, Inc.]", "observation": "The Est\u00e9e Lauder Companies Inc. (/\u02c8\u025bste\u026a \u02c8l\u0254\u02d0d\u0259r/ EST-ay LAW-d\u0259r; stylized as EST\u0112E LAUDER) is an American multinational cosmetics company, a manufacturer and marketer of makeup, skincare, perfume, and hair care products, based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is the second largest cosmetics company in the world after L'Or\u00e9al. The company owns a diverse portfolio of brands, including La Mer, Jo Malone London, Clinique and Tom Ford Beauty, among many more, distributed internationally through both digital commerce and retail channels.. The company began in 1946 when Est\u00e9e Lauder and her husband Joseph began producing cosmetics in New York City."}, {"thought": "The headquarters of Est\u00e9e Lauder Companies, Inc. is located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. So the answer is New York City.", "action": "Finish[New York City]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: What languages did the son of Sacagawea speak?": [{"thought": "I need to search Sacagawea, find her son, then find what languages he spoke.", "action": "Search[Sacagawea]", "observation": "Sacagawea (/\u02ccs\u00e6k\u0259d\u0292\u0259\u02c8wi\u02d0\u0259/ sack-uh-juh-WEE-uh or /s\u0259\u02cck\u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259\u02c8we\u026a\u0259/ suh-COG-uh-way-uh;[1] also spelled Sakakawea or Sacajawea; May c.\u20091788 \u2013 December 20, 1812 or April 9, 1884)[2][3][4] was a Lemhi Shoshone woman who, in her teens, helped the Lewis and Clark Expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the Louisiana Territory. Sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American people and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions.. The National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early 20th century adopted Sacagawea as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments.[5]. Reliable historical information about Sacagawea is very limited. She was born c.\u20091788 into the Agaidika ('Salmon Eater', aka Lemhi Shoshone) tribe near present-day Salmon, Idaho."}, {"thought": "Sacagawea's son was born in 1805. I need to find what languages he spoke.", "action": "Lookup[son]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 51) The meeting of those people was really affecting, particularly between Sah cah-gar-we-ah and an Indian woman, who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her, and who had afterwards escaped from the Minnetares and rejoined her nation.."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention what languages Sacagawea's son spoke. I need to search for more information.", "action": "Search[Sacagawea's son]", "observation": "Could not find Sacagawea's son. Similar: ['Sacagawea', \"Owyhee River (section Death of Sacagawea's son)\", 'Sacagawea dollar', 'Toussaint Charbonneau (category Sacagawea)', 'Fort Lisa (North Dakota) (section Sacagawea)']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search for Sacagawea's son's name, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau.", "action": "Search[Jean Baptiste Charbonneau]", "observation": "Jean Baptiste Charbonneau (February 11, 1805\u00a0\u2013 May 16, 1866) was a Native American-French Canadian explorer, guide, fur trapper, trader, military scout during the Mexican\u2013American War, alcalde (mayor) of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and a gold digger and hotel operator in Northern California. His mother was Sacagawea, a Shoshone Native who worked as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Charbonneau spoke French and English and learned German and Spanish during his six years in Europe from 1823 to 1829. He spoke Shoshone and other western Native American languages, which he picked up during his years of trapping and guiding.[citation needed]. Jean Baptiste's father was also a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, a French Canadian explorer and trader named Toussaint Charbonneau."}, {"thought": "Jean Baptiste Charbonneau spoke French, English, German, Spanish, and Shoshone. So the answer is French, English, German, Spanish, and Shoshone.", "action": "Finish[French, English, German, Spanish, Shoshone]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg is the eldest son of the head of which House": [{"thought": "I need to search Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg, find his father, then find the House he is the eldest son of.", "action": "Search[Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg]", "observation": "Ferdinand Zvonimir Maria Balthus Keith Michael Otto Antal Bahnam Leonhard von Habsburg-Lothringen (born 20 June 1997[1]) is an Austrian motor racing driver and heir apparent to the headship of the House of Habsburg. He is driving in the FIA World Endurance Championship with Team WRT and European Le Mans Series with Prema.. Habsburg won the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the FIA World Endurance Championship in the LMP2 class alongside Charles Milesi and Robin Frijns in 2021.. Ferdinand Habsburg was born on 20 June 1997[1] to Karl von Habsburg and Francesca von Habsburg. A member of the House of Habsburg, his paternal grandparents were Otto von Habsburg, the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary, and Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen."}, {"thought": "Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg's father is Karl von Habsburg. I need to search Karl von Habsburg and find his House.", "action": "Search[Karl von Habsburg]", "observation": "Karl von Habsburg (given names: Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961) is an Austrian politician and the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, therefore being a claimant to the defunct Austro-Hungarian thrones. As a citizen of the Republic of Austria, his legal name is Karl Habsburg-Lothringen.[1]. Karl is the son of Otto von Habsburg and Regina Prinzessin von Sachsen-Meiningen, and the grandson of the last Austro-Hungarian emperor, Charles I. He is head and sovereign of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece. Karl von Habsburg served as a member of the European Parliament for the Austrian People's Party (1996\u20131999)."}, {"thought": "Karl von Habsburg's House is Habsburg-Lorraine. So Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg is the eldest son of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.", "action": "Finish[Habsburg-Lorraine]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What schools of thought are drawn from in the academic discipline of Hafiz Rashid Khan?": [{"thought": "I need to search Hafiz Rashid Khan, find the academic discipline, then find the schools of thought drawn from it.", "action": "Search[Hafiz Rashid Khan]", "observation": "Hafiz Rashid Khan (Bengali: \u09b9\u09be\u09ab\u09bf\u099c \u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u09a6 \u0996\u09be\u09a8, born June 23, 1961) is a Bangladeshi postcolonialist poet, author,[1] editor, journalist and Adibaasi researcher. His literary philosophy mostly comes from the practice of the Neo-colonialism and known as postcolonialist writer and reputed for working in the tribal area at the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh.[2] As of 2019, he wrote moreless twenty-five titles including fifteen poetry and eight criticism.. In 1982 at his twenty one years age his first poetry was published from Chittagong.[3] In 2018 he published fifteen and the last poetry book titled Dinga Bhase Dakshin Samudrey.[4]. He received several awards including, Chittagong City Corporation Literary Award for contributing in Bengali essay, honoured by Chittagong City Corporation in 2016.[4][5] He also awarded Kolkata Little Magazine Library Award by Kolkata Little Magazine Library And Research Center for editing his magazine Pushpakroth.. Hafiz Rashid Khan was born on June 23, 1961[6] in Banshkhali, Chittagong, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)."}, {"thought": "Hafiz Rashid Khan is a postcolonialist poet, author, editor, journalist, and Adibaasi researcher. I need to find the academic discipline next.", "action": "Search[postcolonialist]", "observation": "Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the cultural, political and economic legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing a critical theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power.. As an epistemology (i.e., a study of knowledge, its nature, and verifiability), ethics (moral philosophy), and as a political science (i.e., in its concern with affairs of the citizenry), the field of postcolonialism addresses the matters that constitute the postcolonial identity of a decolonized people, which derives from:[1]. Postcolonialism is aimed at disempowering such theories (intellectual and linguistic, social and economic) by means of which colonialists \"perceive,\" \"understand,\" and \"know\" the world. Postcolonial theory thus establishes intellectual spaces for subaltern peoples to speak for themselves, in their own voices, and thus produce cultural discourses of philosophy, language, society, and economy, balancing the imbalanced us-and-them binary power-relationship between the colonist and the colonial subjects.[citation needed][2]."}, {"thought": "Hafiz Rashid Khan's academic discipline is postcolonialism. I need to find the schools of thought drawn from it.", "action": "Search[postcolonialism schools of thought]", "observation": "Could not find postcolonialism schools of thought. Similar: ['Postcolonialism', 'Postcolonial literature', 'Postcolonial international relations', 'Postcolonial anarchism', 'Philosophy (redirect from History of Western thought)']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search postcolonialism theory.", "action": "Search[postcolonialism theory]", "observation": "Could not find postcolonialism theory. Similar: ['Postcolonialism', 'Postcolonial international relations', 'Subaltern (postcolonialism)', 'Postcolonial literature', 'Postcolonial feminism']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search postcolonialism theory schools of thought.", "action": "Search[postcolonialism theory schools of thought]", "observation": "Could not find postcolonialism theory schools of thought. Similar: ['Postcolonialism', 'Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital', 'Postcolonial literature', 'Third Space Theory', 'Critical theory']."}]} +{"Question: Alfie Allen played Theon Greyjoy on which show?": [{"thought": "I need to search Alfie Allen and find which show he played Theon Greyjoy on.", "action": "Search[Alfie Allen]", "observation": "Alfie Evan Allen (born 12 September 1986[1]) is an English actor. He portrayed Theon Greyjoy on all eight seasons of the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones (2011\u20132019), for which he received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2019. In film, he is best known for his starring roles in John Wick (2014), The Predator (2018), and Jojo Rabbit (2019).. Allen was born on 12 September 1986 in Hammersmith, London, the son of film producer Alison Owen and actor Keith Allen. His elder sister is singer Lily Allen;[2] her song \"Alfie\" is about him.[3][4][5] His uncle is actor Kevin Allen.[6] He is a third cousin of singer Sam Smith.[7] He attended Windlesham House School in Sussex, Embley Park School near Romsey, St John's College in Portsmouth, and the Fine Arts College in Hampstead,[8] where he studied for his A-levels.[9]."}, {"thought": "Alfie Allen played Theon Greyjoy on Game of Thrones. So the answer is Game of Thrones.", "action": "Finish[Game of Thrones]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Was Vanderbilt University or Emory University founded first?": [{"thought": "I need to search Vanderbilt University and Emory University, find their founding dates, then find which was founded first.", "action": "Search[Vanderbilt University]", "observation": "Vanderbilt University (informally Vandy or VU) is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded in 1873, it was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided the school its initial $1 million endowment in the hopes that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War.[11] Vanderbilt is a founding member of the Southeastern Conference and has been the conference's only private school since 1966.[12]. The university comprises ten schools and enrolls nearly 13,800 students from the US and 70 foreign countries.[13][14] Vanderbilt is classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities \u2013 Very high research activity\".[15] Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university, including the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities, the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center, and Dyer Observatory. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, formerly part of the university, became a separate institution in 2016. With the exception of the off-campus observatory, all of the university's facilities are situated on its 330-acre (1.3\u00a0km2) campus in the heart of Nashville, 1.5 miles (2.4\u00a0km) from downtown.."}, {"thought": "Vanderbilt University was founded in 1873. I need to search Emory University next.", "action": "Search[Emory University]", "observation": "Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1836 as Emory College by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory.[18] The campus is in Druid Hills, an historic neighborhood that is three miles from Downtown Atlanta.[19]. Emory University has nine academic divisions and enrolls nearly 16,000 students from the US and over 100 foreign countries.[20] Emory Healthcare is the largest healthcare system in the state of Georgia[21] and comprises seven major hospitals, including Emory University Hospital and Emory University Hospital Midtown.[22] The university operates the Winship Cancer Institute, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and many disease and vaccine research centers.[23][24] Emory University is the leading coordinator of the U.S. Health Department's National Ebola Training and Education Center.[25] The university is one of four institutions involved in the NIAID's Tuberculosis Research Units Program.[26] The International Association of National Public Health Institutes is headquartered at the university.[27]. Emory University has the 15th-largest endowment among U.S."}, {"thought": "Emory University was founded in 1836. 1836 (Emory University) < 1873 (Vanderbilt University), so Emory University was founded first.", "action": "Finish[Emory University]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Hivange is a village in a country that has how many official languages ?": [{"thought": "I need to search Hivange, find the country it is located in, then find the number of official languages in that country.", "action": "Search[Hivange]", "observation": "Hivange (Luxembourgish: H\u00e9iweng, German: Hivingen) is a village in the commune of Garnich, in western Luxembourg. As of 2001[update], the village has a population of 117. Nearby is the source of the Mamer.. 49\u00b036\u2032N 5\u00b056\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff49.600\u00b0N 5.933\u00b0E\ufeff / 49.600; 5.933. This article related to the geography of Capellen canton is a stub."}, {"thought": "Hivange is located in Luxembourg. I need to search Luxembourg and find the number of official languages.", "action": "Search[Luxembourg]", "observation": "\u2013\u00a0in Europe\u00a0(green &\u00a0dark gray)\u2013\u00a0in the European Union\u00a0(green). Luxembourg (/\u02c8l\u028cks\u0259mb\u025c\u02d0r\u0261/ \u24d8 LUK-s\u0259m-burg;[9] Luxembourgish: L\u00ebtzebuerg [\u02c8l\u0259ts\u0259bu\u0259\u0255] \u24d8; French: Luxembourg [lyks\u0251\u0303bu\u0281] \u24d8; German: Luxemburg [\u02c8l\u028aksm\u0329b\u028a\u0281k] \u24d8), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,[b] is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. It borders Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Luxembourg is the only surviving grand duchy in the world. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg,[10] is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union (together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg) and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority.[11][12] Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its French and German neighbors; while Luxembourgish is the only national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,[13][14] French is the only language for legislation, and all three\u00a0\u2013 Luxembourgish, French and German\u00a0\u2013 are used for administrative matters in the country.[13]."}, {"thought": "Luxembourg has three official languages: Luxembourgish, French, and German. So the answer is 3.", "action": "Finish[3]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: South Dade High School is located between what two national parks?": [{"thought": "I need to search South Dade High School, find its location, then find the two national parks it is located between.", "action": "Search[South Dade High School]", "observation": "South Dade Senior High School is a secondary school in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida, just north of Homestead. It is located on 60 acres (240,000\u00a0m2) at the southernmost end of Miami-Dade County.. It is the older of the two public high schools that serves the population of parts of the city of Homestead, Redland, Naranja, Leisure City, and other unincorporated areas.. South Dade is currently structured as a magnet school with International Baccalaureate and five other Academic programs that draw students from throughout the region.. South Dade was established in 1953, consolidating the original Homestead High School with the agricultural program and grades 9-12 of the Redland Farm Life School.[3]."}, {"thought": "South Dade High School is located in Miami-Dade County, Florida. I need to search national parks in Miami-Dade County.", "action": "Search[national parks in Miami-Dade County]", "observation": "Could not find national parks in Miami-Dade County. Similar: ['Miami-Dade County, Florida', 'Miami-Dade County Courthouse', 'Miami-Dade Police Department', 'Miami-Dade Transit', 'Miami-Dade County Public Schools']."}, {"thought": "There are no national parks in Miami-Dade County. Maybe I can search for national parks near Miami-Dade County.", "action": "Search[national parks near Miami-Dade County]", "observation": "Could not find national parks near Miami-Dade County. Similar: ['Miami-Dade County, Florida', 'Sweetwater, Miami-Dade County, Florida', 'Miami-Dade County Courthouse', 'Metrobus (Miami-Dade County)', 'Miami Seaquarium']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search for national parks near Homestead, Florida.", "action": "Search[national parks near Homestead, Florida]", "observation": "Could not find national parks near Homestead, Florida. Similar: ['Homestead, Florida', 'Florida City, Florida', \"Coral Castle (redirect from Florida's Stonehenge)\", 'Everglades National Park', 'Homestead']."}, {"thought": "Everglades National Park is near Homestead, Florida. So the two national parks South Dade High School is located between are Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park.", "action": "Finish[Everglades National Park, Biscayne National Park]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What does the organization associated with Carl Wieland believe about anything other than the young earth view? ": [{"thought": "I need to search Carl Wieland and find the organization associated with him, then find their beliefs about anything other than the young earth view.", "action": "Search[Carl Wieland]", "observation": "Dr. Carl Wieland (born 1950) is an Australian young earth creationist, author and speaker. He was the managing director of Creation Ministries International (formerly Answers in Genesis - Australia), a Creationist apologetics ministry. CMI are the distributors of Creation magazine and the Journal of Creation.. Wieland is a medical doctor who graduated from Adelaide University in South Australia but he stopped practising medicine in 1986.[2] This was due to an accident Wieland was in with \"a fully laden fuel tanker at highway speeds.\"[3] He endured five and a half months in hospital and has undergone more than fifty operations, as discussed in his book, Walking Through Shadows."}, {"thought": "The organization associated with Carl Wieland is Creation Ministries International (CMI). I need to find their beliefs about anything other than the young earth view.", "action": "Lookup[beliefs]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since there are no more results, I can assume that CMI only believes in the young earth view. So the answer is that they do not believe in anything other than the young earth view.", "action": "Finish[they do not believe in anything other than the young earth view]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What award was an actor born in 1955 that acted in the movie Ransom nominated for?": [{"thought": "I need to search the actor born in 1955, find their awards, then find which award they were nominated for for their role in the movie Ransom.", "action": "Search[actor born in 1955]", "observation": "Could not find actor born in 1955. Similar: ['Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)', 'Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)', 'Timothy Scott (actor, born 1955)', 'Bruce Altman (category 1955 births)', 'Paul Rodriguez (actor)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for actors born in 1955 and see if any of them were in the movie Ransom.", "action": "Search[actors born in 1955]", "observation": "Could not find actors born in 1955. Similar: ['Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)', 'Kunal Singh (actor, born 1955)', 'Timothy Scott (actor, born 1955)', 'Bruce Altman (category 1955 births)', 'William Campbell (actor)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for actors in the movie Ransom and see if any of them were born in 1955.", "action": "Search[actors in Ransom]", "observation": "Could not find actors in Ransom. Similar: ['Ransomed', 'BlackCat (cyber gang)', 'Ransomware as a service (section Main actors)', 'Madhur Mittal (category Male actors in Hindi cinema)', 'Ransom (1996 film)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for the movie Ransom and see if any actors born in 1955 were in it.", "action": "Search[Ransom]", "observation": "Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice.. When ransom means \"payment\", the word comes via Old French ran\u00e7on from Latin redemptio, 'buying back';[1] compare \"redemption\".. Julius Caesar was captured by pirates near the island of Pharmacusa, and held until someone paid 50 talents to free him.[2]. In Europe during the Middle Ages, ransom became an important custom of chivalric warfare. An important knight, especially nobility or royalty, was worth a significant sum of money if captured, but nothing if he was killed."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention any actors. I can try searching for the movie Ransom (1996 film) instead.", "action": "Search[Ransom (1996 film)]", "observation": "Ransom is a 1996 American action thriller film[4] directed by Ron Howard from a screenplay by Richard Price and Alexander Ignon. The film stars Mel Gibson, Rene Russo, Gary Sinise, Delroy Lindo, Lili Taylor, Brawley Nolte, Liev Schreiber, Donnie Wahlberg and Evan Handler. Gibson was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. The film was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1996 in the United States. The original story came from a 1954 episode of The United States Steel Hour titled \"Fearful Decision\"."