texture.cpp

/*
* Vulkan Example - Texture loading (and display) example (including mip maps)
*
* Copyright (C) 2016-2017 by Sascha Willems - www.saschawillems.de
*
* This code is licensed under the MIT license (MIT) (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
*/

#include "vulkanexamplebase.h"
#include <ktx.h>
#include <ktxvulkan.h>

#define VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID 0
#define ENABLE_VALIDATION false

// Vertex layout for this example
struct Vertex {
	float pos[3];
	float uv[2];
	float normal[3];
};

class VulkanExample : public VulkanExampleBase
{
public:
	// Contains all Vulkan objects that are required to store and use a texture
	// Note that this repository contains a texture class (VulkanTexture.hpp) that encapsulates texture loading functionality in a class that is used in subsequent demos
	struct Texture {
		VkSampler sampler;
		VkImage image;
		VkImageLayout imageLayout;
		VkDeviceMemory deviceMemory;
		VkImageView view;
		uint32_t width, height;
		uint32_t mipLevels;
	} texture;

	struct {
		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo inputState;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription> bindingDescriptions;
		std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription> attributeDescriptions;
	} vertices;

	vks::Buffer vertexBuffer;
	vks::Buffer indexBuffer;
	uint32_t indexCount;

	vks::Buffer uniformBufferVS;

	struct {
		glm::mat4 projection;
		glm::mat4 modelView;
		glm::vec4 viewPos;
		float lodBias = 0.0f;
	} uboVS;

	struct {
		VkPipeline solid;
	} pipelines;

	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

	VulkanExample() : VulkanExampleBase(ENABLE_VALIDATION)
	{
		title = "Texture loading";
		camera.type = Camera::CameraType::lookat;
		camera.setPosition(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -2.5f));
		camera.setRotation(glm::vec3(0.0f, 15.0f, 0.0f));
		camera.setPerspective(60.0f, (float)width / (float)height, 0.1f, 256.0f);
	}

	~VulkanExample()
	{
		// Clean up used Vulkan resources
		// Note : Inherited destructor cleans up resources stored in base class

		destroyTextureImage(texture);

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipelines.solid, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

		vertexBuffer.destroy();
		indexBuffer.destroy();
		uniformBufferVS.destroy();
	}

	// Enable physical device features required for this example
	virtual void getEnabledFeatures()
	{
		// Enable anisotropic filtering if supported
		if (deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy) {
			enabledFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
		};
	}

	/*
		Upload texture image data to the GPU

		Vulkan offers two types of image tiling (memory layout):

		Linear tiled images:
			These are stored as is and can be copied directly to. But due to the linear nature they're not a good match for GPUs and format and feature support is very limited.
			It's not advised to use linear tiled images for anything else than copying from host to GPU if buffer copies are not an option.
			Linear tiling is thus only implemented for learning purposes, one should always prefer optimal tiled image.

		Optimal tiled images:
			These are stored in an implementation specific layout matching the capability of the hardware. They usually support more formats and features and are much faster.
			Optimal tiled images are stored on the device and not accessible by the host. So they can't be written directly to (like liner tiled images) and always require
			some sort of data copy, either from a buffer or	a linear tiled image.

		In Short: Always use optimal tiled images for rendering.
	*/
	void loadTexture()
	{
		// We use the Khronos texture format (https://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/tools/KTX/file_format_spec/)
		std::string filename = getAssetPath() + "textures/metalplate01_rgba.ktx";
		// Texture data contains 4 channels (RGBA) with unnormalized 8-bit values, this is the most commonly supported format
		VkFormat format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

		ktxResult result;
		ktxTexture* ktxTexture;

#if defined(__ANDROID__)
		// Textures are stored inside the apk on Android (compressed)
		// So they need to be loaded via the asset manager
		AAsset* asset = AAssetManager_open(androidApp->activity->assetManager, filename.c_str(), AASSET_MODE_STREAMING);
		if (!asset) {
			vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not load texture from " + filename + "\n\nThe file may be part of the additional asset pack.\n\nRun \"download_assets.py\" in the repository root to download the latest version.", -1);
		}
		size_t size = AAsset_getLength(asset);
		assert(size > 0);

		ktx_uint8_t *textureData = new ktx_uint8_t[size];
		AAsset_read(asset, textureData, size);
		AAsset_close(asset);
		result = ktxTexture_CreateFromMemory(textureData, size, KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, &ktxTexture);
		delete[] textureData;
#else
		if (!vks::tools::fileExists(filename)) {
			vks::tools::exitFatal("Could not load texture from " + filename + "\n\nThe file may be part of the additional asset pack.\n\nRun \"download_assets.py\" in the repository root to download the latest version.", -1);
		}
		result = ktxTexture_CreateFromNamedFile(filename.c_str(), KTX_TEXTURE_CREATE_LOAD_IMAGE_DATA_BIT, &ktxTexture);
#endif
		assert(result == KTX_SUCCESS);

