diff --git a/src/L1/rollup/ScrollChain.sol b/src/L1/rollup/ScrollChain.sol
index 30f1be30..653ada04 100644
--- a/src/L1/rollup/ScrollChain.sol
+++ b/src/L1/rollup/ScrollChain.sol
@@ -130,6 +130,10 @@ contract ScrollChain is OwnableUpgradeable, PausableUpgradeable, IScrollChain {
     /// @dev Thrown when given batch is not committed before.
     error ErrorBatchNotCommitted();
 
+    /// @dev Thrown when the function call is not the top-level call in the transaction.
+    /// @dev This is checked so that indexers that need to decode calldata continue to work.
+    error ErrorTopLevelCallRequired();
+
     /*************
      * Constants *
      *************/
@@ -242,6 +246,12 @@ contract ScrollChain is OwnableUpgradeable, PausableUpgradeable, IScrollChain {
         _;
     }
 
+    modifier OnlyTopLevelCall() {
+        // disallow contract accounts and delegated EOAs
+        if (msg.sender.code.length != 0) revert ErrorTopLevelCallRequired();
+        _;
+    }
+
     /***************
      * Constructor *
      ***************/
@@ -528,7 +538,7 @@ contract ScrollChain is OwnableUpgradeable, PausableUpgradeable, IScrollChain {
         uint8 version,
         bytes32 parentBatchHash,
         FinalizeStruct calldata finalizeStruct
-    ) external {
+    ) external OnlyTopLevelCall {
         ScrollChainMiscData memory cachedMiscData = miscData;
         if (!isEnforcedModeEnabled()) {
             (uint256 maxDelayEnterEnforcedMode, uint256 maxDelayMessageQueue) = SystemConfig(systemConfig)
diff --git a/src/test/ScrollChain.t.sol b/src/test/ScrollChain.t.sol
index 07854970..b6faa19f 100644
--- a/src/test/ScrollChain.t.sol
+++ b/src/test/ScrollChain.t.sol
@@ -638,6 +638,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
 
         // revert when ErrorNotInEnforcedBatchMode
         hevm.expectRevert(ScrollChain.ErrorNotInEnforcedBatchMode.selector);
+        hevm.startPrank(address(999));
         rollup.commitAndFinalizeBatch(
             7,
             bytes32(0),
@@ -649,6 +650,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
                 zkProof: new bytes(0)
             })
         );
+        hevm.stopPrank();
 
         system.updateEnforcedBatchParameters(
             SystemConfig.EnforcedBatchParameters({
@@ -669,6 +671,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
         // succeed to call commitAndFinalizeBatch 13
         ScrollChainMockBlob(address(rollup)).setBlobVersionedHash(0, blobVersionedHash);
         ScrollChainMockBlob(address(rollup)).setBlobVersionedHash(1, bytes32(0));
+        hevm.startPrank(address(999));
         rollup.commitAndFinalizeBatch(
             7,
             keccak256(headers[12]),
@@ -680,6 +683,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
                 zkProof: new bytes(0)
             })
         );
+        hevm.stopPrank();
         (uint256 lastCommittedBatchIndex, uint256 lastFinalizedBatchIndex, uint256 lastFinalizeTimestamp, , ) = rollup
             .miscData();
         assertEq(lastCommittedBatchIndex, 13);
@@ -709,6 +713,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
         // succeed to call commitAndFinalizeBatch 14, no need to warp time
         ScrollChainMockBlob(address(rollup)).setBlobVersionedHash(0, blobVersionedHash);
         ScrollChainMockBlob(address(rollup)).setBlobVersionedHash(1, bytes32(0));
+        hevm.startPrank(address(999));
         rollup.commitAndFinalizeBatch(
             7,
             keccak256(headers[13]),
@@ -720,6 +725,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
                 zkProof: new bytes(0)
             })
         );
+        hevm.stopPrank();
         (lastCommittedBatchIndex, lastFinalizedBatchIndex, lastFinalizeTimestamp, , ) = rollup.miscData();
         assertEq(lastCommittedBatchIndex, 14);
         assertEq(lastFinalizedBatchIndex, 14);
@@ -739,6 +745,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
 
         // not in enforced mode
         hevm.expectRevert(ScrollChain.ErrorNotInEnforcedBatchMode.selector);
+        hevm.startPrank(address(999));
         rollup.commitAndFinalizeBatch(
             7,
             keccak256(headers[13]),
@@ -750,6 +757,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
                 zkProof: new bytes(0)
             })
         );
+        hevm.stopPrank();
     }
 
     function testCommitAndFinalizeBatchByExpiredBatch() external {
@@ -780,6 +788,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
 
         // revert when ErrorNotInEnforcedBatchMode
         hevm.expectRevert(ScrollChain.ErrorNotInEnforcedBatchMode.selector);
+        hevm.startPrank(address(999));
         rollup.commitAndFinalizeBatch(
             7,
             bytes32(0),
@@ -791,6 +800,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
                 zkProof: new bytes(0)
             })
         );
+        hevm.stopPrank();
 
         system.updateEnforcedBatchParameters(
             SystemConfig.EnforcedBatchParameters({
@@ -803,6 +813,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
         // succeed to call commitAndFinalizeBatch 13
         ScrollChainMockBlob(address(rollup)).setBlobVersionedHash(0, blobVersionedHash);
         ScrollChainMockBlob(address(rollup)).setBlobVersionedHash(1, bytes32(0));
+        hevm.startPrank(address(999));
         rollup.commitAndFinalizeBatch(
             7,
             keccak256(headers[12]),
@@ -814,6 +825,7 @@ contract ScrollChainTest is DSTestPlus {
                 zkProof: new bytes(0)
             })
         );
+        hevm.stopPrank();
         (uint256 lastCommittedBatchIndex, uint256 lastFinalizedBatchIndex, uint256 lastFinalizeTimestamp, , ) = rollup
             .miscData();
         assertEq(lastCommittedBatchIndex, 13);