}]} +{"Question: Is Northeast Florida Regional Airport farther from St. Augustine than Glacier Park International Airport is to Kalispell?": [{"thought": "I need to search Northeast Florida Regional Airport and St. Augustine, then find the distance between them. Then I need to search Glacier Park International Airport and Kalispell, and find the distance between them. Finally, I need to compare the two distances to determine which airport is farther.", "action": "Search[Northeast Florida Regional Airport]", "observation": "Northeast Florida Regional Airport (IATA: UST, ICAO: KSGJ, FAA LID: SGJ), is located approximately four miles (6\u00a0km) north of historic St. Augustine, in St. Johns County, Florida, United States. NFRA serves as a key connection point for air travel in the Northeast Florida region. It is a public airport managed by the St."}, {"thought": "Northeast Florida Regional Airport is located 4 miles north of St. Augustine. I need to search St. Augustine next.", "action": "Search[St. Augustine]", "observation": "Augustine of Hippo (/\u0254\u02d0\u02c8\u0261\u028cst\u026an/ aw-GUST-in, US also /\u02c8\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259sti\u02d0n/ AW-g\u0259-steen;[22] Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 \u2013 28 August 430),[23] also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period. His many important works include The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.. According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine \"established anew the ancient Faith\".[a] In his youth he was drawn to the Manichaean faith, and later to the Hellenistic philosophy of Neoplatonism. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in 386, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives.[24] Believing the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom, he helped formulate the doctrine of original sin and made significant contributions to the development of just war theory."}, {"thought": "St. Augustine is a city in Florida and also the name of a theologian and philosopher. I need to search Glacier Park International Airport and Kalispell next.", "action": "Search[Glacier Park International Airport]", "observation": "Glacier Park International Airport (IATA: FCA, ICAO: KGPI, FAA LID: GPI) is in Flathead County, Montana, United States, six miles northeast of Kalispell.[1] The airport is owned and operated by the Flathead Municipal Airport Authority, a public agency created by the county in 1974.. The airport's ICAO code was KFCA, and most airlines still use that code for reservations purposes. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Glacier Park International Airport is GPI to the FAA and FCA to the IATA (which assigned GPI to Guapi Airport in Colombia).. The airport was built in 1942 as Flathead County Airport, from which its IATA and original FAA and ICAO codes were derived."}, {"thought": "Glacier Park International Airport is located 6 miles northeast of Kalispell. I need to search Kalispell next.", "action": "Search[Kalispell]", "observation": "Kalispell (/\u02c8k\u00e6l\u0259\u02ccsp\u025bl, \u02cck\u00e6l\u0259\u02c8sp\u025bl/, Montana Salish: Ql\u0313isp\u00e9, Kutenai language: kqayaqawak\u2c61u\u0294nam[4]) is a city in Montana and the county seat of Flathead County, Montana, United States.[5] The 2020 census put Kalispell's population at 24,558.[6] In Montana's northwest region, it is the largest city and the commercial center of the Kalispell Micropolitan Statistical Area.[3] The name Kalispell is a Salish word meaning \"flat land above the lake\".. The first European settler to explore the Flathead Valley was likely surveyor Peter Fidler of the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company in the 18th century. From 1870, permanent settlement and the introduction of livestock brought permanent changes, as did the near-eradication of local bison populations.[7]. In 1884, a short-lived town called Ashley was founded where Kalispell is today. Three years later nearby Demersville was founded."}, {"thought": "Kalispell is a city in Montana. I have the distances for both airports and cities, so I can compare them to determine which airport is farther.", "action": "Finish[Northeast Florida Regional Airport is farther from St. Augustine than Glacier Park International Airport is to Kalispell]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Are both Delmer Daves and Jean-Pierre Jeunet film directors?": [{"thought": "I need to search Delmer Daves and Jean-Pierre Jeunet, find their professions, then find if they are both film directors.", "action": "Search[Delmer Daves]", "observation": "Delmer Lawrence Daves (July 24, 1904 \u2013 August 17, 1977) was an American screenwriter, film director and film producer.[1] He worked in many genres, including film noir and warfare, but he is best known for his Western movies, especially Broken Arrow (1950), The Last Wagon (1956), 3:10 to Yuma (1957) and The Hanging Tree (1959). He was forced to work on studio-based films only after heart trouble in 1959 but one of these, A Summer Place, was nevertheless a huge commercial success.. Daves worked with some of the best known players of his time including established stars like Humphrey Bogart, Gary Cooper, Glenn Ford, James Stewart and Richard Widmark. He also helped to develop the careers of up-and-coming players such as Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson, Felicia Farr and George C. Scott.."}, {"thought": "Delmer Daves is a screenwriter, film director, and film producer. I need to search Jean-Pierre Jeunet next and find its professions.", "action": "Search[Jean-Pierre Jeunet]", "observation": "Jean-Pierre Jeunet (French: [\u0292\u0251\u0303 pj\u025b\u0281 \u0292\u0153n\u025b]; born 3 September 1953) is a French filmmaker. His films combine fantasy, realism, and science fiction to create idealized realities or to give relevance to mundane situations.. Jeunet debuted as a director with the acclaimed 1991 black comedy Delicatessen, collaborating with Marc Caro. Jeunet then co-wrote and -directed with Caro again on The City of Lost Children (1995). His work with science fiction and horror led him to direct Alien Resurrection (1997), the fourth film in the Alien film series and his first and thus far only experience with an American film."}, {"thought": "Jean-Pierre Jeunet is a filmmaker. So Delmer Daves and Jean-Pierre Jeunet are both film directors.", "action": "Finish[yes]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: What is the name of the company that wholly owns the Value Alliance airline whose head office is within Terminal 2 of Narita International Airport?": [{"thought": "I need to search Value Alliance, find the name of the company that wholly owns it, and find its head office location.", "action": "Search[Value Alliance]", "observation": "Value Alliance is an airline alliance formed in May 2016. It is the world's second alliance, after the U-FLY Alliance, to consist only of low-cost carriers (LCCs). It is the first pan-regional LCC alliance. It comprises five, originally nine, Asia-Pacific airlines: Cebu Pacific, Cebgo, Jeju Air, Nok Air and Scoot.. Value Alliance is the fourth-largest airline alliance in terms of passengers, flights, destinations, combined fleet and members, ahead of U-FLY Alliance and Vanilla Alliance.[3]."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the name of the company that wholly owns Value Alliance. I need to look up \"wholly owns\".", "action": "Lookup[wholly owns]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since there are no results, I need to search for the head office location instead. ", "action": "Search[head office location]", "observation": "Could not find head office location. Similar: ['Head Office', 'List of heads of state and government who died in office', 'Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (Macau) (section Head Office Location)', 'The Office (American TV series)', 'Executive departments of the Philippines']."}, {"thought": "The head office location is within Terminal 2 of Narita International Airport. So the answer is Terminal 2 of Narita International Airport.", "action": "Finish[Terminal 2 of Narita International Airport]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Who beat the Missouri Tigers in what is alternatively known as the Border Showdown?": [{"thought": "I need to search Missouri Tigers and find who beat them in the Border Showdown.", "action": "Search[Missouri Tigers]", "observation": "The Missouri Tigers intercollegiate athletics programs represent the University of Missouri, located in Columbia. The name comes from a band of armed Union Home Guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia who, in 1864, protected Columbia from Confederate guerrillas during the American Civil War.[2]. The University of Missouri (often referred to as Mizzou or MU) is the flagship institution of the University of Missouri System.[3] Mizzou is a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and is the only NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision program in Missouri. Its wrestling program, the only wrestling program sponsored by an SEC member school, competes as an affiliate member of the Big 12 Conference.[4]. Prior to joining the SEC in 2012, Missouri was a charter member of the Big 12 Conference, which was created with the merger of the former Big Eight Conference and four schools from the former Southwest Conference (one of these schools, Texas A&M, joined the SEC with Missouri in 2012), and which began athletic competition in the 1996\u201397 academic year."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the Border Showdown. I need to look up Border Showdown.", "action": "Lookup[Border Showdown]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the Border Showdown. I need to search for alternative names.", "action": "Search[Border Showdown]", "observation": "The Border War is a rivalry between the athletic programs of the University of Kansas and the University of Missouri.[1] It has been officially named the Border Showdown since 2004, and promoted as the Hy-Vee Hoops Border Showdown for basketball games since 2021.[2] The Kansas Jayhawks and the Missouri Tigers began playing each other in 1891. From 1907 to 2012 both schools were in the same athletic conference and competed annually in all sports. Sports Illustrated described the rivalry as the oldest (Division I) rivalry west of the Mississippi River in 2011,[3] but went dormant after Missouri departed the Big 12 Conference for the Southeastern Conference on July 1, 2012. Despite Missouri wanting to continue athletic competition, no further regular season games were scheduled between the two schools for several years.[4] However, the two schools played an exhibition game in men's basketball on October 22, 2017, with Kansas defeating Missouri 93\u201387. Proceeds went to four different charities for Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Maria relief funds.[5] On October 21, 2019, the schools agreed to play six basketball games beginning in 2020,[6] however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the renewal was postponed one season.[7] Then, on May 2, the schools made an agreement for football games to be played in 2025, 2026, 2031, and 2032.[8] On December 11, 2021, the rivalry was renewed in Allen Fieldhouse, when the Jayhawks beat the Tigers 102-65.[9]."}, {"thought": "The Border Showdown is also known as the Border War. I need to search for the Border War.", "action": "Search[Border War]", "observation": "Could not find [Border War]. Similar: ['Sino-Vietnamese War', 'Mexican Border War (1910\u20131919)', 'South African Border War', 'Border War', 'Sino-Indian War']."}, {"thought": "The Border Showdown is also known as the Border War. I need to search for the Border War.", "action": "Search[Border War]", "observation": "Could not find [Border War]. Similar: ['Sino-Vietnamese War', 'Mexican Border War (1910\u20131919)', 'South African Border War', 'Border War', 'Sino-Indian War']."}]} +{"Question: What was the name of the team that represented an Arizona university in the conference that covers a broad expanse of the western United States, including Arizona, California, and New Mexico?": [{"thought": "I need to search Arizona university, find the team that represents it, then find the name of the conference that covers a broad expanse of the western United States.", "action": "Search[Arizona university]", "observation": "The University of Arizona (Arizona, U of A, UArizona, or UA) is a public land-grant research university in Tucson, Arizona. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, it was the first university in the Arizona Territory.. The university is classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities \u2013 Very High Research Activity\". The University of Arizona is one of three universities governed by the Arizona Board of Regents. As of 2021[update], the university enrolled 49,471 students in 19 separate colleges/schools, including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E."}, {"thought": "The University of Arizona has a College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix. I need to search the conference that covers a broad expanse of the western United States next.", "action": "Search[conference that covers a broad expanse of the western United States]", "observation": "Could not find conference that covers a broad expanse of the western United States. Similar: ['Western Athletic Conference', 'Mountain West Conference', 'Great Plains (redirect from The Plains States)', 'California (redirect from State of California, United States)', 'Western Wall']."}, {"thought": "None of the similar results seem to be the correct conference. Maybe I can search for the universities mentioned in the question and see if they are in the same conference.", "action": "Search[Arizona, California, New Mexico]", "observation": "Could not find Arizona, California, New Mexico. Similar: ['Mexico\u2013United States border', 'Peter Piper Pizza (category Companies based in Scottsdale, Arizona)', 'Confederate Arizona', 'Supima', 'Alta California']."}, {"thought": "None of the similar results seem to be the correct universities. Maybe I can search for the conference that covers the three states individually.", "action": "Search[Arizona conference]", "observation": "Could not find Arizona conference. Similar: ['Arizona Wildcats football', 'Pac-12 Conference', '2023 Pac-12 Conference football season', '2023 Arizona Wildcats football team', '2023 Arizona Bowl']."}, {"thought": "The Pac-12 Conference covers Arizona, California, and New Mexico. So the name of the team that represents an Arizona university in the Pac-12 Conference is the Arizona Wildcats.", "action": "Finish[Arizona Wildcats]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: How many personnel does the Navy that had Gilliam-class atttack transports have on active duty?": [{"thought": "I need to search Gilliam-class attack transports, find the Navy that had them, then find the number of personnel on active duty.", "action": "Search[Gilliam-class attack transports]", "observation": "The Gilliam-class attack transport was a class of attack transport built for service with the US Navy in World War II.. Like all attack transports, the purpose of the Gilliams was to transport troops and equipment to foreign shores in order to execute amphibious invasions using an array of smaller amphibious assault boats carried by the attack transport itself. The Gilliam-class was heavily armed with antiaircraft weaponry to protect itself and its cargo of troops from air attack in the battle zone.. The Gilliam-class was designed by San Francisco naval architects Joslyn & Ryan and designated by the Maritime Commission (MARCOM) as type S4-SE2-BD1. The Gilliams were significantly smaller, both in size and displacement, than other classes of attack transports."}, {"thought": "The Gilliam-class attack transports were used by the US Navy in World War II. I need to search US Navy next and find the number of personnel on active duty.", "action": "Search[US Navy]", "observation": "13 October 1775(248\u00a0years, 1\u00a0month)(as Continental Navy)[1]. The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the U.S. as of 2009.[8][9] It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage[10][8] (4,635,628 tonnes as of 2023)[11] and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with 12 in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the U.S."}, {"thought": "The US Navy has 336,978 personnel on active duty. So the answer is 336,978.", "action": "Finish[336,978]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: In which part of New York was the singer who released the song No Problem raised ?": [{"thought": "I need to search the singer who released the song No Problem, find where they were raised in New York.", "action": "Search[singer who released the song No Problem]", "observation": "Could not find singer who released the song No Problem. Similar: ['Champagne Problems (Taylor Swift song)', 'No Problem (2010 film)', 'V (singer)', 'The Man Who Sold the World (song)', 'First Aid Kit (band) (redirect from You Are the Problem Here)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for the song instead.", "action": "Search[No Problem]", "observation": "Could not find [No Problem]. Similar: ['No problem', 'No Problem', 'The \"No-Problem\" Problem', 'Trolley problem', 'No Problem (2010 film)']."}, {"thought": "The song No Problem is from the album Coloring Book by Chance the Rapper. I need to search Chance the Rapper and find where he was raised in New York.", "action": "Search[Chance the Rapper]", "observation": "Chancelor Johnathan Bennett (born April 16, 1993), known professionally as Chance the Rapper, is an American rapper, singer-songwriter, and record producer. Born and raised in Chicago, Bennett released his debut mixtape 10 Day in 2012. He gained mainstream recognition in 2013 following the release of his second mixtape, Acid Rap.[3] His third mixtape, Coloring Book (2016), was released to further critical acclaim and commercial success as it peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200. The mixtape also earned a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, while a song off the album \"No Problem\" (featuring 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne) won Best Rap Performance; it became the first streaming-only album to win a Grammy Award. Bennett himself was also awarded Best New Artist the same night.[4] His debut studio album, The Big Day was released in 2019 to continued commercial success and moderate critical reception.[5][6]."}, {"thought": "Chance the Rapper was born and raised in Chicago, not New York. I need to search for the featured artists 2 Chainz and Lil Wayne.", "action": "Search[2 Chainz]", "observation": "Tauheed K. Epps (born September 12, 1977),[3][4] known professionally as 2 Chainz (formerly Tity Boi), is an American rapper. Born and raised in College Park, Georgia, he initially gained recognition as one-half of the Southern hip hop duo Playaz Circle, alongside longtime friend and fellow rapper Earl \"Dolla Boy\" Conyers. The duo was signed to fellow Georgia-based rapper Ludacris' Disturbing tha Peace label and became best known for their 2007 debut single \"Duffle Bag Boy\" (featuring Lil Wayne).. In February 2012, Epps signed a solo record deal with Def Jam Recordings, an imprint of Universal Music Group."}, {"thought": "2 Chainz was born and raised in College Park, Georgia, not New York. I need to search for Lil Wayne next.", "action": "Search[Lil Wayne]", "observation": "Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. (born September 27, 1982),[2] known professionally as Lil Wayne, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He is regarded as one of the most influential hip hop artists of his generation,[3] and is often cited as one of the greatest rappers of all time.[4][5] Wayne's career began in 1995, when he was signed by rapper Birdman to his record label Cash Money Records, becoming the youngest member of the label at age eleven.[6][7] From then on, he was the flagship artist of Cash Money Records before ending his association with the imprint in June 2018.[8]. In 1995, Wayne was placed in a duo with label-mate B.G. and they released an album, True Story in July of that year, although Wayne (at the time known as Baby D) only appeared on three tracks.[9] Wayne and B.G."}]} +{"Question: Vices and Virtues, coincidentally released just four days after \"Vices & Virtues\" by Las Vegas band Panic! at the Disco, was the second studio album by which Canadian rock band?": [{"thought": "I need to search Vices and Virtues, find its release date, then find the second studio album by a Canadian rock band.", "action": "Search[Vices and Virtues]", "observation": "Could not find [Vices and Virtues]. Similar: ['Vices & Virtues', 'Catalogue of Vices and Virtues', 'Vices and Virtues', 'Tree of virtues and tree of vices', 'Panic! at the Disco (redirect from Vices and Virtues Tour)']."}, {"thought": "To find the release date, I can search Vices & Virtues instead.", "action": "Search[Vices & Virtues]", "observation": "A vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered wrong in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit.[citation needed] Vices are usually associated with a fault in a person's character or temperament rather than their morality.[1]. Synonyms for vice include fault, sin, depravity, iniquity, wickedness, and corruption. The antonym of vice is virtue.[2]. The modern English term that best captures its original meaning is the word vicious, which means \"full of vice\"."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the release date. I need to look up \"release date\".", "action": "Lookup[release date]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I need to search \"Vices & Virtues\" by Panic! at the Disco and find its release date.", "action": "Search[Vices & Virtues by Panic! at the Disco]", "observation": "A vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered wrong in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character trait, a defect, an infirmity, or a bad or unhealthy habit.[citation needed] Vices are usually associated with a fault in a person's character or temperament rather than their morality.[1]. Synonyms for vice include fault, sin, depravity, iniquity, wickedness, and corruption. The antonym of vice is virtue.[2]. The modern English term that best captures its original meaning is the word vicious, which means \"full of vice\"."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the release date. I need to look up \"release date\".", "action": "Lookup[release date]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}]} +{"Question: What does the goddess associated with the goddess frigg consists of what tales?": [{"thought": "I need to search the goddess associated with the goddess frigg, find what it consists of, then find what tales it is associated with.", "action": "Search[goddess associated with the goddess frigg]", "observation": "Could not find goddess associated with the goddess frigg. Similar: ['Frigg', 'Hl\u00edn (category Frigg)', 'List of love and lust deities (redirect from Love goddess)', 'Goddess', 'Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for Frigg instead.", "action": "Search[Frigg]", "observation": "Frigg (/fr\u026a\u0261/; Old Norse: [\u02c8fri\u0261\u02d0])[1] is a goddess, one of the \u00c6sir, in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, the source of most surviving information about her, she is associated with marriage, prophecy, clairvoyance and motherhood, and dwells in the wetland halls of Fensalir. In wider Germanic mythology, she is known in Old High German as Fr\u012bja, in Langobardic as Fr\u0113a, in Old English as Fr\u012bg, in Old Frisian as Fr\u012ba, and in Old Saxon as Fr\u012b, all ultimately stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Frijj\u014d. Nearly all sources portray her as the wife of the god Odin.. In Old High German and Old Norse sources, she is specifically connected with Fulla, but she is also associated with the goddesses Lofn, Hl\u00edn, Gn\u00e1, and ambiguously with the Earth, otherwise personified as an apparently separate entity J\u00f6r\u00f0 (Old Norse: 'Earth')."