		// Get properties required for using and upload texture data from the ktx texture object
		texture.width = ktxTexture->baseWidth;
		texture.height = ktxTexture->baseHeight;
		texture.mipLevels = ktxTexture->numLevels;
		ktx_uint8_t *ktxTextureData = ktxTexture_GetData(ktxTexture);
		ktx_size_t ktxTextureSize = ktxTexture_GetSize(ktxTexture);

		// We prefer using staging to copy the texture data to a device local optimal image
		VkBool32 useStaging = true;

		// Only use linear tiling if forced
		bool forceLinearTiling = false;
		if (forceLinearTiling) {
			// Don't use linear if format is not supported for (linear) shader sampling
			// Get device properties for the requested texture format
			VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &formatProperties);
			useStaging = !(formatProperties.linearTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT);
		}

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memAllocInfo = vks::initializers::memoryAllocateInfo();
		VkMemoryRequirements memReqs = {};

		if (useStaging) {
			// Copy data to an optimal tiled image
			// This loads the texture data into a host local buffer that is copied to the optimal tiled image on the device

			// Create a host-visible staging buffer that contains the raw image data
			// This buffer will be the data source for copying texture data to the optimal tiled image on the device
			VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
			VkDeviceMemory stagingMemory;

			VkBufferCreateInfo bufferCreateInfo = vks::initializers::bufferCreateInfo();
			bufferCreateInfo.size = ktxTextureSize;
			// This buffer is used as a transfer source for the buffer copy
			bufferCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
			bufferCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferCreateInfo, nullptr, &stagingBuffer));

			// Get memory requirements for the staging buffer (alignment, memory type bits)
			vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, stagingBuffer, &memReqs);
			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type index for a host visible buffer
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &stagingMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindBufferMemory(device, stagingBuffer, stagingMemory, 0));

			// Copy texture data into host local staging buffer
			uint8_t *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device, stagingMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, (void **)&data));
			memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, ktxTextureSize);
			vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingMemory);

			// Setup buffer copy regions for each mip level
			std::vector<VkBufferImageCopy> bufferCopyRegions;
			uint32_t offset = 0;

			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture.mipLevels; i++) {
				// Calculate offset into staging buffer for the current mip level
				ktx_size_t offset;
				KTX_error_code ret = ktxTexture_GetImageOffset(ktxTexture, i, 0, 0, &offset);
				assert(ret == KTX_SUCCESS);
				// Setup a buffer image copy structure for the current mip level
				VkBufferImageCopy bufferCopyRegion = {};
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.mipLevel = i;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.width = ktxTexture->baseWidth >> i;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.height = ktxTexture->baseHeight >> i;
				bufferCopyRegion.imageExtent.depth = 1;
				bufferCopyRegion.bufferOffset = offset;
				bufferCopyRegions.push_back(bufferCopyRegion);
			}

			// Create optimal tiled target image on the device
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = texture.mipLevels;
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			// Set initial layout of the image to undefined
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { texture.width, texture.height, 1 };
			imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &texture.image));

			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, texture.image, &memReqs);
			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &texture.deviceMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, texture.image, texture.deviceMemory, 0));

			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// Image memory barriers for the texture image

			// The sub resource range describes the regions of the image that will be transitioned using the memory barriers below
			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			// Image only contains color data
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			// Start at first mip level
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			// We will transition on all mip levels
			subresourceRange.levelCount = texture.mipLevels;
			// The 2D texture only has one layer
			subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

			// Transition the texture image layout to transfer target, so we can safely copy our buffer data to it.
			VkImageMemoryBarrier imageMemoryBarrier = vks::initializers::imageMemoryBarrier();;
			imageMemoryBarrier.image = texture.image;
			imageMemoryBarrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;
			imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
			imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;

			// Insert a memory dependency at the proper pipeline stages that will execute the image layout transition
			// Source pipeline stage is host write/read execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT)
			// Destination pipeline stage is copy command execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT)
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
				copyCmd,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

			// Copy mip levels from staging buffer
			vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(
				copyCmd,
				stagingBuffer,
				texture.image,
				VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				static_cast<uint32_t>(bufferCopyRegions.size()),
				bufferCopyRegions.data());

			// Once the data has been uploaded we transfer to the texture image to the shader read layout, so it can be sampled from
			imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			// Insert a memory dependency at the proper pipeline stages that will execute the image layout transition
			// Source pipeline stage is copy command execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT)
			// Destination pipeline stage fragment shader access (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT)
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
				copyCmd,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
				0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

			// Store current layout for later reuse
			texture.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue, true);

			// Clean up staging resources
			vkFreeMemory(device, stagingMemory, nullptr);
			vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		} else {
			// Copy data to a linear tiled image

			VkImage mappableImage;
			VkDeviceMemory mappableMemory;

			// Load mip map level 0 to linear tiling image
			VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = vks::initializers::imageCreateInfo();
			imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
			imageCreateInfo.format = format;
			imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
			imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
			imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
			imageCreateInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
			imageCreateInfo.extent = { texture.width, texture.height, 1 };
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImage(device, &imageCreateInfo, nullptr, &mappableImage));

			// Get memory requirements for this image like size and alignment
			vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, mappableImage, &memReqs);
			// Set memory allocation size to required memory size
			memAllocInfo.allocationSize = memReqs.size;
			// Get memory type that can be mapped to host memory
			memAllocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = vulkanDevice->getMemoryType(memReqs.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateMemory(device, &memAllocInfo, nullptr, &mappableMemory));
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBindImageMemory(device, mappableImage, mappableMemory, 0));

			// Map image memory
			void *data;
			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkMapMemory(device, mappableMemory, 0, memReqs.size, 0, &data));
			// Copy image data of the first mip level into memory
			memcpy(data, ktxTextureData, memReqs.size);
			vkUnmapMemory(device, mappableMemory);

			// Linear tiled images don't need to be staged and can be directly used as textures
			texture.image = mappableImage;
			texture.deviceMemory = mappableMemory;
			texture.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			// Setup image memory barrier transfer image to shader read layout
			VkCommandBuffer copyCmd = vulkanDevice->createCommandBuffer(VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY, true);

			// The sub resource range describes the regions of the image we will be transition
			VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange = {};
			subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

			// Transition the texture image layout to shader read, so it can be sampled from
			VkImageMemoryBarrier imageMemoryBarrier = vks::initializers::imageMemoryBarrier();;
			imageMemoryBarrier.image = texture.image;
			imageMemoryBarrier.subresourceRange = subresourceRange;
			imageMemoryBarrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			imageMemoryBarrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
			imageMemoryBarrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;

			// Insert a memory dependency at the proper pipeline stages that will execute the image layout transition
			// Source pipeline stage is host write/read execution (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT)
			// Destination pipeline stage fragment shader access (VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT)
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
				copyCmd,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
				0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &imageMemoryBarrier);

			vulkanDevice->flushCommandBuffer(copyCmd, queue, true);
		}

		ktxTexture_Destroy(ktxTexture);

		// Create a texture sampler
		// In Vulkan textures are accessed by samplers
		// This separates all the sampling information from the texture data. This means you could have multiple sampler objects for the same texture with different settings
		// Note: Similar to the samplers available with OpenGL 3.3
		VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler = vks::initializers::samplerCreateInfo();
		sampler.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		sampler.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		sampler.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		sampler.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		sampler.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		sampler.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		sampler.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		sampler.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
		sampler.minLod = 0.0f;
		// Set max level-of-detail to mip level count of the texture
		sampler.maxLod = (useStaging) ? (float)texture.mipLevels : 0.0f;
		// Enable anisotropic filtering
		// This feature is optional, so we must check if it's supported on the device
		if (vulkanDevice->features.samplerAnisotropy) {
			// Use max. level of anisotropy for this example
			sampler.maxAnisotropy = vulkanDevice->properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy;
			sampler.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
		} else {
			// The device does not support anisotropic filtering
			sampler.maxAnisotropy = 1.0;
			sampler.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
		}
		sampler.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateSampler(device, &sampler, nullptr, &texture.sampler));