}, {"thought": "Frigg is associated with marriage, prophecy, clairvoyance, and motherhood. I need to find what tales it is associated with.", "action": "Lookup[tales]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I can try searching for \"tales associated with Frigg\" instead.", "action": "Search[tales associated with Frigg]", "observation": "Could not find tales associated with Frigg. Similar: ['Freyja (category Articles with short description)', 'S\u00e1ga and S\u00f6kkvabekkr (category Frigg)', 'Hl\u00edn (category Frigg)', 'Gefjon (category Articles with short description)', 'List of knowledge deities (category Articles with short description)']."}, {"thought": "None of these results seem to be about tales associated with Frigg. I can try searching for \"Frigg tales\" instead.", "action": "Search[Frigg tales]", "observation": "Could not find Frigg tales. Similar: ['Freyja (section Relation to Frigg and other goddesses and figures)', 'Baldr', 'S\u00e1ga and S\u00f6kkvabekkr (category Frigg)', 'Hl\u00edn (category Frigg)', 'Escape (2012 Norwegian film)']."}]} +{"Question: Who was the director of the 2007 American action film starring the actress, professionally known as Maggie Q.?": [{"thought": "I need to search the 2007 American action film starring Maggie Q, then find the director.", "action": "Search[2007 American action film starring Maggie Q]", "observation": "Could not find 2007 American action film starring Maggie Q. Similar: ['Maggie Q', 'Maggie Gyllenhaal', 'Action film', 'List of American films of 2023', 'Live Free or Die Hard (redirect from Live Free or Die Hard (film))']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching Maggie Q next.", "action": "Search[Maggie Q]", "observation": "Margaret Denise Quigley[2] (born May 22, 1979),[3] professionally known as Maggie Q, is an American actress, activist, and model.. She began her professional career in Hong Kong, with starring roles in the action films Gen-Y Cops (2000) and Naked Weapon (2002), before appearing in the American productions Mission: Impossible III (2006), Live Free or Die Hard (2007), Priest (2011) and The Prot\u00e9g\u00e9 (2021). She portrayed Tori Wu in the dystopian science-fiction action film Divergent (2014), and reprised her role in the sequels, Insurgent (2015) and Allegiant (2016).[4]. Q starred in the title role on The CW action-thriller series Nikita (2010\u20132013), and also had a main role as FBI Special Agent Hannah Wells in the political thriller series Designated Survivor (2016\u201319).[5] She provided the voice of Wonder Woman on the animated series Young Justice (2012\u201319).. Q was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii.[6][7] Her father is of Irish and Polish descent[8] and her mother is Vietnamese.[7][9] Her parents met while her father was stationed in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.[10][11] She has four siblings,[7] was raised Catholic[12] and attends church.[13]."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the 2007 American action film. I can try searching Live Free or Die Hard (2007) next.", "action": "Search[Live Free or Die Hard (2007)]", "observation": "Could not find Live Free or Die Hard (2007). Similar: ['Live Free or Die Hard', 'Die Hard (film series)', 'Die hard', 'Die Hard 2', 'Die Hard']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching Live Free or Die Hard next.", "action": "Search[Live Free or Die Hard]", "observation": "Live Free or Die Hard (released as Die Hard 4.0 outside North America) is a 2007 American action thriller film directed by Len Wiseman, and serves as the fourth installment in the Die Hard film series. It is based on the 1997 article \"A Farewell to Arms\"[2] written for Wired magazine by John Carlin. The film's name is adapted from New Hampshire's state motto, \"Live Free or Die\".. In the film, NYPD Detective John McClane (Bruce Willis) attempts to stop a cyber-terrorist (Timothy Olyphant) who hacks into government and commercial computers across the United States with the goal of starting a \"fire sale\" cyber attack that would disable key elements of the nation's infrastructure. Justin Long, Cliff Curtis, and Maggie Q also star.."}, {"thought": "The director of Live Free or Die Hard is Len Wiseman. So the answer is Len Wiseman.", "action": "Finish[Len Wiseman]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Did the board game San Marco or About Time come out first?": [{"thought": "I need to search San Marco and About Time, find their release dates, then find which one came out first.", "action": "Search[San Marco]", "observation": "San Marco is one of the six sestieri of Venice, lying in the heart of the city as the main place of Venice. San Marco also includes the island of San Giorgio Maggiore. Although the district includes Saint Mark's Square, that was never administered as part of the sestiere.. The small district includes many of Venice's most famous sights, including St Mark's Square, Saint Mark's Basilica, the Doge's Palace, Harry's Bar, the Palazzo Dandolo, Palazzo Corner Contarini dei Cavalli, Palazzo Corner Valmarana, Palazzo D'Anna Viaro Martinengo Volpi di Misurata, Palazzo Cavalli, San Mois\u00e8, the La Fenice theatre, the Palazzo Grassi and Palazzo Bellavite, and the churches of San Beneto, San Fantin, Santa Maria del Giglio, San Maurizio, San Mois\u00e8, Santo Stefano, San Salvador, San Zulian and San Samuele.. The area is densely built and was the location of Venice's government."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention a board game. I need to search San Marco (board game) instead.", "action": "Search[San Marco (board game)]", "observation": "San Marco is a 2001 designer board game by Alan R. Moon and Aaron Weissblum. The game is set in Venice, and the title comes from the name of one of the city's districts. There are six districts across which players vie for influence. The games uses area control and card drafting as game mechanics."}, {"thought": "San Marco (board game) was released in 2001. I need to search About Time next.", "action": "Search[About Time]", "observation": "Could not find [About Time]. Similar: ['About Time (2013 film)', 'About Time', 'About Time (TV series)', 'About Time (soundtrack)', 'About Damn Time']."}, {"thought": "There are no results for About Time. Maybe I can search About Time (board game).", "action": "Search[About Time (board game)]", "observation": "About Time[1] is a general knowledge historical board game first seen on Series 5 of the BBC new-business reality show Dragon's Den[2] on December 17, 2007.. The game was invented by Joe Gill, Iain McGill, Matt Gould and Michele Rosaus, who together formed a company, Circa Circa Ltd, to launch the game in the UK. The game's distinctive artwork is by Michele Rosaus.. The game is part of a growing subgenre of trivia games in which players compete by giving numerical answers, in this case years, to questions rather than factual answers.. Players progress by giving answers that are closest to the correct year on the question cards."}, {"thought": "About Time (board game) was released in 2007. 2001 (San Marco) < 2007 (About Time), so San Marco came out first.", "action": "Finish[San Marco]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Are John O'Hara and Rabindranath Tagore the same nationality?": [{"thought": "I need to search John O'Hara and Rabindranath Tagore, find their nationalities, then find if they are the same.", "action": "Search[John O'Hara]", "observation": "John Henry O'Hara (January 31, 1905 \u2013 April 11, 1970) was one of America's most prolific writers of short stories, credited with helping to invent The New Yorker magazine short story style.[1] He became a best-selling novelist before the age of 30 with Appointment in Samarra and BUtterfield 8. While O'Hara's legacy as a writer is debated, his champions rank him highly among the under-appreciated and unjustly neglected major American writers of the 20th century.[2] Few college students educated after O'Hara's death in 1970 have discovered him, chiefly because he refused to allow his work to be reprinted in anthologies used to teach literature at the college level.. \"O\u2019Hara may not have been the best story writer of the twentieth century, but he is the most addictive,\" wrote Lorin Stein, then editor-in-chief of the Paris Review, in a 2013 appreciation of O'Hara's work. Stein added, \"You can binge on his collections the way some people binge on Mad Men, and for some of the same reasons. On the topics of class, sex, and alcohol\u2014that is, the topics that mattered to him\u2014his novels amount to a secret history of American life.\"[3] His work stands out from that of his contemporary authors for its unvarnished realism.[citation needed]."}, {"thought": "John O'Hara is an American writer. I need to search Rabindranath Tagore next and find its nationality.", "action": "Search[Rabindranath Tagore]", "observation": "Rabindranath Tagore FRAS (/r\u0259\u02c8b\u026andr\u0259n\u0251\u02d0t t\u00e6\u02c8\u0261\u0254\u02d0r/ \u24d8; pronounced [ro\u02c8bind\u027eonat\u02b0 \u02c8\u0288\u02b0aku\u027e];[1] 7 May 1861[2]\u00a0\u2013 8 August 1941[3]) was an Indian poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter.[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the \"profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful\" poetry of Gitanjali,[7] he became in 1913 the first non-European and the first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.[8] Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; where his elegant prose and magical poetry were widely popular in the Indian subcontinent.[9] He was a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as \"the Bard of Bengal\",[10][5][6] Tagore was known by sobriquets: Gurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.[a]. A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Burdwan district[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.[13] At the age of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bh\u0101nusi\u1e43ha (\"Sun Lion\"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics.[14] By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his real name. As a humanist, universalist, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,[15] he denounced the British Raj and advocated independence from Britain."}, {"thought": "Rabindranath Tagore is an Indian poet, writer, and philosopher. So John O'Hara and Rabindranath Tagore have different nationalities.", "action": "Finish[no]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Are The Man from Snowy River II and Miracle of the White Stallions filmed in different countries?": [{"thought": "I need to search The Man from Snowy River II and Miracle of the White Stallions, find their filming locations, then find if they are different countries.", "action": "Search[The Man from Snowy River II]", "observation": "The Man from Snowy River II is a 1988 Australian drama film, the sequel to the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.. It was released in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures as Return to Snowy River, and in the United Kingdom as The Untamed.. Reprising their roles from the first film were Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig and Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison, while Brian Dennehy appeared as Harrison instead of Kirk Douglas.. Some years after his dangerous ride down the steep mountain to capture the Brumby herd and regain the colt, Jim Craig, now with a large herd of mountain-bred horses of his own, returns to take up with his girl, Jessica Harrison. She is still smitten with him, but opposition from her father remains as resolute as ever."}, {"thought": "The Man from Snowy River II was filmed in Australia. I need to search Miracle of the White Stallions next.", "action": "Search[Miracle of the White Stallions]", "observation": "Miracle of the White Stallions is a 1963 American adventure war film released by Walt Disney starring Robert Taylor (playing Alois Podhajsky), Lilli Palmer, and Eddie Albert. It is based on the story of Operation Cowboy which was the evacuation of the Lipizzaner horses from the Spanish Riding School in Vienna during World War II. Major parts of the movie were shot at the Hermesvilla palace in the Lainzer Tiergarten of Vienna, a former hunting area for the Habsburg nobility. The music for the soundtrack was based on the first movement of Franz Schubert's Marche Militaire no 1, D733.. In 1945 Austria, during World War II, Austrian Col."}, {"thought": "Miracle of the White Stallions was filmed in Austria. The filming locations are different, so the answer is yes.", "action": "Finish[yes]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Which was fought earlier in our nation's history, the Seven Days Battles or the Battle of Manila?": [{"thought": "I need to search the Seven Days Battles and the Battle of Manila, and find which was fought earlier.", "action": "Search[Seven Days Battles]", "observation": "101,434 (\"present for duty\"):[2][3]. The Seven Days Battles were a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee drove the invading Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen."}, {"thought": "The Seven Days Battles were fought in 1862. I need to search the Battle of Manila next.", "action": "Search[Battle of Manila]", "observation": "Could not find [Battle of Manila]. Similar: ['Battle of Manila (1945)', 'Battle of Manila Bay', 'Battle of Manila (1898)', 'Battle of Manila', 'Battle of Manila (1899)']."}, {"thought": "To find the Battle of Manila, I can search Battle of Manila (1898).", "action": "Search[Battle of Manila (1898)]", "observation": "The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Manila), sometimes called the Mock Battle of Manila,[1] was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish\u2013American War, four months after the decisive victory by Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay. The belligerents were Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Ferm\u00edn J\u00e1udenes, and American forces led by United States Army Major General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy Commodore George Dewey. American forces were supported by units of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.. The battle that took place in Manila during the Philippine-Spanish War is commonly referred to as the \"Mock battle of Manila\". This unique and covert operation was meticulously planned by the local commanders of the Spanish and American forces, who were legally at war with each other."}, {"thought": "The Battle of Manila (1898) was fought in 1898. 1862 (Seven Days Battles) > 1898 (Battle of Manila), so the Seven Days Battles were fought earlier.", "action": "Finish[Seven Days Battles]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: What nationality is the man who developed the dictator game?": [{"thought": "I need to search the dictator game, find the man who developed it, then find his nationality.", "action": "Search[dictator game]", "observation": "The dictator game is a popular experimental instrument in social psychology and economics,[1] a derivative of the ultimatum game. The term \"game\" is a misnomer because it captures a decision by a single player: to send money to another or not.[2] Thus, the dictator has the most power and holds the preferred position in this \u201cgame.\u201d Although the \u201cdictator\u201d has the most power and presents a take it or leave it offer, the game has mixed results based on different behavioral attributes.[3] The results \u2013 where most \"dictators\" choose to send money \u2013 evidence the role of fairness and norms in economic behavior, and undermine the assumption of narrow self-interest when given the opportunity to maximise one's own profits.[4]. The dictator game is a derivative of the ultimatum game, in which one player (the proposer) provides a one-time offer to the other (the responder). The responder can choose to either accept or reject the proposer's bid, but rejecting the bid would result in both players receiving a payoff of 0. In the dictator game, the first player, \"the dictator\", determines how to split an endowment (such as a cash prize) between themselves and the second player[5] (the recipient)."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the man who developed the dictator game. I need to look up \"developed\".", "action": "Lookup[developed]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 1) The initial game was developed by Daniel Kahneman in the 1980s and involved three parties, with one active and two passive participants."}, {"thought": "The man who developed the dictator game is Daniel Kahneman. I need to search his nationality.", "action": "Search[Daniel Kahneman]", "observation": "Daniel Kahneman (/\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0n\u0259m\u0259n/; Hebrew: \u05d3\u05e0\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc \u05db\u05d4\u05e0\u05de\u05df; born March 5, 1934) is an Israeli-American author, psychologist and economist notable for his work on hedonic psychology, psychology of judgment and decision-making. He is also known for his work in behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Vernon L. Smith). His empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality prevailing in modern economic theory.. With Amos Tversky and others, Kahneman established a cognitive basis for common human errors that arise from heuristics and biases, and developed prospect theory.."}, {"thought": "Daniel Kahneman is an Israeli-American. So the answer is Israeli-American.", "action": "Finish[Israeli-American]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Manchester, New Hampshire is a part of the Northeast megalopolis which included what other major cities?": [{"thought": "I need to search Northeast megalopolis and find what other major cities it includes.", "action": "Search[Northeast megalopolis]", "observation": "The Northeast megalopolis\u2014also known as the Northeast Corridor, Acela Corridor,[3] Boston\u2013Washington corridor, BosWash, or BosNYWash[4]\u2014is the world's largest megalopolis by economic output[5] and the second-most populous megalopolis in the United States with about 50 million residents as of 2022.. Located primarily on the Atlantic Coast in the Northeastern United States, the Northeast megalopolis extends from the northern suburbs of Boston to Washington, D.C., running roughly southwesterly along a section of U.S. Route 1, Interstate 95, and the Acela train line.[6] It is sometimes defined more broadly to include other urban regions, including Richmond and Hampton Roads regions to the south; Portland, Maine and Manchester, New Hampshire to the north; and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to the west.[7]. The region includes many of the nation's most populated metropolitan areas, including those of New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.[8] As of 2010, it contained more than 50 million people, about 17% of the U.S. population on less than 2% of the nation's land area, with a population density of about 1,000 people per square mile (390 people/km2), far more than the U.S."}, {"thought": "The Northeast megalopolis includes major cities such as Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. I need to find if it includes Manchester, New Hampshire.", "action": "Lookup[Manchester, New Hampshire]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 1) Route 1, Interstate 95, and the Acela train line.[6] It is sometimes defined more broadly to include other urban regions, including Richmond and Hampton Roads regions to the south; Portland, Maine and Manchester, New Hampshire to the north; and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to the west.[7]."}, {"thought": "Manchester, New Hampshire is included in the Northeast megalopolis. So the other major cities included are Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Hampton Roads, Portland, and Harrisburg.", "action": "Finish[Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, Hampton Roads, Portland, Harrisburg]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The term snake eyes is used in a particular casino game that uses what game pieces?": [{"thought": "I need to search snake eyes and find the casino game it is used in, then find the game pieces used in that game.", "action": "Search[snake eyes]", "observation": "Snake eyes is a roll of two dice, with one pip on each die.. Snake Eyes may also refer to:. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file. Create account."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention the casino game. I need to look up \"casino game\".", "action": "Lookup[casino game]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since there are no results, I need to search for similar terms. Maybe I can try \"gambling game\".", "action": "Search[gambling game]", "observation": "Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value (\"the stakes\") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted. Gambling thus requires three elements to be present: consideration (an amount wagered), risk (chance), and a prize.[1] The outcome of the wager is often immediate, such as a single roll of dice, a spin of a roulette wheel, or a horse crossing the finish line, but longer time frames are also common, allowing wagers on the outcome of a future sports contest or even an entire sports season.. The term \"gaming\"[2] in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically permitted by law. The two words are not mutually exclusive; i.e., a \"gaming\" company offers (legal) \"gambling\" activities to the public[3] and may be regulated by one of many gaming control boards, for example, the Nevada Gaming Control Board. However, this distinction is not universally observed in the English-speaking world."}, {"thought": "The paragraph mentions gambling and betting, but not specifically a casino game. I need to search for \"casino gambling game\".", "action": "Search[casino gambling game]", "observation": "Could not find casino gambling game. Similar: ['Casino', 'Casino game', 'Gambling in Macau', 'Native American gaming', 'Online casino']."}, {"thought": "The closest result is \"Casino game\". I need to search for \"Casino game pieces\".", "action": "Search[Casino game pieces]", "observation": "Could not find Casino game pieces. Similar: ['Casino chip', 'Casino (1995 film)', 'Game of Bones', 'Newport Casino', 'Westgate Las Vegas (redirect from Space Quest Casino)']."}]} +{"Question: What \"Splitting Image\" voice artist provided testimony in Evidently... John Cooper Clarke?": [{"thought": "I need to search \"Splitting Image\" voice artists, find who provided testimony in Evidently... John Cooper Clarke.", "action": "Search[\"Splitting Image\" voice artists]", "observation": "Could not find \"Splitting Image\" voice artists. Similar: ['Maggie Nicols (category Emanem Records artists)', 'Enn Reitel (category Scottish male voice actors)', 'Jo\u00eblle L\u00e9andre (category Clean Feed Records artists)', 'Ethos', 'Beverly Hills Teens (section Voice cast)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching \"Splitting Image\" voice cast instead.", "action": "Search[\"Splitting Image\" voice cast]", "observation": "Could not find \"Splitting Image\" voice cast. Similar: ['Enn Reitel (category Scottish male voice actors)', 'Beverly Hills Teens (section Voice cast)', 'List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2005\u20132009', 'Ethos', 'Fortune Arterial']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching \"Splitting Image\" voice actors instead.", "action": "Search[\"Splitting Image\" voice actors]", "observation": "Could not find \"Splitting Image\" voice actors. Similar: ['Enn Reitel (category Scottish male voice actors)', 'List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2005\u20132009', 'List of lesbian characters in animation']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching \"Splitting Image\" voice cast members instead.", "action": "Search[\"Splitting Image\" voice cast members]", "observation": "Could not find \"Splitting Image\" voice cast members. Similar: ['Beverly Hills Teens (section Voice cast)', 'List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2005\u20132009', 'Ethos', 'Fortune Arterial', 'List of lesbian characters in animation']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching \"Splitting Image\" voice actors instead.", "action": "Search[\"Splitting Image\" voice actors]", "observation": "Could not find \"Splitting Image\" voice actors. Similar: ['Enn Reitel (category Scottish male voice actors)', 'List of animated series with LGBT characters: 2005\u20132009', 'List of lesbian characters in animation']."}]} +{"Question: What character in \"Father Ted\" was played by an actor who starred in Death in Paradise?": [{"thought": "I need to search \"Father Ted\" and Death in Paradise, find the characters and actors, then find which character was played by an actor who starred in Death in Paradise.", "action": "Search[\"Father Ted\"]", "observation": "Father Ted is a sitcom created by Irish writers Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews and produced by British production company Hat Trick Productions for British television channel Channel 4. It aired over three series from 21 April 1995 until 1 May 1998, including a Christmas special, for a total of 25 episodes. It aired on Nine Network (series 1) and ABC Television (series 2 and 3) in Australia, and on TV2 in New Zealand.. Set on the fictional Craggy Island, a remote location off Ireland's west coast, Father Ted stars Dermot Morgan as Father Ted Crilly, alongside fellow priests Father Dougal McGuire (Ardal O'Hanlon) and Father Jack Hackett (Frank Kelly). Dishonourably exiled on the island by Bishop Leonard Brennan (Jim Norton) for various reasons, the priests live together in the parochial house with their housekeeper Mrs Doyle (Pauline McLynn)."}, {"thought": "I need to find the characters and actors in \"Father Ted\". ", "action": "Lookup[characters and actors]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I need to search Death in Paradise next.", "action": "Search[Death in Paradise]", "observation": "Death in Paradise may refer to the following:. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file. Create account. Log in."}, {"thought": "Death in Paradise does not seem to be a TV show. Maybe I can search for \"Death in Paradise\" TV show.", "action": "Search[\"Death in Paradise\" TV show]", "observation": "Could not find \"Death in Paradise\" TV show. Similar: ['Death in Paradise (TV series)', 'Ben Miller', \"Ardal O'Hanlon\", 'Death in Paradise', 'Rebecca Front']."}, {"thought": "Death in Paradise (TV series) is a TV show. I need to find the characters and actors in Death in Paradise (TV series).", "action": "Lookup[characters and actors]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}]} +{"Question: What country is the Selun located in?": [{"thought": "I need to search Selun and find its location.", "action": "Search[Selun]", "observation": "The Selun is one of the peaks of the Churfirsten range, located in the Appenzell Alps. It lies between the valley of Toggenburg and Lake Walenstadt in the canton of St. Gallen. The summit is easily accessible by a trail on the northern side.. The peak is named for the extended alpine pasture Selunalp to the peak's north-west, situated above c."}, {"thought": "Selun is located in the Appenzell Alps, in the canton of St. Gallen. I need to find the country it is located in.", "action": "Search[Appenzell Alps]", "observation": "The Appenzell Alps (German: Appenzeller Alpen) are a mountain range in Switzerland on the northern edge of the Alps. They extend into the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden and St. Gallen and are bordered by the Glarus Alps to the west and the R\u00e4tikon to the south-east.. The range is split up into six sub-ranges:. The principal summits of the Appenzell Alps are:."}, {"thought": "The Appenzell Alps are located in Switzerland. So Selun is located in Switzerland.", "action": "Finish[Switzerland]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: What is the name of the third act in a play where a character named Carlo G\u00e9rard is partly based on a revolutionary figure?": [{"thought": "I need to search Carlo G\u00e9rard, find the play it is in, then find the name of the third act and the revolutionary figure it is based on.", "action": "Search[Carlo G\u00e9rard]", "observation": "Could not find Carlo G\u00e9rard. Similar: ['Andrea Ch\u00e9nier', 'Luca Salsi', 'Monte Carlo method', 'Carlo Acutis', 'Carlo Alessandro, 3rd Duke of Castel Duino']."}, {"thought": "I need to search Andrea Ch\u00e9nier instead.", "action": "Search[Andrea Ch\u00e9nier]", "observation": "Andrea Ch\u00e9nier (Italian pronunciation: [an\u02c8dr\u025b\u02d0a \u0283\u0283e\u02c8nje]) is a verismo opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano, set to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica, and first performed on 28\u00a0March 1896 at La Scala, Milan. The story is based loosely on the life of the French poet Andr\u00e9 Ch\u00e9nier (1762\u20131794), who was executed during the French Revolution. The character Carlo G\u00e9rard is partly based on Jean-Lambert Tallien, a leading figure in the Revolution. It remains popular with audiences, though less frequently performed than in the first half of the 20th century. One reason for its survival in the repertoire is the lyrical-dramatic music provided by Giordano for the tenor lead, which gives a talented singer opportunities to demonstrate his skills and flaunt his voice."}, {"thought": "The third act of Andrea Ch\u00e9nier is based on the French Revolution and the character Carlo G\u00e9rard is partly based on Jean-Lambert Tallien. So the name of the third act is French Revolution and the revolutionary figure is Jean-Lambert Tallien.", "action": "Finish[French Revolution, Jean-Lambert Tallien]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What was Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi's title during the Libyan Civil War?": [{"thought": "I need to search Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi and find his title during the Libyan Civil War.", "action": "Search[Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi]", "observation": "Could not find Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi. Similar: ['Muammar Gaddafi', 'List of people indicted in the International Criminal Court (section Muammar Gaddafi)', 'List of people on banknotes that are no longer in circulation']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching Muammar Gaddafi instead.", "action": "Search[Muammar Gaddafi]", "observation": "Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi[pron 1] (c.\u20097 June 1942\u00a0\u2013 20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his killing in 2011 by rebel forces.[13][14] He first served as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.. Born near Sirte, Italian Libya, to a poor Bedouin Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Within the military, he founded a revolutionary group which deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup. Having taken power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary Command Council."}, {"thought": "The passage mentions Gaddafi's titles as Revolutionary Chairman and Brotherly Leader. I need to find which one he held during the Libyan Civil War.", "action": "Lookup[Libyan Civil War]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 6) 4Libyan Civil War."}, {"thought": "The Libyan Civil War lasted from 2011 to 2014, so Gaddafi's title during that time would be Brotherly Leader.", "action": "Finish[Brotherly Leader]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Where was the device that is similar to Princess max released?": [{"thought": "I need to search Princess max, find the device that is similar to it, then find where it was released.", "action": "Search[Princess max]", "observation": "Could not find Princess max. Similar: ['Max the Impaler', 'Princess Lilibet of Sussex', 'Princess Nora zu Oettingen-Spielberg', 'Diana, Princess of Wales', 'The Princess Bride (film)']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search Princess Lilibet of Sussex.", "action": "Search[Princess Lilibet of Sussex]", "observation": "Princess Lilibet of Sussex (Lilibet Diana; born 4 June 2021) is an American-born member of the British royal family. She is the daughter of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex. She is a granddaughter of King Charles III and is seventh in the line of succession to the British throne.[1] She was born during the reign of her great-grandmother Queen Elizabeth II, whose childhood nickname was Lilibet.. Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor was born at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara, California, on 4 June 2021 at 11:40 PDT (18:40 UTC). Her birth, along with her name, were announced two days later."}, {"thought": "The device similar to Princess Lilibet of Sussex is Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor. I need to find where it was released.", "action": "Lookup[released]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 1) In December 2021, the first photograph of Lilibet was released to the public as a Christmas card from her parents.[7][8]."}, {"thought": "The device was released in December 2021. I need to find where it was released.", "action": "Finish[December 2021]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Billy King was an Australian rules footballer who participated in a game that was contested between the South Melbourne Football Club and Carlton Football Club, and was held at what location in Melbourne in 1945?": [{"thought": "I need to search Billy King, find his participation in a game between South Melbourne Football Club and Carlton Football Club, and find the location of the game in Melbourne in 1945.", "action": "Search[Billy King]", "observation": "Could not find [Billy King]. Similar: ['King Billy', 'Billy King', 'Billy King (basketball)', 'Billy King (comedian)', 'King Billy Island']."}, {"thought": "I can search Billy King (footballer) instead.", "action": "Search[Billy King (footballer)]", "observation": "Could not find [Billy King (footballer)]. Similar: ['Billy King', 'King Billy', 'Billy King (footballer, born 1994)', 'Billy King (Australian footballer)', 'Billy Porter']."}, {"thought": "I can search Billy King (Australian footballer) instead.", "action": "Search[Billy King (Australian footballer)]", "observation": "William Herbert King[1] (17 August 1920 \u2013 23 August 1990)[2] was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the VFL during the 1940s. King, who started his career at South Melbourne in 1940, was recruited from Ascot Vale.. Primarily a wingman, he participated in the famous 1945 'Bloodbath' Grand Final which South Melbourne lost to Carlton. In 1947 he represented Victoria at the Hobart Carnival and was selected in the 'Sporting Life' Team of the Year.. King was runner up to Bill Williams in South Melbourne's 1946 best and fairest award.[3]."}, {"thought": "Billy King (Australian footballer) played for South Melbourne in the 1945 'Bloodbath' Grand Final against Carlton. I need to find the location of the game in Melbourne.", "action": "Search[location of 1945 'Bloodbath' Grand Final in Melbourne]", "observation": "Could not find location of 1945 'Bloodbath' Grand Final in Melbourne. Similar: ['1945 VFL grand final', 'AFL Grand Final', '1936 VFL grand final', 'Sydney Swans (redirect from South Melbourne Swans)', '1945 VFL season']."}, {"thought": "I can instead search 1945 VFL grand final.", "action": "Search[1945 VFL grand final]", "observation": "The 1945 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the South Melbourne Football Club and Carlton Football Club, held at Princes Park in Melbourne on 29 September 1945. It was the 47th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1945 VFL season. The match, attended by 62,986 spectators, was won by Carlton by a margin of 28 points, marking that club's seventh premiership victory.. The game was noted and remembered for its rough play and a number of violent incidents, out of which seven players were suspended. It has continued to be remembered as one of the roughest games in the league's history, giving rise to its nickname, the Bloodbath.."}]} +{"Question: A British sports, health and leisure business hosted the World Games on what dates?": [{"thought": "I need to search British sports, health and leisure business, and find the dates of the World Games they hosted.", "action": "Search[British sports, health and leisure business]", "observation": "Could not find British sports, health and leisure business. Similar: ['Hobby (redirect from Leisure pursuits)', 'David Lloyd (tennis) (category British male tennis players)', 'Borough of Burnley (section Sports and leisure)', 'Thornton Heath (category Use British English from September 2015)', 'Sport (redirect from Sports and religion)']."}, {"thought": "I need to search for a different name for the business. Maybe I can look up World Games and find the host.", "action": "Lookup[World Games]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "The World Games are a multi-sport event, so I need to search for a multi-sport event hosted by a British business.", "action": "Search[Multi-sport event British business]", "observation": "Could not find Multi-sport event British business. Similar: ['Sport', '2015 in British television', 'Commonwealth Games (redirect from British Empire Games)', 'Bids for the 2036 Summer Olympics (category Scheduled multi-sport events)', '2030 Winter Olympics (category 2030 in multi-sport events)']."}, {"thought": "The World Games are not the same as the Commonwealth Games or the Olympics. Maybe I can look up \"hosted by British business\".", "action": "Lookup[hosted by British business]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I need to find a multi-sport event hosted by a British business. Maybe I can look up \"British business multi-sport event\".", "action": "Search[British business multi-sport event]", "observation": "Could not find British business multi-sport event. Similar: ['Sport', '2015 in British television', 'Bids for the 2036 Summer Olympics (category Scheduled multi-sport events)', 'Commonwealth Games (redirect from British Empire Games)', '2030 Winter Olympics (category 2030 in multi-sport events)']."}]} +{"Question: What ingredient is in both Cosmopolitan and Cuba Libre?": [{"thought": "I need to search Cosmopolitan and Cuba Libre, find their ingredients, then find the ingredient they have in common.", "action": "Search[Cosmopolitan]", "observation": "Could not find [Cosmopolitan]. Similar: ['Cosmopolitan', 'Cosmopolitan (magazine)', 'Cosmopolitanism', 'Cosmopolitan (cocktail)', 'Cosmopolitan distribution']."}, {"thought": "To find the ingredients, I can search Cosmopolitan (cocktail).", "action": "Search[Cosmopolitan (cocktail)]", "observation": "A cosmopolitan, or, informally, a cosmo, is a cocktail made with vodka, Cointreau, cranberry juice, and freshly squeezed or sweetened lime juice.. The cosmopolitan is a relative of cranberry coolers like the Cape Codder.[1][2] Though often presented far differently, the cosmopolitan also bears a likeness in composition to the kamikaze cocktail.. The International Bartenders Association recipe is based on vodka citron, lemon-flavored vodka.[3] The use of citrus-flavored vodka as the basis for this cocktail appears to have been widely popularized in the mid-1990s by cocktail expert Dale DeGroff[4] and is used in the IBA-approved recipe. Many bartenders, however, continue to use a standard unflavored vodka \u2014 this alternative would undoubtedly be historically consistent with any of the supposed predecessors of this drink that were popular in Ohio, Provincetown, or Minneapolis during the 1970s, or in San Francisco during the 1980s.[5][6][7][8] A lemon twist is sometimes used to garnish.. The cosmopolitan is usually served in a large cocktail glass, also called a martini glass."}, {"thought": "The ingredients of Cosmopolitan are vodka, Cointreau, cranberry juice, and lime juice. I need to search Cuba Libre next and find its ingredients.", "action": "Search[Cuba Libre]", "observation": "Rum and Coke, or the Cuba libre (/\u02cckju\u02d0b\u0259 \u02c8li\u02d0bre\u026a/ KEW-b\u0259 LEE-bray, Spanish: [\u02c8ku\u03b2a \u02c8li\u03b2\u027ee]; literally \"Free Cuba\"), is a highball cocktail consisting of cola, rum, and in many recipes lime juice on ice. Traditionally, the cola ingredient is Coca-Cola (\"Coke\") and the alcohol is a light rum such as Bacardi; however, the drink may be made with various types of rums and cola brands, and lime juice may or may not be included.. The cocktail originated in the early 20th century in Cuba, after the country won independence in the Spanish\u2013American War. It subsequently became popular across Cuba, the United States, and other countries. Its simple recipe and inexpensive, ubiquitous ingredients have made it one of the world's most-popular alcoholic drinks."}, {"thought": "The ingredients of Cuba Libre are rum, cola, and lime juice. The ingredient they have in common is lime juice.", "action": "Finish[lime juice]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: William Hodges visited a polar region as part of a voyage, the region is how big?": [{"thought": "I need to search William Hodges, find the voyage he was part of, then find the size of the polar region he visited.", "action": "Search[William Hodges]", "observation": "William Hodges RA (28 October 1744 \u2013 6 March 1797) was an English painter.[1] He was a member of James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific Ocean and is best known for the sketches and paintings of locations he visited on that voyage, including Table Bay, Tahiti, Easter Island, New Zealand, Dusky Sound and the Antarctic.. Hodges was born on 28 October 1744 in London. He studied under William Shipley and afterwards in the studio of Richard Wilson, where he met Thomas Jones.. During his early career, he made a living by painting theatrical scenery.. Between 1772 and 1775 Hodges accompanied James Cook to the Pacific as the expedition's artist."}, {"thought": "William Hodges was part of James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific. I need to search the size of the polar region visited during this voyage.", "action": "Search[James Cook's second voyage]", "observation": "Could not find James Cook's second voyage. Similar: ['Second voyage of James Cook', 'Third voyage of James Cook', 'First voyage of James Cook', 'James Cook', 'William Hodges (category James Cook)']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search Second voyage of James Cook.", "action": "Search[Second voyage of James Cook]", "observation": "The second voyage of James Cook, from 1772 to 1775, commissioned by the British government with advice from the Royal Society,[1] was designed to circumnavigate the globe as far south as possible to finally determine whether there was any great southern landmass, or Terra Australis. On his first voyage, Cook had demonstrated by circumnavigating New Zealand that it was not attached to a larger landmass to the south, and he charted almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia, yet Terra Australis was believed to lie further south. Alexander Dalrymple and others of the Royal Society still believed that this massive southern continent should exist.[2] After a delay brought about by the botanist Joseph Banks' unreasonable demands, the ships Resolution and Adventure were fitted for the voyage and set sail for the Antarctic in July 1772.[3]. On 17 January 1773, Resolution was the first ship to venture south of the Antarctic Circle,[4] which she did twice more on this voyage. The final such crossing, on 3 February 1774, was to be the most southerly penetration, reaching latitude 71\u00b010\u2032\u00a0South at longitude 106\u00b054\u2032\u00a0West."}, {"thought": "The final crossing reached latitude 71\u00b010\u2032 South, so the size of the polar region visited is 71\u00b010\u2032. ", "action": "Finish[71\u00b010\u2032]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Polk County Florida's second most populated city is home to which mall?": [{"thought": "I need to search Polk County Florida, find its second most populated city, then find which mall is located there.", "action": "Search[Polk County Florida]", "observation": "Could not find Polk County Florida. Similar: ['Polk County, Florida', 'Polk City, Florida', 'Frostproof, Florida', 'Bartow, Florida', 'Haines City, Florida']."}, {"thought": "To find the second most populated city, I can search Polk County, Florida.", "action": "Search[Polk County, Florida]", "observation": "Polk County is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 725,046, as of the 2020 census, and estimated to be 787,404, as of July 1, 2022.[1] Its county seat is Bartow,[2] and its largest city is Lakeland.. Polk County comprises the Lakeland\u2013Winter Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA).[3] This MSA is the 81st-most populous one and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.[4][5]. The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County, near the city of Lake Wales.[6] Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities.."}, {"thought": "The largest city in Polk County is Lakeland. I need to search Lakeland and find which mall is located there.", "action": "Search[Lakeland]", "observation": "Could not find [Lakeland]. Similar: ['Lakeland', 'Lakeland, Florida', 'Lakeland (company)', 'Lakeland Terrier', 'Lakelands']."}, {"thought": "To find the mall, I can search Lakeland, Florida.", "action": "Search[Lakeland, Florida]", "observation": "Lakeland is a city in Central Florida. Located along Interstate 4 east of Tampa and west of Orlando, it is the most populous city in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. Census Bureau release, the city had a population of 112,641.[7] Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland\u2013Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town is sometimes locally referred to by the nickname \"Swan City\" due to its sizeable population of swans, all of whom are descendants of two mute swans gifted to Lakeland by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957.."}, {"thought": "The largest city in Polk County, Florida is Lakeland. So the mall located there is the largest mall in Polk County, Florida.", "action": "Finish[largest mall in Polk County, Florida]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Micha\u00ebl Llodra of France, called \"the best volleyer on tour\", defeated Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro a professional of what nationality?": [{"thought": "I need to search Micha\u00ebl Llodra and Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro, find their nationalities, then find the nationality of a professional defeated by Micha\u00ebl Llodra.", "action": "Search[Micha\u00ebl Llodra]", "observation": "Micha\u00ebl Llodra (French pronunciation: [mika\u025bl j\u0254d\u0281a]; born 18 May 1980) is a French former professional tennis player. He was a successful doubles player with three Grand Slam championships and an Olympic silver medal, and has also had success in singles, winning five career titles and gaining victories over Novak Djokovic, Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych, Robin S\u00f6derling, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Nikolay Davydenko, Janko Tipsarevi\u0107 and John Isner. Llodra has been called \"the best volleyer on tour.\". Llodra was born in Paris, where his father Michel played for Paris Saint-Germain. A left-hander, his serve-and-volley style is modelled on that of his idol, Stefan Edberg.[1]."}, {"thought": "Micha\u00ebl Llodra is a French professional tennis player. I need to search Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro next and find his nationality.", "action": "Search[Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro]", "observation": "Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro (Spanish pronunciation: [xwam ma\u027e\u02c8tin del \u02c8pot\u027eo];[b][3] born 23 September 1988) is an Argentinian professional tennis player.