		// Create image view
		// Textures are not directly accessed by the shaders and
		// are abstracted by image views containing additional
		// information and sub resource ranges
		VkImageViewCreateInfo view = vks::initializers::imageViewCreateInfo();
		view.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		view.format = format;
		view.components = { VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B, VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A };
		// The subresource range describes the set of mip levels (and array layers) that can be accessed through this image view
		// It's possible to create multiple image views for a single image referring to different (and/or overlapping) ranges of the image
		view.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		view.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		view.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		view.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		// Linear tiling usually won't support mip maps
		// Only set mip map count if optimal tiling is used
		view.subresourceRange.levelCount = (useStaging) ? texture.mipLevels : 1;
		// The view will be based on the texture's image
		view.image = texture.image;
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateImageView(device, &view, nullptr, &texture.view));
	}

	// Free all Vulkan resources used by a texture object
	void destroyTextureImage(Texture texture)
	{
		vkDestroyImageView(device, texture.view, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, texture.image, nullptr);
		vkDestroySampler(device, texture.sampler, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, texture.deviceMemory, nullptr);
	}

	void buildCommandBuffers()
	{
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmdBufInfo = vks::initializers::commandBufferBeginInfo();

		VkClearValue clearValues[2];
		clearValues[0].color = defaultClearColor;
		clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassBeginInfo = vks::initializers::renderPassBeginInfo();
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.x = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.offset.y = 0;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.width = width;
		renderPassBeginInfo.renderArea.extent.height = height;
		renderPassBeginInfo.clearValueCount = 2;
		renderPassBeginInfo.pClearValues = clearValues;

		for (int32_t i = 0; i < drawCmdBuffers.size(); ++i)
		{
			// Set target frame buffer
			renderPassBeginInfo.framebuffer = frameBuffers[i];

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkBeginCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], &cmdBufInfo));

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i], &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			VkViewport viewport = vks::initializers::viewport((float)width, (float)height, 0.0f, 1.0f);
			vkCmdSetViewport(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor = vks::initializers::rect2D(width, height, 0, 0);
			vkCmdSetScissor(drawCmdBuffers[i], 0, 1, &scissor);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, NULL);
			vkCmdBindPipeline(drawCmdBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelines.solid);

			VkDeviceSize offsets[1] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(drawCmdBuffers[i], VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID, 1, &vertexBuffer.buffer, offsets);
			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i], indexBuffer.buffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

			vkCmdDrawIndexed(drawCmdBuffers[i], indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);

			drawUI(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(drawCmdBuffers[i]);

			VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkEndCommandBuffer(drawCmdBuffers[i]));
		}
	}

	void draw()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepareFrame();

		// Command buffer to be submitted to the queue
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &drawCmdBuffers[currentBuffer];

		// Submit to queue
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkQueueSubmit(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE));

		VulkanExampleBase::submitFrame();
	}

	void generateQuad()
	{
		// Setup vertices for a single uv-mapped quad made from two triangles
		std::vector<Vertex> vertices =
		{
			{ {  1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } },
			{ { -1.0f,  1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } },
			{ { -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } },
			{ {  1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 0.0f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } }
		};

		// Setup indices
		std::vector<uint32_t> indices = { 0,1,2, 2,3,0 };
		indexCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size());

		// Create buffers
		// For the sake of simplicity we won't stage the vertex data to the gpu memory
		// Vertex buffer
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&vertexBuffer,
			vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
			vertices.data()));
		// Index buffer
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&indexBuffer,
			indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t),
			indices.data()));
	}

	void setupVertexDescriptions()
	{
		// Binding description
		vertices.bindingDescriptions.resize(1);
		vertices.bindingDescriptions[0] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputBindingDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				sizeof(Vertex),
				VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX);

		// Attribute descriptions
		// Describes memory layout and shader positions
		vertices.attributeDescriptions.resize(3);
		// Location 0 : Position
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[0] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				0,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				offsetof(Vertex, pos));
		// Location 1 : Texture coordinates
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[1] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				1,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT,
				offsetof(Vertex, uv));
		// Location 1 : Vertex normal
		vertices.attributeDescriptions[2] =
			vks::initializers::vertexInputAttributeDescription(
				VERTEX_BUFFER_BIND_ID,
				2,
				VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT,
				offsetof(Vertex, normal));

		vertices.inputState = vks::initializers::pipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo();
		vertices.inputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.bindingDescriptions.size());
		vertices.inputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vertices.bindingDescriptions.data();
		vertices.inputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.attributeDescriptions.size());
		vertices.inputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vertices.attributeDescriptions.data();
	}

	void setupDescriptorPool()
	{
		// Example uses one ubo and one image sampler
		std::vector<VkDescriptorPoolSize> poolSizes =
		{
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 1),
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolSize(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1)
		};