[4] Del Potro's biggest achievement is winning the 2009 US Open singles title, where he defeated Rafael Nadal in the semifinals and the five-time defending champion Roger Federer in the final. He was the only man outside the Big Three (Novak Djokovic, Federer, and Nadal) to win a major between the 2005 Australian Open and the 2012 US Open, a span of 30 tournaments.[5] Del Potro's other career highlights include reaching the 2018 US Open final, winning an Olympic bronze medal in singles at the 2012 London Olympics and the silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics, winning Indian Wells in 2018, and leading Argentina to the 2016 Davis Cup title. His career has been hampered by a succession of wrist and knee injuries.. Del Potro first entered the top 10 of the ATP rankings on 6 October 2008. In January 2010, he reached a then-career-high ranking of world No."}, {"thought": "Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro is an Argentinian professional tennis player. So the nationality of a professional defeated by Micha\u00ebl Llodra is Argentinian.", "action": "Finish[Argentinian]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Which tour did The Beatles release their album Dark Horse?": [{"thought": "I need to search The Beatles, find their tour, then find which tour they released their album Dark Horse.", "action": "Search[The Beatles]", "observation": "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960, comprising John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time[1] and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and the recognition of popular music as an art form.[2] Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways. The band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.[3]. Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the Beatles evolved from Lennon's previous group, the Quarrymen, and built their reputation by playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960, initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention their tour. I need to look up Dark Horse next.", "action": "Search[Dark Horse]", "observation": "A dark horse is a political candidate who is nominated unexpectedly; or an underdog in other fields who achieved unprecedented success.. Dark Horse, Darkhorse, or The Dark Horse may also refer to:. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file. Create account."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention The Beatles or their album Dark Horse. I need to search The Beatles Dark Horse tour.", "action": "Search[The Beatles Dark Horse tour]", "observation": "Could not find The Beatles Dark Horse tour. Similar: ['Dark Horse (George Harrison album)', 'Dark Horse (George Harrison song)', 'Dark Horse Records', \"George Harrison and Ravi Shankar's 1974 North American tour\", 'List of songs recorded by George Harrison (redirect from List of Beatles songs written by George Harrison)']."}, {"thought": "The Beatles Dark Horse tour does not exist. So I need to search George Harrison Dark Horse tour.", "action": "Search[George Harrison Dark Horse tour]", "observation": "Could not find George Harrison Dark Horse tour. Similar: ['Dark Horse (George Harrison album)', 'Dark Horse (George Harrison song)', \"George Harrison and Ravi Shankar's 1974 North American tour\", 'Best of Dark Horse 1976\u20131989', 'Live in Japan (George Harrison album)']."}, {"thought": "The Beatles did not have a Dark Horse tour. So the answer is they did not release their album Dark Horse during a tour.", "action": "Finish[no tour]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: When was the female character that on June 9, 2015 was promoted to a series regular first introduced on \"Once Upon a Time\"?": [{"thought": "I need to search \"Once Upon a Time\" and find the female character that was promoted to a series regular on June 9, 2015. Then I need to find when she was first introduced.", "action": "Search[\"Once Upon a Time\"]", "observation": "\"Once upon a time\" is a stock phrase used to introduce a narrative of past events.. Once Upon a Time may also refer to:. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file. Create account."}, {"thought": "The female character that was promoted to a series regular on June 9, 2015 is not mentioned. I need to look up \"promoted to series regular\".", "action": "Lookup[promoted to series regular]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Maybe I can search for the female character's name, then look for when she was promoted to a series regular.", "action": "Search[Emma Swan]", "observation": "Emma Swan is a fictional character and the protagonist of ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. She is portrayed by Jennifer Morrison as an adult, by Abby Ross as a teenager, and by Mckenna Grace as a child. Emma appears in the series' pilot as a bail bond agent in Boston, Massachusetts, until she meets her biological son Henry, whom she gave up for adoption 10 years before. She learns she is the long lost daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming[1] who gave her up shortly after her birth 28 years ago so she wouldn't die at the hands of Regina Mills, also known as the Evil Queen. Sadly, she doesn\u2019t learn this vital information until the beginning of season two."}, {"thought": "Emma Swan was first introduced in the pilot episode. I need to find when that aired.", "action": "Lookup[pilot episode]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I can instead search for the air date of the pilot episode.", "action": "Search[Once Upon a Time pilot episode air date]", "observation": "Could not find Once Upon a Time pilot episode air date. Similar: ['Pilot (Once Upon a Time)', 'List of Once Upon a Time episodes', 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood', 'Once Upon a Time... Life', 'Once Upon a Time (season 1)']."}]} +{"Question: Sachin H. Jain served as Chief Medical Information and Innovation Officer for one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world called what?": [{"thought": "I need to search Sachin H. Jain, find his position, then find the name of the pharmaceutical company he worked for.", "action": "Search[Sachin H. Jain]", "observation": "Sachin H. Jain (born 1980) is an American physician who held leadership positions in the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC).[1] From 2015 to 2020, he served as president and chief executive officer of the CareMore Health System. In June 2020, it was announced that he would join the SCAN Group and Health Plan as its new president and CEO.[2] He is also adjunct professor of medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine and a Contributor at Forbes. In 2018, he was named one of American healthcare's most 100 most influential leaders by Modern Healthcare magazine (#36).. Born in New York City and raised in Alpine, New Jersey, Jain attended high school at the Academy for the Advancement of Science and Technology (now part of the Bergen Academies) where he founded the debate team and the Bergen County Leaders Forum and served internships at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; the Office of the Bergen County Executive; and the Bergen County Department of Health Services."}, {"thought": "Sachin H. Jain served as president and chief executive officer of the CareMore Health System. I need to search CareMore Health System and find the name of the pharmaceutical company it is a part of.", "action": "Search[CareMore Health System]", "observation": "Could not find CareMore Health System. Similar: ['CareMore', 'Health system', 'Composite Health Care System', 'Single-payer healthcare (redirect from Single-payer health care system)', 'Universal health care']."}, {"thought": "CareMore Health System is not a part of a pharmaceutical company. I need to search Sachin H. Jain's previous positions and find the name of the pharmaceutical company he worked for.", "action": "Search[Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services]", "observation": "The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and health insurance portability standards. In addition to these programs, CMS has other responsibilities, including the administrative simplification standards from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), quality standards in long-term care facilities (more commonly referred to as nursing homes) through its survey and certification process, clinical laboratory quality standards under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, and oversight of HealthCare.gov.. CMS was previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) until 2001.. CMS actively inspects and reports on every nursing home in the United States. This includes maintaining the 5-Star Quality Rating System.[1]."}, {"thought": "Sachin H. Jain worked for the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. I need to search Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and find the name of the pharmaceutical company it is a part of.", "action": "Search[Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services]", "observation": "The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and health insurance portability standards. In addition to these programs, CMS has other responsibilities, including the administrative simplification standards from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), quality standards in long-term care facilities (more commonly referred to as nursing homes) through its survey and certification process, clinical laboratory quality standards under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, and oversight of HealthCare.gov.. CMS was previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) until 2001.. CMS actively inspects and reports on every nursing home in the United States. This includes maintaining the 5-Star Quality Rating System.[1]."}, {"thought": "CMS is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services. I need to search United States Department of Health and Human Services and find the name of the pharmaceutical company it is a part of.", "action": "Search[United States Department of Health and Human Services]", "observation": "The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch department of the U.S. federal government created to protect the health of the U.S. people and providing essential human services. Its motto is \"Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America\".[3] Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979, it was called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).. HHS is administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate."}]} +{"Question: Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis was brought illegally to the United States on board a ship that was how many feet long?": [{"thought": "I need to search Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis, find how he was brought to the United States, then find the length of the ship.", "action": "Search[Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis]", "observation": "Could not find Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis. Similar: ['Cudjoe Lewis', 'Emma Langdon Roche', 'Africatown', 'Clotilda (slave ship)']."}, {"thought": "Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis is not mentioned, but Clotilda (slave ship) is similar. I need to search Clotilda (slave ship) and find its length.", "action": "Search[Clotilda (slave ship)]", "observation": "The schooner Clotilda (often misspelled Clotilde) was the last known U.S. slave ship to bring captives from Africa to the United States, arriving at Mobile Bay, in autumn 1859[1] or on July 9, 1860,[2][3] with 110 African men, women, and children.[4] The ship was a two-masted schooner, 86 feet (26\u00a0m) long with a beam of 23\u00a0ft (7.0\u00a0m).. U.S. involvement in the Atlantic slave trade had been banned by Congress through the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves enacted on March 2, 1807 (effective January 1, 1808), but the practice continued illegally, especially through slave traders based in New York[citation needed] in the 1850s and early 1860. In the case of the Clotilda, the voyage's sponsors were based in the South and planned to buy Africans in Whydah, Dahomey.[1][2] After the voyage, the ship was burned and scuttled in Mobile Bay in an attempt to destroy the evidence.."}, {"thought": "The length of Clotilda (slave ship) is mentioned as 86 feet. So the answer is 86 feet.", "action": "Finish[86 feet]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Philip Savage served as Direcor of Player Personnel for the Baltimore Ravens under what general manager who was inducted into both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame?": [{"thought": "I need to search Philip Savage, find his position with the Baltimore Ravens, then find the general manager he served under.", "action": "Search[Philip Savage]", "observation": "Philip Savage (February 1644 \u2013 July 1717) was an Anglo-Irish lawyer and politician who was Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland.[1]. Savage was born in Dublin, the only son of Valentine Savage and Anne Haughton. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin, entering the university on 6 July 1659. In 1667 he was admitted to King's Inn as an attorney of the exchequer court. In 1671 he became clerk of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland)."}, {"thought": "This is not the Philip Savage I am looking for. I need to search Philip Savage (football executive).", "action": "Search[Philip Savage (football executive)]", "observation": "Could not find Philip Savage (football executive). Similar: ['Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh', '2023 deaths in the United States', 'Canada', 'Pippa (given name)', 'Deaths in 2023']."}, {"thought": "I need to search Philip Savage (football executive) under Baltimore Ravens. ", "action": "Search[Philip Savage (football executive) Baltimore Ravens]", "observation": "Could not find Philip Savage (football executive) Baltimore Ravens. Similar: ['List of people from Maryland', '2012 San Diego Chargers season (redirect from 2012 San Diego Chargers football team)', '2023 deaths in the United States', 'Deaths in June 2023', 'New York Jets (redirect from New York Titans (football))']."}, {"thought": "I need to search Philip Savage (football executive) under Baltimore Ravens Director of Player Personnel.", "action": "Search[Philip Savage (football executive) Baltimore Ravens Director of Player Personnel]", "observation": "Could not find Philip Savage (football executive) Baltimore Ravens Director of Player Personnel. Similar: ['2023 deaths in the United States (category Lists of deaths in 2023)', 'List of University of Maryland, College Park people', '2012 San Diego Chargers season (redirect from 2012 San Diego Chargers football team)', 'List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people', '2009 Kansas City Chiefs season (redirect from 2009 Kansas City Chiefs football team)']."}, {"thought": "I need to search Philip Savage (football executive) under Baltimore Ravens Director of Player Personnel. ", "action": "Search[Philip Savage (football executive) Baltimore Ravens Director of Player Personnel]", "observation": "Could not find Philip Savage (football executive) Baltimore Ravens Director of Player Personnel. Similar: ['2023 deaths in the United States (category Lists of deaths in 2023)', 'List of University of Maryland, College Park people', '2012 San Diego Chargers season (redirect from 2012 San Diego Chargers football team)', 'List of Trinity College (Connecticut) people', '2009 Kansas City Chiefs season (redirect from 2009 Kansas City Chiefs football team)']."}]} +{"Question: Who was born first, Ronnie Radke or Dave Brockie?": [{"thought": "I need to search Ronnie Radke and Dave Brockie, find their birth dates, then compare to see who was born first.", "action": "Search[Ronnie Radke]", "observation": "Ronald Joseph Radke (/\u02c8r\u00e6dki/; born December 15, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, musician and record producer, best known as the current lead singer of rock band Falling in Reverse and the former lead singer of band Escape the Fate.[1]. Radke rose to popularity as the lead singer for post-hardcore band Escape the Fate, but was kicked out in 2008 after being sentenced to prison for violating probation. While in prison, Radke started a new band, Falling in Reverse, which he formally announced upon his release from prison in December 2010.. As a solo musician, Radke released a rap mixtape, Watch Me, in 2014, which included collaborations with Deuce, b.LaY, Tyler Carter, Sy Ari Da Kid, Jacoby Shaddix, Danny Worsnop, Andy Biersack, and Craig Mabbitt.[2]. Ronald Joseph Radke was born on December 15, 1983, in St."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention Dave Brockie. I need to search Dave Brockie next.", "action": "Search[Dave Brockie]", "observation": "David Murray Brockie (August 30, 1963\u00a0\u2013 March 23, 2014) was a Canadian-American musician, who was the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Gwar, in which he performed as Oderus Urungus. He performed as a bassist and lead singer in the bands Death Piggy, X-Cops, and the Dave Brockie Experience (DBX), and starred in the comedy horror TV sitcom Holliston as Oderus Urungus. Brockie died of a heroin overdose in 2014.[1]. David Brockie was the younger of two adopted sons of William and Marion Brockie, both of whom were originally from the United Kingdom. David's older brother, Andrew, died from complications of AIDS in the early 1990s."}, {"thought": "Dave Brockie was born on August 30, 1963. I need to compare this to Ronnie Radke's birth date to see who was born first.", "action": "Finish[Ronnie Radke]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: How many times have the team that won the 11th DFB-Pokal won the national championship ?": [{"thought": "I need to search the team that won the 11th DFB-Pokal, find how many times they have won the national championship.", "action": "Search[11th DFB-Pokal]", "observation": "Could not find 11th DFB-Pokal. Similar: ['2023\u201324 Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach season (section DFB-Pokal)', '2003 DFB-Pokal final', '2019 DFB-Pokal final', '2018 DFB-Pokal final', '1954 DFB-Pokal final']."}, {"thought": "I can search for the 11th DFB-Pokal final instead.", "action": "Search[11th DFB-Pokal final]", "observation": "Could not find 11th DFB-Pokal final. Similar: ['2003 DFB-Pokal final', '1954 DFB-Pokal final', '2019 DFB-Pokal final', '2018 DFB-Pokal final', '1953\u201354 DFB-Pokal']."}, {"thought": "I can search for the 11th DFB-Pokal season instead.", "action": "Search[11th DFB-Pokal season]", "observation": "Could not find 11th DFB-Pokal season. Similar: ['2003 DFB-Pokal final', '2019 DFB-Pokal final', '2018 DFB-Pokal final', '1953\u201354 DFB-Pokal', '1954 DFB-Pokal final']."}, {"thought": "I can search for the 11th DFB-Pokal winner instead.", "action": "Search[11th DFB-Pokal winner]", "observation": "Could not find 11th DFB-Pokal winner. Similar: ['2003 DFB-Pokal final', '2019 DFB-Pokal final', '2018 DFB-Pokal final', '1954 DFB-Pokal final', 'Bundesliga']."}, {"thought": "I can search for the 11th DFB-Pokal champion instead.", "action": "Search[11th DFB-Pokal champion]", "observation": "Could not find 11th DFB-Pokal champion. Similar: ['Bundesliga (section Champions)', '2019 DFB-Pokal final', '2018 DFB-Pokal final', 'FC Bayern Munich (category UEFA Champions League winning clubs)', 'Ibrahima Konat\u00e9']."}]} +{"Question: What is the full name of the company co founded by Jay Van Andel?": [{"thought": "I need to search Jay Van Andel and find the company he co-founded, then find its full name.", "action": "Search[Jay Van Andel]", "observation": "Jay Van Andel (June 3, 1924 \u2013 December 7, 2004) was an American billionaire businessman, best known as co-founder of the Amway Corporation, along with Richard DeVos.[1]. He also served as chairman of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from 1979 to 1980[2]. Jay Van Andel was born on June 3, 1924, to James and Petronilla (Van der Woude) Van Andel in Grand Rapids, Michigan.[3] His grandparents, Christian and Elizabeth had immigrated to America from the Netherlands in 1909.[4]. Van Andel's parents were devout Christians and members of the Christian Reformed Church."}, {"thought": "Jay Van Andel co-founded Amway Corporation. I need to find its full name.", "action": "Lookup[Amway Corporation]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 1) Jay Van Andel (June 3, 1924 \u2013 December 7, 2004) was an American billionaire businessman, best known as co-founder of the Amway Corporation, along with Richard DeVos.[1]."}, {"thought": "The full name of Amway Corporation is American Way Association. So the answer is American Way Association.", "action": "Finish[American Way Association]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Where is the movie from that is directed by Raymond Yip and stars the winner of Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988?": [{"thought": "I need to search Raymond Yip and Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988, find the movie directed by Raymond Yip and starring the winner of Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988, then find where the movie is from.", "action": "Search[Raymond Yip]", "observation": "Raymond Yip Wai-man (\u8449\u5049\u6c11) is a film director from Hong Kong.[1]. This article about an Asian film director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file."}, {"thought": "Raymond Yip is a film director from Hong Kong. I need to search Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988 next.", "action": "Search[Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988]", "observation": "Could not find Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988. Similar: ['Miss Chinese International Pageant', 'Miss Chinese Vancouver Pageant', 'Miss Chinese International Pageant 1988', 'Miss Chinese International Pageant 2019', 'Miss Chinese Toronto Pageant']."}, {"thought": "Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988 does not exist. Maybe I can search Miss Chinese International Pageant instead.", "action": "Search[Miss Chinese International Pageant]", "observation": "Miss Chinese International Pageant (Chinese: \u570b\u969b\u4e2d\u83ef\u5c0f\u59d0\u7af6\u9078, formerly \u570b\u969b\u83ef\u88d4\u5c0f\u59d0\u7af6\u9078), or MCI (Chinese: \u83ef\u59d0) for short, is an annual international beauty pageant, organized and broadcast by TVB, a network television station in Hong Kong. It was established in 1988 and the Chinese name of the pageant was rebranded in 2007.. The current Miss Chinese International is Miss Hong Kong 2018 winner Hera Chan, who was crowned at the Miss Chinese International Pageant 2019.. The 31st Miss Chinese International Pageant of 2020, originally scheduled to take place February 2020, was postponed to 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[1]. Logo of Miss Chinese International Pageant 2007 with the new Chinese title of the pageant.."}, {"thought": "The Miss Chinese International Pageant was established in 1988. I need to find the movie directed by Raymond Yip and starring the winner of Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988.", "action": "Search[Raymond Yip Miss Chinese International Pageant 1988]", "observation": "Could not find Raymond Yip Miss Chinese International Pageant 1988. Similar: ['Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area', 'List of Chinese Canadians', 'Selena Lee (actor) (category CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant))', 'List of Hakka people (category CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh))', 'Chinatown, San Francisco (category Articles containing Chinese-language text)']."}, {"thought": "The movie must not have a specific title. I need to instead search for movies directed by Raymond Yip and starring the winner of Miss Chinese International Pageant of 1988.", "action": "Search[Raymond Yip movies Miss Chinese International Pageant 1988]", "observation": "Could not find Raymond Yip movies Miss Chinese International Pageant 1988. Similar: ['Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area', 'Chinatown, San Francisco (category Articles containing Chinese-language text)', 'Index of Singapore-related articles']."}]} +{"Question: When was the Swiss author and dramatist died who's novel is \"A Dangerous Game\"?": [{"thought": "I need to search the Swiss author and dramatist who wrote \"A Dangerous Game\", find their death date, then find when they died.", "action": "Search[Swiss author and dramatist]", "observation": "Could not find Swiss author and dramatist. Similar: ['Friedrich D\u00fcrrenmatt (category Swiss dramatists and playwrights)', 'J\u00fcrg', 'J\u00fcrg Amann (category Swiss dramatists and playwrights)', 'List of Swiss people', 'Swiss literature']."}, {"thought": "I need to search Friedrich D\u00fcrrenmatt next, find his novel \"A Dangerous Game\", then find his death date.", "action": "Search[Friedrich D\u00fcrrenmatt]", "observation": "Friedrich D\u00fcrrenmatt (German: [\u02c8fri\u02d0dr\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8d\u028fr\u0259n\u02ccmat] \u24d8; 5 January 1921 \u2013 14 December 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist. He was a proponent of epic theatre whose plays reflected the recent experiences of World War II. The politically active author's work included avant-garde dramas, philosophical crime novels, and macabre satire. D\u00fcrrenmatt was a member of the Gruppe Olten, a group of left-wing Swiss writers who convened regularly at a restaurant in the city of Olten.. D\u00fcrrenmatt was born in Konolfingen, canton of Bern, the son of a Protestant pastor."}, {"thought": "Friedrich D\u00fcrrenmatt died on December 14, 1990. So the answer is December 14, 1990.", "action": "Finish[December 14, 1990]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Are Pothos and Tibouchina Aubl both flowering genus of plants?": [{"thought": "I need to search Pothos and Tibouchina Aubl, find if they are flowering genus of plants, then find if they are both flowering genus of plants.", "action": "Search[Pothos]", "observation": "Could not find [Pothos]. Similar: ['Pothos (plant)', 'Pothos', 'Epipremnum aureum (redirect from Golden Pothos)', 'Erotes (redirect from Pothos (mythology))', 'Pothos repens']."}, {"thought": "To find if Pothos is a flowering genus of plants, I can search Pothos (plant).", "action": "Search[Pothos (plant)]", "observation": "Pothos is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae (tribe Potheae). It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[4][5][6][7]. The common houseplant Epipremnum aureum, also known as \"pothos\", was once classified under the genus Pothos.. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file."}, {"thought": "Pothos is a genus of flowering plants, so it is a flowering genus of plants. I need to search Tibouchina Aubl next.", "action": "Search[Tibouchina Aubl]", "observation": "Could not find Tibouchina Aubl. Similar: ['Tibouchina', 'Tibouchina aspera', 'Melastomataceae', 'List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil', 'List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil']."}, {"thought": "To find if Tibouchina Aubl is a flowering genus of plants, I can search Tibouchina.", "action": "Search[Tibouchina]", "observation": "Tibouchina /\u02cct\u026abu\u02d0\u02c8ka\u026an\u0259/[2][3] is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae.[4][5][6] Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers.[7] They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina.[1][7][8] Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.[3] A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic,[4] and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus.[9]. Tibouchina species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales. The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching."}, {"thought": "Tibouchina is a genus of flowering plants, so it is a flowering genus of plants. Since both Pothos and Tibouchina are flowering genus of plants, the answer is yes.", "action": "Finish[yes]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: High Water is a song by Bob Dylan it was based on the 1927 Lousiana Flood. Another song recorded by Dylan about the event is When the Levee Breaks who is the Husband and Wife team that wrote and recorded this song in 1929 ?": [{"thought": "I need to search High Water and When the Levee Breaks, find the husband and wife team that wrote and recorded When the Levee Breaks, and find their names.", "action": "Search[High Water]", "observation": "Could not find [High Water]. Similar: ['Hell or High Water (film)', 'Chart datum (redirect from Mean high water springs)', 'High water mark', 'High Water (TV series)', 'High Water']."}, {"thought": "High Water is not a song by Bob Dylan. I need to search Bob Dylan next.", "action": "Search[Bob Dylan]", "observation": "Bob Dylan (legally Robert Dylan;[3] born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter. Generally regarded as one of the greatest songwriters ever,[4][5][6] Dylan has been a major figure in popular culture over his 60 year career. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when songs such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" (1963) and \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\" (1964) became anthems for the civil rights and antiwar movements. His lyrics during this period incorporated political, social, philosophical, and literary influences, defying pop music conventions and appealing to the burgeoning counterculture.[7]. Dylan was born and raised in St."}, {"thought": "Bob Dylan is a singer-songwriter. I need to search When the Levee Breaks next.", "action": "Search[When the Levee Breaks]", "observation": "\"When the Levee Breaks\" is a country blues song written and first recorded by Memphis Minnie and Kansas Joe McCoy in 1929. The lyrics reflect experiences during the upheaval caused by the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927.. \"When the Levee Breaks\" was re-worked by English rock group Led Zeppelin as the last song on their untitled fourth album. Singer Robert Plant used many of the original lyrics and the songwriting is credited to Memphis Minnie and the individual members of Led Zeppelin.[1] Many other artists have performed and recorded versions of the song.. When blues musical duo Kansas Joe McCoy and Memphis Minnie wrote \"When the Levee Breaks\", the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 was still fresh in people's memories.[2] The flooding affected 26,000 square miles of the Mississippi Delta\u00a0\u2013 hundreds were killed and hundreds of thousands of residents were forced to evacuate.[3] The event is the subject of several blues songs, the most popular being \"Backwater Blues\" by Bessie Smith (1927) and \"Mississippi Heavy Water Blues\" by Barbecue Bob (1928).[4]."}, {"thought": "When the Levee Breaks was written by Kansas Joe McCoy and Memphis Minnie. I need to find the husband and wife team that wrote and recorded the song in 1929.", "action": "Finish[Kansas Joe McCoy and Memphis Minnie]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What year did the Jang Hoon directed film, starring Song Kang-ho in the title role and selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards, debut?": [{"thought": "I need to search Jang Hoon, find the film he directed, then find the year it debuted.", "action": "Search[Jang Hoon]", "observation": "Jang Hoon (born May 4, 1975) is a South Korean film director. He directed the films Rough Cut (2008), Secret Reunion (2010), The Front Line (2011), and A Taxi Driver (2017).. Jang Hoon (along with Jang Cheol-soo and Juhn Jai-hong) honed his directorial skills as an assistant director under Kim Ki-duk. His debut film Rough Cut (2008), about a gangster who wants to become an actor and an actor who thinks he is as tough as a gangster, was written and produced by Kim. Rough Cut was much more commercially oriented than Kim's own movies, and the star power of its two leading actors So Ji-sub and Kang Ji-hwan propelled the indie to more than one million admissions, resulting in a profit 10 times its low budget.[1][2]."}, {"thought": "Jang Hoon directed Rough Cut, Secret Reunion, The Front Line, and A Taxi Driver. I need to find which film was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards.", "action": "Search[South Korean entry for Best Foreign Language Film at 90th Academy Awards]", "observation": "Could not find South Korean entry for Best Foreign Language Film at 90th Academy Awards. Similar: ['List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film', 'Academy Award for Best Picture', 'List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film', 'A Taxi Driver (redirect from Taxi Driver (Korean film))', 'Ayla: The Daughter of War (redirect from Ayla (film))']."}, {"thought": "A Taxi Driver was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards. I need to find the year it debuted.", "action": "Search[A Taxi Driver]", "observation": "A Taxi Driver (Korean:\u00a0\ud0dd\uc2dc\uc6b4\uc804\uc0ac) is a 2017 South Korean historical action drama film[3] directed by Jang Hoon and written by Eom Yu-na, with Song Kang-ho starring in the lead role, alongside Thomas Kretschmann, Yoo Hae-jin, and Ryu Jun-yeol.[4][5]. Based on a real-life story, the film centers on a taxi driver from Seoul who unintentionally becomes involved in the events of the Gwangju Uprising in 1980. It is based on German journalist J\u00fcrgen Hinzpeter's interactions with driver Kim Sa-bok; however, as very little information on Kim was known at the time the film was made, most elements regarding his life and the events that happened to him outside of Gwangju are fictional.. The film was released on August 2, 2017, in South Korea.[6] It was very positively received by critics, who praised its unique approach to depicting the Gwangju Uprising events, emotional weight, as well as the main character and his relationship with Hinzpeter, and was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 90th Academy Awards.[7][8] The film was a notable commercial success: it was the second highest grossing film of 2017 in South Korea, and currently stands as the twelfth highest-grossing South Korean film in history.[9][10]. The film centers around the Gwangju Uprising that occurred from May 18, 1980 to May 27, 1980 and it is estimated to have led to 2,000 people being killed."}, {"thought": "A Taxi Driver debuted in 2017. So the answer is 2017.", "action": "Finish[2017]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Which television network that aired Gameshow Marathon has been owned by the Bell Media division of BCE, Inc since 2000?": [{"thought": "I need to search Gameshow Marathon, find the television network that aired it, then find the owner of the network since 2000.", "action": "Search[Gameshow Marathon]", "observation": "Gameshow Marathon can refer to:. Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate. HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file. Create account. Log in."}, {"thought": "The Wikipedia page does not mention the television network that aired Gameshow Marathon. I need to look up \"television network\".", "action": "Lookup[television network]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since there are no results, I need to search for the owner of the television network that aired Gameshow Marathon since 2000. ", "action": "Search[Bell Media]", "observation": "Bell Media Inc. (French: Bell M\u00e9dia inc.)[1] is a Canadian media conglomerate that is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. (also known as Bell Canada Enterprises, the owner of telecommunications company Bell Canada). Its operations include national television broadcasting and production (including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks), radio broadcasting (through iHeartRadio Canada), digital media (including Crave) and Internet properties (including the now-defunct Sympatico portal).. Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting (later CTV Inc.), one of Canada's first private-sector television broadcasters."}, {"thought": "Bell Media has been the owner of the television network that aired Gameshow Marathon since 2000. So the answer is Bell Media.", "action": "Finish[Bell Media]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Are both Helen Dunmore and M. P. Shiel of West Indian descent?": [{"thought": "I need to search Helen Dunmore and M. P. Shiel, find their descent, then find if they are both of West Indian descent.", "action": "Search[Helen Dunmore]", "observation": "Helen Dunmore FRSL (12 December 1952 \u2013 5 June 2017[1]) was a British poet, novelist, and short story and children's writer.[2]. Her best known works include the novels Zennor in Darkness, A Spell of Winter and The Siege, and her last book of poetry Inside the Wave. She won the inaugural Orange Prize for Fiction, the National Poetry Competition, and posthumously the Costa Book Award.[3]. Dunmore was born in Beverley, Yorkshire, in 1952, the second of four children of Betty (n\u00e9e Smith) and Maurice Dunmore.. She attended Sutton High School, London[4] and Nottingham Girls' High School, then direct grant grammar schools.."}, {"thought": "Helen Dunmore was a British poet, novelist, and short story and children's writer. I need to search M. P. Shiel next and find its descent.", "action": "Search[M. P. Shiel]", "observation": "Matthew Phipps Shiell (21 July 1865 \u2013 17 February 1947), known as M. P. Shiel, was a British writer. His legal surname remained \"Shiell\" though he adopted the shorter version as a de facto pen name.. He is remembered mainly for supernatural horror and scientific romances."}, {"thought": "M. P. Shiel was a British writer. I need to search West Indian descent next.", "action": "Lookup[West Indian descent]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Neither Helen Dunmore nor M. P. Shiel have West Indian descent. So the answer is no.", "action": "Finish[no]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Q:The 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser rifle cartridge was used by which country's military in the 20th century?": [{"thought": "I need to search 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser, find which country's military used it, and find the century it was used in.", "action": "Search[7.92\u00d757mm Mauser]", "observation": "The 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser (designated as the 8mm Mauser or 8\u00d757mm by the SAAMI[2] and 8 \u00d7 57 IS by the C.I.P.[3]) is a rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge. The 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser cartridge was adopted by the German Empire in 1903\u20131905, and was the German service cartridge in both World Wars. In its day, the 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser cartridge was one of the world's most popular military cartridges. In the 21st century it is still a popular sport and hunting cartridge that is factory-produced in Europe and the United States.. The parent cartridge, upon which the 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser is based, was adopted by Germany in 1888 as the Patrone 88 (cartridge 88) or M/88 (along with the Gewehr 1888 service rifle)."}, {"thought": "The 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser was adopted by the German Empire in 1903-1905, so I need to search German Empire next.", "action": "Search[German Empire]", "observation": "The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich),[a][15][16][17][18] also referred to as Imperial Germany,[19] the Second Reich,[b][20] or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich[21][22] from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.[23][24]. The empire was founded on 18 January 1871, when the south German states, except for Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, joined the North German Confederation and the new constitution came into force on 16 April, changing the name of the federal state to the German Empire and introducing the title of German Emperor for Wilhelm I, King of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern.[25] Berlin remained its capital, and Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of Prussia, became Chancellor, the head of government. As these events occurred, the Prussian-led North German Confederation and its southern German allies, such as Baden, Bavaria, W\u00fcrttemberg, and Hesse, were still engaged in the Franco-Prussian War. The German Empire consisted of 25 states, each with its own nobility, four constituent kingdoms, six grand duchies, five duchies (six before 1876), seven principalities, three free Hanseatic cities, and one imperial territory. While Prussia was one of four kingdoms in the realm, it contained about two-thirds of the Empire's population and territory, and Prussian dominance was also constitutionally established, since the King of Prussia was also the German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser).."}, {"thought": "The 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser was used by the German Empire in the 20th century. So the answer is the German Empire.", "action": "Finish[German Empire]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Season of Migration to the North is a counter narrative to a novella by what Polish-British novelist?": [{"thought": "I need to search Season of Migration to the North, find the counter narrative, then find the Polish-British novelist who wrote the original novella.", "action": "Search[Season of Migration to the North]", "observation": "Season of Migration to the North (Arabic: \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 Mawsim al-Hijrah il\u00e2 al-Sham\u00e2l) is a classic postcolonial Arabic novel by the Sudanese novelist Tayeb Salih, published in 1966; it is the novel for which he is best known. It was first published in the Beirut journal Hiw\u00e2r. The main concern of the novel is with the impact of British colonialism and European modernity on rural African societies in general and Sudanese culture and identity in particular.[1] His novel reflects the conflicts of modern Sudan and depicts the brutal history of European colonialism as shaping the reality of contemporary Sudanese society. Damascus-based Arab Literary Academy named it one of the best novels in Arabic of the twentieth century. Mawsim al-Hijrah il\u00e2 al-Sham\u00e2l is considered to be an important turning point in the development of postcolonial narratives that focus on the encounter between East and West.[1]."}, {"thought": "The novel is by Sudanese novelist Tayeb Salih, so I need to search for a Polish-British novelist.", "action": "Search[Polish-British novelist]", "observation": "Could not find Polish-British novelist. Similar: ['List of exophonic writers', 'The Nigger of the \"Narcissus\" (category 1897 British novels)', 'Joseph Conrad (category 19th-century Polish novelists)', 'List of Polish-language poets', 'Poles in the United Kingdom (redirect from Polish British)']."}, {"thought": "The novel is by Sudanese novelist Tayeb Salih, so the answer is no counter narrative. ", "action": "Finish[no counter narrative]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The Type 90 tank built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is to be superseded by what generation of main battle tank of the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force?": [{"thought": "I need to search Type 90 tank, find the company that built it, then find the generation of main battle tank that will supersede it.", "action": "Search[Type 90 tank]", "observation": "The Type 90 tank (90\u5f0f\u6226\u8eca, Ky\u016b-maru-shiki-sensha) is a main battle tank (MBT) of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF). It was designed and built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries as a replacement for the Type 61 and to supplement the then current fleet of Type 74 tanks, and entered service in 1990.. After the adoption of the Type 74, the Japanese High Command was already looking for a superior, completely indigenous tank design to defeat the Soviet T-72. As a result, development of a prototype, the TK-X MBT began between 1976 and 1977. Joint development was performed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and TRDI (Japan Defense Agency's Technology Research and Development Institute)."}, {"thought": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries built the Type 90 tank. I need to search the company and find the generation of main battle tank that will supersede it.", "action": "Search[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]", "observation": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (\u4e09\u83f1\u91cd\u5de5\u696d\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e, Mitsubishi J\u016bk\u014dgy\u014d Kabushiki-kaisha, MHI) is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment and electronics corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. MHI is one of the core companies of the Mitsubishi Group and its automobile division is the predecessor of Mitsubishi Motors.. MHI's products include aerospace and automotive components, air conditioners, elevators, forklift trucks, hydraulic equipment, printing machines, missiles, tanks,[3] power systems, ships, aircraft, railway systems, and space launch vehicles.[4][5] Through its defense-related activities, it is the world's 23rd-largest defense contractor measured by 2011 defense revenues and the largest based in Japan.[6]. In 1857, at the request of the Tokugawa Shogunate, a group of Dutch engineers were invited, including Dutch naval engineer Hendrik Hardes, and began work on the Nagasaki Yotetsusho (\u9577\u5d0e\u9394\u9244\u6240), a modern, Western-style foundry and shipyard near the Dutch settlement of Dejima, at Nagasaki.[7] This was renamed Nagasaki Seitetsusho (\u9577\u5d0e\u88fd\u9244\u6240) Nagasaki Iron (Steel) Foundry in 1860, and construction was completed in 1861."}, {"thought": "The company has a long history and produces various products. I need to instead search Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems and find the generation of main battle tank that will supersede the Type 90.", "action": "Search[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems]", "observation": "Could not find Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems. Similar: ['Mitsubishi Heavy Industries', 'Mitsubishi Electric', 'Mitsubishi F-X', 'Mitsubishi H-60', 'Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems (MHID) and find the generation of main battle tank that will supersede the Type 90.", "action": "Search[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems (MHID)]", "observation": "Could not find Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems (MHID). Similar: ['Nissan (category Renault\u2013Nissan\u2013Mitsubishi Alliance)']."}, {"thought": "I need to instead search Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems (MHID) and find the generation of main battle tank that will supersede the Type 90.", "action": "Search[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems (MHID)]", "observation": "Could not find Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Defense Systems (MHID). Similar: ['Nissan (category Renault\u2013Nissan\u2013Mitsubishi Alliance)']."}]} +{"Question: Which university's teams with a mascot called Stomper began competing in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2008?": [{"thought": "I need to search universities with a mascot called Stomper, find which ones began competing in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2008, then find the answer.", "action": "Search[Stomper]", "observation": "This is a list of current and former Major League Baseball mascots, sorted alphabetically.. The tradition in the Major League Baseball mascot began with Mr. Met, introduced for the New York Mets when Shea Stadium opened in 1964. Although some mascots came and went over time, the popularity of mascots increased when The San Diego Chicken started independently making appearances at San Diego Padres games in 1977. Philadelphia Phillies management felt they needed a mascot similar to the Chicken, so they debuted the Phillie Phanatic in 1978.."}, {"thought": "The paragraph does not mention universities. I need to search Stomper mascot universities.", "action": "Search[Stomper mascot universities]", "observation": "Could not find Stomper mascot universities. Similar: ['Stomper the Maverick', 'List of Major League Baseball mascots', 'List of college mascots in the United States', 'Sparky the Sun Devil (redirect from Sparky (mascot))', 'Minnesota State University, Mankato']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for universities with a mascot called Stomper and see if any of them began competing in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2008.", "action": "Search[universities with Stomper mascot]", "observation": "Could not find universities with Stomper mascot. Similar: ['Stomper the Maverick', 'List of Major League Baseball mascots', 'List of college mascots in the United States', 'Sparky the Sun Devil (redirect from Sparky (mascot))', 'Minnesota State University, Mankato']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for universities with a mascot called Stomper and see if any of them began competing in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference.", "action": "Search[universities with Stomper mascot competing in Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference]", "observation": "Could not find universities with Stomper mascot competing in Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference. Similar: ['Minnesota State University, Mankato', 'Minnesota State Mavericks (redirect from Minnesota State University Mankato Mavericks)']."}, {"thought": "Minnesota State University, Mankato has a mascot called Stomper and began competing in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2008. So the answer is Minnesota State University, Mankato.", "action": "Finish[Minnesota State University, Mankato]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: The Bart the Fink episode of The Simpsons aired in February of 1996, and involves the host of which kiddie show?": [{"thought": "I need to search The Simpsons, find the Bart the Fink episode, then find the host of the kiddie show involved.", "action": "Search[The Simpsons]", "observation": "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company.[1][2][3] The series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Set in the fictional town of Springfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and the human condition.. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks. He created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to \"simpleton\".[4] The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987."}, {"thought": "The Bart the Fink episode aired in February of 1996. I need to find the episode in the paragraph.", "action": "Lookup[Bart the Fink]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I need to search The Tracey Ullman Show and find the episode there.", "action": "Search[The Tracey Ullman Show]", "observation": "The Tracey Ullman Show is an American television sketch comedy variety show starring Tracey Ullman. It debuted on Fox on April 5, 1987, as the network's second original primetime series to air following Married... with Children, and ran for four seasons and 81 episodes, until May 26, 1990. The show was produced by Gracie Films. The show blended sketch comedy with musical numbers and dance routines, choreographed by Paula Abdul, along with animated shorts."}, {"thought": "The Tracey Ullman Show aired from 1987 to 1990, so the episode must be in one of the 81 episodes. I need to search for the episode in the list.", "action": "Lookup[81 episodes]", "observation": "(Result 1 / 1) with Children, and ran for four seasons and 81 episodes, until May 26, 1990."}, {"thought": "The episode must be in one of the 81 episodes. I need to search for the episode in the list.", "action": "Lookup[February 1996]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}]} +{"Question: Where was the 2015 MSA Formula Championship, a multi-event, Formula 4 open-wheel single seater motor racing championship held?": [{"thought": "I need to search 2015 MSA Formula Championship, find its location, and find what type of event it is.", "action": "Search[2015 MSA Formula Championship]", "observation": "The 2015 MSA Formula Championship was a multi-event, Formula 4 open-wheel single seater motor racing championship held across England and Scotland. The championship featured a mix of professional motor racing teams and privately funded drivers, competing in Formula 4 cars that conformed to the technical regulations for the championship. This, the inaugural season, following on from the British Formula Ford Championship, was the first year that the cars conformed to the FIA's Formula 4 regulations.[1] Part of the TOCA tour, it formed part of the extensive program of support categories built up around the British Touring Car Championship centrepiece.[2]. The season commenced on 5 April at Brands Hatch\u00a0\u2013 on the circuit's Indy configuration\u00a0\u2013 and concluded on 11 October at the same venue, utilising the Grand Prix circuit, after thirty races held at ten meetings, all in support of the 2015 British Touring Car Championship.. Lando Norris won the championship with eight victories, 42 points ahead of Ricky Collard, who won six races."}, {"thought": "The 2015 MSA Formula Championship was held across England and Scotland. I need to search the location of the championship.", "action": "Search[England and Scotland]", "observation": "Could not find England and Scotland. Similar: ['Charles II of England', 'James VI and I', 'Charles I of England', 'England\u2013Scotland football rivalry', 'Mary II of England']."}, {"thought": "The championship was held in England and Scotland, so the answer is England and Scotland.", "action": "Finish[England and Scotland]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Cyrina Fiallo has guest starred on which Michael Jacobs-created sitcom?": [{"thought": "I need to search Cyrina Fiallo and Michael Jacobs, find the sitcoms created by Michael Jacobs, then find which sitcom Cyrina Fiallo guest starred on.", "action": "Search[Cyrina Fiallo]", "observation": "Cyrina Fiallo (born December 29, 1991) is an American actress.. Born in Miami, Florida, she is of Cuban and Italian descent.[2]. Fiallo is best known for her recurring role as Vonnie on the Disney Channel sitcom Good Luck Charlie. She also has guest starred on Everybody Hates Chris, Community, Gigantic, Glee, Switched at Birth, Girl Meets World and Supernatural.[3] She also starred in the internet television series My Alibi and The Subpranos, the latter of which she co-wrote, co-directed and co-produced with fellow actress Chrissie Fit.[4]. She is also a member of the cover group The Girls, alongside fellow actresses Alison Brie and Julianna Guill.[5]."}, {"thought": "Cyrina Fiallo has guest starred on Everybody Hates Chris, Community, Gigantic, Glee, Switched at Birth, Girl Meets World, and Supernatural. I need to search Michael Jacobs next and find the sitcoms he created.", "action": "Search[Michael Jacobs]", "observation": "Could not find [Michael Jacobs]. Similar: ['Michael Jacobs (producer)', 'Michael Jacobs Productions', 'Michael Jacobs (footballer)', 'Michael Jacobs', 'Michael Jacobs (economist)']."}, {"thought": "I cannot find the Michael Jacobs who created sitcoms. Maybe I can look up \"sitcom creator\".", "action": "Lookup[sitcom creator]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since I cannot find the specific sitcom creator, I will just list the popular sitcoms and see if any of them were created by Michael Jacobs.", "action": "Search[Good Luck Charlie]", "observation": "Good Luck Charlie is an American sitcom that aired on Disney Channel from April 4, 2010, to February 16, 2014. The series' creators, Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen, wanted to create a program that would appeal to entire families, not just children. It focuses on the Duncan family of Denver as they adjust to the births of their fourth and fifth children, Charlotte \"Charlie\" (Mia Talerico) and Toby (Logan Moreau). In each episode, Teddy Duncan (Bridgit Mendler) adds to a video diary that contains advice for Charlie about their family and life as a teenager. Teddy tries to show Charlie what she might go through when she is older for future reference."}, {"thought": "Good Luck Charlie was created by Phil Baker and Drew Vaupen, not Michael Jacobs. So Cyrina Fiallo did not guest star on a Michael Jacobs-created sitcom.", "action": "Finish[none]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Which was published founded most recently, InStyle or Godey's Lady's Book?": [{"thought": "I need to search InStyle and Godey's Lady's Book, find their publication dates, then find which was published most recently.", "action": "Search[InStyle]", "observation": "InStyle is an American monthly women's fashion magazine founded in 1994.[2] It was published in the United States by Dotdash Meredith, and started originally as a brand extension of People before carving out its own identity.[3] In February 2022, it was announced that InStyle would cease print publications and move to a digital-only format.[4]. Although Instyle was well known for its advertising, it also shared a diverse range of content encompassing beauty, fashion, home, entertaining, philanthropy, celebrity lifestyles, feminism, and compelling human-interest stories, Instyle magazine has been under the leadership of notable Editors-in-Chief. This esteemed roster includes Martha Nelson (1993-2002), Charla Lawhon (2002-2008), Ariel Foxman (2008-2016), and Laura Brown (2017-2022).. After originating in the United States, InStyle had expanded their brand and, as of 2012, had distributed internationally to over 16 countries including Germany, Brazil, Greece, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, South Africa, Romania,[5] and Russia. In May 2017, InStyle China was launched as part of a partnership with an existing weekly magazine,[citation needed] which featured Victoria Beckham on its inaugural cover.[6] In 2018, the UK edition shifted from paper to digital version, and the Polish edition was cancelled after 10 years of publication.[7] The InStyleUK website is inactive.."}, {"thought": "InStyle was founded in 1994. I need to search Godey's Lady's Book next.", "action": "Search[Godey's Lady's Book]", "observation": "Godey's Lady's Book, alternatively known as Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book, was an American women's magazine that was published in Philadelphia from 1830 to 1878. It was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War.[1] Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the 1840s to 150,000 in 1860.[2] In the 1860s Godey's considered itself the \"queen of monthlies\". After several changes, it ceased publication in 1896.. The magazine was published by Louis A. Godey from Philadelphia for 48 years (1830\u20131878).[3] Godey intended to take advantage of the popularity of gift books, many of which were marketed specifically to women.[4] Each issue contained poetry, articles, and engravings created by prominent writers and other artists of the time."}, {"thought": "Godey's Lady's Book was founded in 1830. 1830 (Godey's Lady's Book) < 1994 (InStyle), so Godey's Lady's Book was published most recently.", "action": "Finish[Godey's Lady's Book]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What conference is the team that is head coached by the uncle of Scott Turner?": [{"thought": "I need to search Scott Turner, find his uncle, then find the conference of the team he coaches.", "action": "Search[Scott Turner]", "observation": "Could not find [Scott Turner]. Similar: ['Turner & Hooch', 'Scott Turner (American football)', 'Scott Turner', 'Turner & Hooch (TV series)', 'Scott Turner (politician)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching Scott Turner (American football) instead.", "action": "Search[Scott Turner (American football)]", "observation": "Scott Michael Turner (born August 7, 1982) is an American football coach who is the pass game coordinator for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He has also been an assistant coach for the Minnesota Vikings, Cleveland Browns, Carolina Panthers, as well as an offensive coordinator for the Washington Football Team / Commanders. He is the son of former NFL head coach Norv Turner.. Turner was born in Los Angeles on August 7, 1982. He spent some of his childhood in Coppell, Texas, while his father, Norv, was the offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys teams that won two Super Bowls."}, {"thought": "Norv Turner is Scott Turner's father, not uncle. I need to search Norv Turner next.", "action": "Search[Norv Turner]", "observation": "Norval Turner[1] (born May 17, 1952) is a former American football coach in the National Football League (NFL). An offensive assistant for the majority of his coaching career, Turner was the Dallas Cowboys' offensive coordinator during their consecutive Super Bowl victories in Super Bowl XXVII and Super Bowl XXVIII. In addition to his assistant coaching, Turner was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1994 to 2000, the Oakland Raiders from 2004 to 2005, and the San Diego Chargers from 2007 to 2012.. Turner compiled 118 wins during his head coaching tenure, which are the most for an NFL head coach with a losing record. He is also the only NFL head coach to have both 100 wins and an overall losing record.."}, {"thought": "Norv Turner is Scott Turner's father and has been head coach for multiple teams. I need to find which team he is currently head coach for.", "action": "Search[Washington Football Team]", "observation": "National Football League (1932\u2013present). The Washington Commanders are a professional American football team based in the Greater Washington D.C. area. The Commanders compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover, Maryland; its headquarters and training facility are in Ashburn, Virginia."}, {"thought": "The Washington Commanders are currently coached by Ron Rivera, not Norv Turner. I need to search Norv Turner's previous teams.", "action": "Search[San Diego Chargers]", "observation": "American Football League (1961\u20131969). National Football League (1970\u20132016). The San Diego Chargers were a professional American football team that played in San Diego from 1961 until the end of the 2016 season, before relocating back to Los Angeles, where the franchise had played its inaugural 1960 season. The team is now known as the Los Angeles Chargers.. The Chargers' first home game in San Diego was at Balboa Stadium against the Oakland Raiders on September 17, 1961."}]} +{"Question: Akademik Lomonosov was named after a Russian polymath, scientist, and writer, who discovered the atmosphere of what planet?": [{"thought": "I need to search Akademik Lomonosov, find who it was named after, then find which planet's atmosphere was discovered by that person.", "action": "Search[Akademik Lomonosov]", "observation": "Akademik Lomonosov (Russian: \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432) is a non-self-propelled power barge that operates as the first Russian floating nuclear power station. The ship was named after academician Mikhail Lomonosov. It is docked in the Pevek harbour, providing heat to the town and supplying electricity to the regional Chaun-Bilibino power system. It is the world\u2019s northernmost nuclear power plant.[3]. Construction started at the Sevmash Submarine-Building Plant in Severodvinsk."}, {"thought": "Akademik Lomonosov was named after academician Mikhail Lomonosov. I need to search Mikhail Lomonosov and find which planet's atmosphere he discovered.", "action": "Search[Mikhail Lomonosov]", "observation": "Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (/\u02ccl\u0252m\u0259\u02c8n\u0252s\u0252f/;[1] Russian: \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b (\u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e) \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432; 19 November\u00a0[O.S. 8 November]\u00a01711 \u2013 15 April\u00a0[O.S. 4 April]\u00a01765) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others."}, {"thought": "Mikhail Lomonosov discovered the atmosphere of Venus. So the answer is Venus.", "action": "Finish[Venus]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: What was the setting for Raphael Coleman's best known film?": [{"thought": "I need to search Raphael Coleman and find his best known film, then find the setting for the film.", "action": "Search[Raphael Coleman]", "observation": "Rapha\u00ebl Coleman (30 September 1994 \u2013 6 February 2020) was an English climate change activist and former actor.. Raph\u00e4el Coleman was born in Wandsworth, England in September 1994.[1]. As a child, Coleman acted in several films and was best known for his role as Eric Brown in Nanny McPhee. He subsequently gave up acting, took the name James \"Iggy\" Fox,[2] and became a climate change activist involved with the group Extinction Rebellion.[3] He wrote that he became an environmental activist after seven years studying towards his M.Sc. degree in zoology.[4][2]."}, {"thought": "Raphael Coleman's best known film is Nanny McPhee. I need to find the setting for Nanny McPhee.", "action": "Lookup[setting]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "I need to search Nanny McPhee and find its setting.", "action": "Search[Nanny McPhee]", "observation": "Nanny McPhee is a 2005 comedy drama fantasy film based on the Nurse Matilda character by Christianna Brand. It was directed by Kirk Jones, coproduced by StudioCanal, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, Working Title Films, Three Strange Angels, and Nanny McPhee Productions with music by Patrick Doyle, and produced by Lindsay Doran, Tim Bevan, and Eric Fellner. Set in Victorian England in the 1860s, the film stars Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee, along with Colin Firth and Angela Lansbury.. The film was theatrically released on 28 October 2005 in the UK by United International Pictures and on 27 January 2006 in the US by Universal Pictures. Thompson also scripted the film, which is adapted from Christianna Brand's Nurse Matilda books."}, {"thought": "The setting for Nanny McPhee is Victorian England in the 1860s.", "action": "Finish[Victorian England in the 1860s]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: How many rooms are in the building built in 1883 at Garden City in Nassau County, New York?": [{"thought": "I need to search Garden City, find the building built in 1883, then find the number of rooms in the building.", "action": "Search[Garden City]", "observation": "Could not find [Garden City]. Similar: ['Garden city movement', 'Garden City', 'Garden City, Kansas', 'Garden City Broncbusters', 'Welwyn Garden City']."}, {"thought": "To find the building built in 1883, I can search Garden City, New York.", "action": "Search[Garden City, New York]", "observation": "Garden City is a village located on Long Island in Nassau County, New York. It is the anchor city of the Greater Garden City community. The population was 23,272 at the 2020 census.[2]. The Incorporated Village of Garden City is primarily located within the Town of Hempstead, with the exception being a small area at the northern tip of the village located within the Town of North Hempstead.. In 1869, Irish-born millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart bought a portion of the lightly populated Hempstead Plains.[4] In a letter, Stewart described his intentions for Garden City:."}, {"thought": "The building built in 1883 must be mentioned in the history of Garden City. I can search for \"1883\" in the passage.", "action": "Lookup[1883]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "The building built in 1883 is not mentioned in the passage. I can try searching for \"rooms\" in the passage and see if any buildings are mentioned.", "action": "Lookup[rooms]", "observation": "No more results.\n"}, {"thought": "Since the building is not mentioned, I can try searching for the population of Garden City in 1883 and estimate the number of rooms based on the population.", "action": "Search[population of Garden City in 1883]", "observation": "Could not find population of Garden City in 1883. Similar: ['Garden City, Kansas', 'Garden City, Georgia', 'List of municipalities in Utah', 'List of cities in Iowa', 'Finney County, Kansas (redirect from Garden City, KS \u03bcSA)']."}]} +{"Question: Are John Tardy and Stza from the same country?": [{"thought": "I need to search John Tardy and Stza, find their countries, then find if they are the same.", "action": "Search[John Tardy]", "observation": "Obituary is an American death metal band formed in Tampa, Florida, in 1984. They were one of the fundamental acts in the development of death metal music,[1] and are one of the most successful death metal bands of all time.[2] Obituary has released eleven studio albums, and with the exception of a six-year hiatus from 1997 to 2003, they continue to perform live.. Initially called Executioner, the band changed its name to Xecutioner in 1986 to avoid confusion with the thrash metal band Executioner from Boston, and then changed its name once again to Obituary in 1988. Obituary's current lineup consists of vocalist John Tardy, drummer Donald Tardy, rhythm guitarist Trevor Peres, bassist Terry Butler, and lead guitarist Ken Andrews. The band has gone through several lineup changes, with the Tardy brothers and Peres being the only constant members."}, {"thought": "John Tardy is a vocalist. I need to search Stza next and find its country.", "action": "Search[Stza]", "observation": "Scott Sturgeon, also known as Stza Crack or simply Stza (/\u02c8st\u026az\u0259/ STIZ-\u0259; born March 4, 1976), is an American musician and artist who has fronted several ska-punk bands in the New York City area, the best-known being Choking Victim and Left\u00f6ver Crack.[1] The stage name Stza is a tribute to the Wu-Tang Clan, members of which would take their stage names from the Supreme Alphabet of the Five-Percent Nation, such as GZA (God ZigZagZig Allah) and RZA (Ruler ZigZagZig Allah) - Stza's name would therefore be Self Truth ZigZagZig Allah.. Stza was raised in New York by his mother, who he classified as an \"over-protective Jewish mom\". He rarely saw his biological father, and his stepfather died by suicide.[2] As a teenager, he dropped out of high school, ran away from home, and began riding freight trains.[3] During this time, he began using heroin and crack cocaine. He later described drugs as a positive influence in his life and said that he would have killed himself during this time if not for drugs because he was \"very lonely and suicidal.\"[4]. In 1990, Stza and a friend of his, Alec Baillie, formed No Commercial Value, which later evolved into Choking Victim and then again into Left\u00f6ver Crack."}, {"thought": "Stza is a musician. So John Tardy and Stza are not from the same country.", "action": "Finish[no]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: What is the name of the largest shipping facility in the Northeastern United States, where the Boston Red Socks play?": [{"thought": "I need to search the largest shipping facility in the Northeastern United States, find its name, then find where the Boston Red Socks play.", "action": "Search[largest shipping facility Northeastern United States]", "observation": "Could not find largest shipping facility Northeastern United States. Similar: ['Port Newark\u2013Elizabeth Marine Terminal', 'Newark Bay', 'United States Navy', 'Seneca Army Depot (category United States Army logistics installations)', 'Tobyhanna Army Depot (category United States Army logistics installations)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for the largest shipping facility in the Northeastern United States by state. ", "action": "Search[largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by state]", "observation": "Could not find largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by state. Similar: ['New Jersey (redirect from New Jersey, United States)', 'New York (state)', 'New York City (redirect from United States largest city)', 'Newark Bay (category Bays of New York (state))', 'United States Navy']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for the largest shipping facility in the Northeastern United States by city. ", "action": "Search[largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by city]", "observation": "Could not find largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by city. Similar: ['New York City', 'Elizabeth City, North Carolina', 'Houston (redirect from Houston, United States)', 'Port Newark\u2013Elizabeth Marine Terminal', 'Boston (redirect from Boston, United States)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for the largest shipping facility in the Northeastern United States by region. ", "action": "Search[largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by region]", "observation": "Could not find largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by region. Similar: ['Port Newark\u2013Elizabeth Marine Terminal', 'United States Navy', 'Western New York (redirect from Western New York region)', 'Seneca Army Depot (category United States Army logistics installations)', 'History of the United States']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for the largest shipping facility in the Northeastern United States by industry. ", "action": "Search[largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by industry]", "observation": "Could not find largest shipping facility Northeastern United States by industry. Similar: ['Trucking industry in the United States', 'Newark Bay', 'United States Navy', 'History of the United States', 'New York City (redirect from United States largest city)']."}]} +{"Question: What author wrote a three book series of memoirs that are studied in school systems around the world?": [{"thought": "I need to search three book series of memoirs, find the author, and see if the books are studied in school systems around the world.", "action": "Search[three book series of memoirs]", "observation": "Could not find three book series of memoirs. Similar: ['Sherston trilogy (redirect from The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston)', 'Gl\u00fcckel of Hameln', 'Larry Smith (editor) (category University of Pennsylvania alumni)', 'Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds', 'List of Heartbeat episodes']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for famous memoir series instead.", "action": "Search[famous memoir series]", "observation": "Could not find famous memoir series. Similar: ['Almost Famous', 'Saimdang, Memoir of Colors', 'Minka Kelly (section 2021\u2013present: Television roles and memoir)', 'Gypsy Rose Lee (section Memoir)', 'Six-Word Memoirs (redirect from Six-word memoir)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for famous memoirs instead.", "action": "Search[famous memoirs]", "observation": "Could not find famous memoirs. Similar: ['Memoirs of a Geisha', 'Six-Word Memoirs', 'Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant', 'Winifred Wells', 'Memoirs of a Revolutionist']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for famous memoirs studied in school systems.", "action": "Search[famous memoirs studied in school systems]", "observation": "Could not find famous memoirs studied in school systems. Similar: ['Catherine the Great (section In popular culture)', 'Ri\u010dardas Gavelis (section Memoirs of a Young Man)', 'Morris Edward Opler (section Famous Publications)', 'Kurt G\u00f6del (section Studies in Vienna)', 'Eugene Odum (category Systems ecologists)']."}, {"thought": "I can try searching for famous memoirs studied in school systems around the world.", "action": "Search[famous memoirs studied in school systems around the world]", "observation": "Could not find famous memoirs studied in school systems around the world. Similar: ['Catherine the Great', 'Xingyiquan (section Famous practitioners)', 'Sim\u00e9on Denis Poisson (category Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy)', 'Ri\u010dardas Gavelis (section Memoirs of a Young Man)', 'Isaac Newton (redirect from The Net (substance))']."}]} +{"Question: Robin R. Bottin is known for his collaboration with an American director and producer who won an Academy Award, Golden Globe and BAFTA award for what movie?": [{"thought": "I need to search Robin R. Bottin, find his collaboration with an American director and producer, then find the movie they won awards for.", "action": "Search[Robin R. Bottin]", "observation": "Could not find Robin R. Bottin. Similar: ['Rob Bottin', 'Ridley Scott', 'Seven (1995 film)', 'Saturn Award for Best Make-up', 'Steve Johnson (special effects artist)']."}, {"thought": "To find the movie, I can search Rob Bottin instead.", "action": "Search[Rob Bottin]", "observation": "Robin R. Bottin[1] (born April 1, 1959) is an American special make-up effects creator. Known for his collaborations with directors John Carpenter, Paul Verhoeven and David Fincher, Bottin worked with Carpenter on both The Fog and The Thing, with Verhoeven on RoboCop, Total Recall and Basic Instinct, and with Fincher on Se7en and Fight Club. His many other film credits include The Howling, Legend, Innerspace and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.. Well respected in his field of prosthetic makeup (better known as special make-up effects), and described in 2013 as a \"special effects genius\",[2] Bottin was nominated for an Oscar in 1986 for Best Makeup, and was awarded a Special Achievement Academy Award at the 1991 Academy Awards."}, {"thought": "Rob Bottin collaborated with John Carpenter, Paul Verhoeven, and David Fincher. I need to find which movie won awards for these three directors.", "action": "Search[John Carpenter, Paul Verhoeven, David Fincher]", "observation": "Could not find John Carpenter, Paul Verhoeven, David Fincher. Similar: ['Rob Bottin', 'Blank Check with Griffin & David', 'Saturn Award for Best Director', 'List of film auteurs', 'Vulgar auteurism']."}, {"thought": "I can instead search for the awards won by Rob Bottin.", "action": "Search[awards won by Rob Bottin]", "observation": "Could not find awards won by Rob Bottin. Similar: ['Rob Bottin', '63rd Academy Awards', 'Legend (1985 film) (category Films directed by Ridley Scott)', 'The Howling (film) (category Films directed by Joe Dante)', 'Stan Winston (category Best Makeup Academy Award winners)']."}, {"thought": "I can search for the awards won by the movies Rob Bottin worked on.", "action": "Search[awards won by movies Rob Bottin worked on]", "observation": "Could not find awards won by movies Rob Bottin worked on. Similar: ['Legend (1985 film) (category Films directed by Ridley Scott)', 'The Howling (film) (category Films directed by Joe Dante)', 'Richard Taylor (filmmaker) (redirect from Richard Taylor (movies))', 'RoboCop (category Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award)', 'Phil Tippett (category Special Achievement Academy Award winners)']."}]} +{"Question: Who directed the film to which \" A Perfect Murder\" was a modern remake? ": [{"thought": "I need to search A Perfect Murder and find the film it was a modern remake of, then find the director of that film.", "action": "Search[A Perfect Murder]", "observation": "A Perfect Murder is a 1998 American crime thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Michael Douglas, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Viggo Mortensen. It is a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film Dial M for Murder, though the characters' names have been changed and much of the plot has been rewritten and altered from its original form. Loosely based on the play by Frederick Knott, the screenplay was written by Patrick Smith Kelly.[1]. Wall Street financier Steven Taylor is married to the much younger Emily. When his risky personal investments start unraveling, he intends to access Emily's $100 million fortune to cover his losses."}, {"thought": "A Perfect Murder is a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film Dial M for Murder. I need to find the director of Dial M for Murder.", "action": "Search[Dial M for Murder]", "observation": "Dial M for Murder is a 1954 American crime thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock,[4] starring Ray Milland, Grace Kelly, Robert Cummings, Anthony Dawson, and John Williams. Both the screenplay and the successful stage play on which it was based were written by English playwright Frederick Knott. The play premiered in 1952 on BBC Television,[5] before being performed on stage in the same year in London's West End in June, and then New York's Broadway in October.. Originally intended to be shown in dual-strip polarized 3-D, the film played in most theatres in ordinary 2-D due to the loss of interest in the 3-D process (the projection of which was difficult and error-prone) by the time of its release.[6] The film earned an estimated $2.7 million in North American box office sales in 1954.[7]. In the mid-1950s, Tony Wendice, a retired English professional tennis player, is married to wealthy socialite Margot, who has been having an affair with their friend Mark Halliday, an American crime-fiction writer."}, {"thought": "Dial M for Murder was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. So the director of the film to which A Perfect Murder was a modern remake is Alfred Hitchcock.", "action": "Finish[Alfred Hitchcock]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} +{"Question: Who is older, Jed Hoyer or John William Henry II?": [{"thought": "I need to search Jed Hoyer and John William Henry II, find their ages, then compare to see who is older.", "action": "Search[Jed Hoyer]", "observation": "Jed Hoyer (born December 7, 1973) is the president of baseball operations of the Chicago Cubs.[1] He has been the general manager of the San Diego Padres and the assistant general manager of the Boston Red Sox.. Hoyer was born in Plymouth, New Hampshire, and is Jewish.[2][3][4]. Hoyer graduated from the Holderness School in Holderness, New Hampshire, where his mother was the school nurse and his father was the school doctor, in 1992.[5][6] He then went to Wesleyan University in Connecticut, majoring in American history, where he was a shortstop and star pitcher who shares Wesleyan's career saves record with Sam Elias and Nick Miceli.[7] During his time at Wesleyan University he was also initiated into and is a brother of Delta Kappa Epsilon.[8] In 1995, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Bourne Braves of the Cape Cod Baseball League,[9][10][11] and the Waterbury Barons of the New England Collegiate Baseball League, seeing innings on the mound and at shortstop. Hoyer worked in the admissions office and then the alumni/development office, and was also a baseball coach at the university after graduating. He worked in the admissions department of Kenyon College before joining the Red Sox at 28.[12]."}, {"thought": "Jed Hoyer was born in 1973. I need to search John William Henry II next.", "action": "Search[John William Henry II]", "observation": "Could not find John William Henry II. Similar: ['John W. Henry', 'William II of England', 'Henry Ford II', 'Henry II of England', 'King John (play)']."}, {"thought": "John William Henry II is not a known person. I need to search John W. Henry instead.", "action": "Search[John W. Henry]", "observation": "John William Henry II (born September 13, 1949)[2] is an American businessman and the founder of John W. Henry & Company, an investment management firm. He is the principal owner of Liverpool Football Club, the Boston Red Sox, The Boston Globe, and co-owner of RFK Racing. As of August 2023, Forbes estimated his net worth to be US$4 billion. [3]."}, {"thought": "John W. Henry was born in 1949. Jed Hoyer (1973) > John W. Henry (1949), so John W. Henry is older.", "action": "Finish[John W. Henry]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Edwyn Collins and Ian Gillan both have which profession in common?": [{"thought": "I need to search Edwyn Collins and Ian Gillan, find their professions, then find the profession they have in common.", "action": "Search[Edwyn Collins]", "observation": "Edwyn Stephen Collins (born 23 August 1959) is a British musician, producer and record label owner from Edinburgh. Collins was the lead singer for the 1980s post-punk band Orange Juice, which he co-founded. After the group split in 1985, Collins started a solo career. His 1994 single \"A Girl Like You\" was a worldwide hit.[1]. In February 2005, Collins was hospitalised after two cerebral haemorrhages which resulted in aphasia, and he needed months to recover.[2][3] He resumed his musical career in 2007.[4] A documentary film on his recovery, The Possibilities Are Endless, was released in 2014.[2]."}, {"thought": "Edwyn Collins is a musician, producer, and record label owner. I need to search Ian Gillan next and find his profession.", "action": "Search[Ian Gillan]", "observation": "Ian Gillan (born 19 August 1945) is an English singer who is best known as the lead singer and lyricist for the rock band Deep Purple. He is known for his powerful and wide-ranging singing voice.. Initially influenced by Elvis Presley, Gillan started and fronted several local bands in the mid-1960s, and eventually joined Episode Six when their original singer left. He first found widespread commercial success after joining Deep Purple in 1969. He resigned from the band in June 1973, having given a lengthy notice period to their managers."}, {"thought": "Ian Gillan is a singer and lyricist. So Edwyn Collins and Ian Gillan have the profession of musician in common.", "action": "Finish[musician]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Where was the university at which Barrie Ciliberti was a professor located? ": [{"thought": "I need to search Barrie Ciliberti and find the university where he was a professor.", "action": "Search[Barrie Ciliberti]", "observation": "Barrie Ciliberti (born July 27, 1936) is an American professor and politician. He is a professor at the University of Maryland University College and current Republican legislator in the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 4. He previously represented District 39 in the House of Delegates from 1995 to 1999.. Ciliberti was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he graduated from Friends Select School. He later attended Ursinus College, where he earned a B.A."}, {"thought": "Barrie Ciliberti is a professor at the University of Maryland University College. So I need to finish the task and return the answer.", "action": "Finish[University of Maryland University College]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Which professional tennis player was born first, Lucie Hradeck\u00e1 or Raffaella Reggi?": [{"thought": "I need to search Lucie Hradeck\u00e1 and Raffaella Reggi, find their birth dates, then find which was born first.", "action": "Search[Lucie Hradeck\u00e1]", "observation": "Lucie Hradeck\u00e1 (Czech pronunciation: [\u02c8luts\u026aj\u025b \u02c8\u0266rad\u025btska\u02d0]; born 21 May 1985) is a Czech former professional tennis player. A three-time Grand Slam doubles champion and 26-time WTA Tour doubles titlist, she reached her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 4 in October 2012. She was also an integral member of the Czech Republic's national team and helped her country to win five titles at the Fed Cup (now Billie Jean King Cup) between 2011 and 2016, in addition to winning two Olympic medals in both women's doubles with Andrea Sestini Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 in 2012 and in mixed doubles with Radek \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek in 2016. Hradeck\u00e1 also reached the top 45 in singles and was a finalist in seven tour-level singles tournaments."}, {"thought": "Lucie Hradeck\u00e1 was born on May 21, 1985. I need to search Raffaella Reggi next and find her birth date.", "action": "Search[Raffaella Reggi]", "observation": "Raffaella Reggi (Italian pronunciation: [raffa\u02c8\u025blla \u02c8redd\u0292i]; born 27 November 1965) is an Italian TV pundit and former professional tennis player.. As a junior, Reggi won the Orange Bowl 16 and under in 1981. She was a member of the Continental Players Cup Team in 1982.. Reggi won the mixed doubles title at the US Open in 1986, partnering Sergio Casal. She was a singles quarter-finalist at the French Open in 1987, and reached a career-high singles ranking of World No."}, {"thought": "Raffaella Reggi was born on November 27, 1965. May 21, 1985 (Lucie Hradeck\u00e1) < November 27, 1965 (Raffaella Reggi), so Lucie Hradeck\u00e1 was born first.", "action": "Finish[Lucie Hradeck\u00e1]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 0\n"}]} +{"Question: Which tennis player is South African, Mariaan de Swardt or Kateryna Bondarenko?": [{"thought": "I need to search Mariaan de Swardt and Kateryna Bondarenko, find their nationalities, then find which one is South African.", "action": "Search[Mariaan de Swardt]", "observation": "Mariaan de Swardt (born 18 March 1971) is a former professional tennis player from South Africa, who was active from 1988 to 2001. She twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics, in 1992 and 1996,[1] and was a member of the South Africa Fed Cup team in 1992 and from 1994 to 1997. In 2006, de Swardt became a U.S. citizen.[citation needed]. De Swardt won two Grand Slam titles in mixed-doubles competition, the 1999 Australian Open and the 2000 French Open with partner David Adams.[2][3]."}, {"thought": "Mariaan de Swardt is South African. I need to search Kateryna Bondarenko next and find her nationality.", "action": "Search[Kateryna Bondarenko]", "observation": "Kateryna Volodymyrivna Volodko (n\u00e9e Bondarenko; Ukrainian: \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e; born 8 August 1986) is a tennis player from Ukraine. She was the doubles champion in 2008 at the Australian Open, partnering her sister Alona Bondarenko. Kateryna is the younger sister of professional tennis players Valeria and Alona.. She plays right-handed and turned pro in 2000.[1] Her career-high rankings in singles and doubles are world No. 29 and No."}, {"thought": "Kateryna Bondarenko is Ukrainian. So Mariaan de Swardt is the South African tennis player.", "action": "Finish[Mariaan de Swardt]", "observation": "Episode finished, reward = 1\n"}]} diff --git a/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/README.md b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/README.md index 52141914aeb..cfebbac9b33 100644 --- a/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/README.md +++ b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/README.md @@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openai/grade-school-math/master/grade_sch ## Run benchmark +NOTE: This is an implementation for throughput/latency benchmark purposes. The prompts are not tuned to achieve good accuracy on the GSM-8K tasks. + ### Benchmark sglang ``` python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000 ``` ``` -python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 32 --parallel 8 +python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 32 python3 bench_sglang.py --num-questions 16 --parallel 1 ``` diff --git a/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/bench_other.py b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/bench_other.py index 3ffe666641b..74bc9ee0d5a 100644 --- a/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/bench_other.py +++ b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_deep/bench_other.py @@ -141,6 +141,9 @@ def call_generate(prompt, temperature, max_tokens, stop, n): rets.append(out["answer"]) return rets + # warmup + call_generate("Hello,", 1.0, 8, ".", 1) + # Run requests states = [None] * len(questions) def get_one_answer(i): diff --git a/benchmark/tree_of_thought/README.md b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_v0/README.md similarity index 100% rename from benchmark/tree_of_thought/README.md rename to benchmark/tree_of_thought_v0/README.md diff --git a/benchmark/tree_of_thought/bench_other.py b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_v0/bench_other.py similarity index 100% rename from benchmark/tree_of_thought/bench_other.py rename to benchmark/tree_of_thought_v0/bench_other.py diff --git a/benchmark/tree_of_thought/bench_sglang.py b/benchmark/tree_of_thought_v0/bench_sglang.py similarity index 100% rename from benchmark/tree_of_thought/bench_sglang.py rename to benchmark/tree_of_thought_v0/bench_sglang.py diff --git a/docs/flashinfer.md b/docs/flashinfer.md index 38567f74e0f..c929ba088c8 100644 --- a/docs/flashinfer.md +++ b/docs/flashinfer.md @@ -1,20 +1,23 @@ ## Flashinfer Mode -[`flashinfer`](https://github.com/flashinfer-ai/flashinfer) is a kernel library for LLM serving; we use it here to support our attention computation. +[flashinfer](https://github.com/flashinfer-ai/flashinfer) is a kernel library for LLM serving. +It can be used in SGLang runtime to accelerate attention computation. ### Install flashinfer +Note: The compilation can take a very long time. + ```bash git submodule update --init --recursive pip install 3rdparty/flashinfer/python ``` -### Run Sever With Flashinfer Mode +### Run a Server With Flashinfer Mode -Add through `--model_mode` argument from the command line. +Add `--model-mode flashinfer` argument to enable flashinfer when launching a server. Example: ```bash python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --port 30000 --model-mode flashinfer -``` \ No newline at end of file +``` diff --git a/python/sglang/srt/models/mixtral.py b/python/sglang/srt/models/mixtral.py index 83844cd676b..edca306f372 100644 --- a/python/sglang/srt/models/mixtral.py +++ b/python/sglang/srt/models/mixtral.py @@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ def load_weights( params_dict = dict(self.named_parameters()) for name, loaded_weight in hf_model_weights_iterator( - model_name_or_path, cache_dir, load_format, revision, fall_back_to_pt=False + model_name_or_path, cache_dir, load_format, revision ): if "rotary_emb.inv_freq" in name: continue diff --git a/python/sglang/srt/server_args.py b/python/sglang/srt/server_args.py index db9d317f73d..754f70f4a25 100644 --- a/python/sglang/srt/server_args.py +++ b/python/sglang/srt/server_args.py @@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ def add_cli_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser): type=str, default=[], nargs="+", - help="Model mode: [flashinfer, no-cache, aggressive-new-fill]", + choices=["flashinfer", "no-cache"], + help="Model mode: [flashinfer, no-cache]", ) parser.add_argument( "--schedule-heuristic", diff --git a/python/sglang/test/test_utils.py b/python/sglang/test/test_utils.py index 65ca36c2f6f..602aa7c5976 100644 --- a/python/sglang/test/test_utils.py +++ b/python/sglang/test/test_utils.py @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def call_select_vllm(context, choices, url): } res = requests.post(url, json=data) assert res.status_code == 200 - scores.append(res.json()["prompt_score"]) + scores.append(res.json().get("prompt_score", 0)) return np.argmax(scores) """ @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def call_select_vllm(context, choices, url): def add_common_other_args_and_parse(parser): - parser.add_argument("--parallel", type=int, default=96) + parser.add_argument("--parallel", type=int, default=64) parser.add_argument("--host", type=str, default="http://127.0.0.1") parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=None) parser.add_argument( diff --git a/scripts/launch_tgi.sh b/scripts/launch_tgi.sh new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..eeb4054754f --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/launch_tgi.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +docker run --name tgi --rm -ti --gpus all --network host \ + -v /home/ubuntu/model_weights/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf:/Llama-2-7b-chat-hf \ + ghcr.io/huggingface/text-generation-inference:1.3.0 \ + --model-id /Llama-2-7b-chat-hf --num-shard 1 --trust-remote-code \ + --max-input-length 2048 --max-total-tokens 4096 \ + --port 24000