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo descriptorPoolInfo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorPoolCreateInfo(
				static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size()),
				poolSizes.data(),
				2);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &descriptorPoolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> setLayoutBindings =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT,
				0),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader image sampler
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutBinding(
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
				VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
				1)
		};

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo descriptorLayout =
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo(
				setLayoutBindings.data(),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(setLayoutBindings.size()));

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &descriptorLayout, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout));

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo =
			vks::initializers::pipelineLayoutCreateInfo(
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout));
	}

	void setupDescriptorSet()
	{
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo =
			vks::initializers::descriptorSetAllocateInfo(
				descriptorPool,
				&descriptorSetLayout,
				1);

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet));

		// Setup a descriptor image info for the current texture to be used as a combined image sampler
		VkDescriptorImageInfo textureDescriptor;
		textureDescriptor.imageView = texture.view;				// The image's view (images are never directly accessed by the shader, but rather through views defining subresources)
		textureDescriptor.sampler = texture.sampler;			// The sampler (Telling the pipeline how to sample the texture, including repeat, border, etc.)
		textureDescriptor.imageLayout = texture.imageLayout;	// The current layout of the image (Note: Should always fit the actual use, e.g. shader read)

		std::vector<VkWriteDescriptorSet> writeDescriptorSets =
		{
			// Binding 0 : Vertex shader uniform buffer
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
				0,
				&uniformBufferVS.descriptor),
			// Binding 1 : Fragment shader texture sampler
			//	Fragment shader: layout (binding = 1) uniform sampler2D samplerColor;
			vks::initializers::writeDescriptorSet(
				descriptorSet,
				VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,		// The descriptor set will use a combined image sampler (sampler and image could be split)
				1,												// Shader binding point 1
				&textureDescriptor)								// Pointer to the descriptor image for our texture
		};

		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(writeDescriptorSets.size()), writeDescriptorSets.data(), 0, NULL);
	}

	void preparePipelines()
	{
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo(
				VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST,
				0,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo(
				VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL,
				VK_CULL_MODE_NONE,
				VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE,
				0);

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachmentState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendAttachmentState(
				0xf,
				VK_FALSE);

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo(
				1,
				&blendAttachmentState);

		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencilState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo(
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_TRUE,
				VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineViewportStateCreateInfo(1, 1, 0);

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo(
				VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
				0);

		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStateEnables = {
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
		};
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState =
			vks::initializers::pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo(
				dynamicStateEnables.data(),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStateEnables.size()),
				0);

		// Load shaders
		std::array<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,2> shaderStages;

		shaderStages[0] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "texture/texture.vert.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT);
		shaderStages[1] = loadShader(getShadersPath() + "texture/texture.frag.spv", VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo =
			vks::initializers::pipelineCreateInfo(
				pipelineLayout,
				renderPass,
				0);

		pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertices.inputState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(shaderStages.size());
		pipelineCreateInfo.pStages = shaderStages.data();

		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelines.solid));
	}

	// Prepare and initialize uniform buffer containing shader uniforms
	void prepareUniformBuffers()
	{
		// Vertex shader uniform buffer block
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(vulkanDevice->createBuffer(
			VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
			&uniformBufferVS,
			sizeof(uboVS),
			&uboVS));
		VK_CHECK_RESULT(uniformBufferVS.map());

		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	void updateUniformBuffers()
	{
		uboVS.projection = camera.matrices.perspective;
		uboVS.modelView = camera.matrices.view;
		uboVS.viewPos = camera.viewPos;
		memcpy(uniformBufferVS.mapped, &uboVS, sizeof(uboVS));
	}

	void prepare()
	{
		VulkanExampleBase::prepare();
		loadTexture();
		generateQuad();
		setupVertexDescriptions();
		prepareUniformBuffers();
		setupDescriptorSetLayout();
		preparePipelines();
		setupDescriptorPool();
		setupDescriptorSet();
		buildCommandBuffers();
		prepared = true;
	}

	virtual void render()
	{
		if (!prepared)
			return;
		draw();
	}

	virtual void viewChanged()
	{
		updateUniformBuffers();
	}

	virtual void OnUpdateUIOverlay(vks::UIOverlay *overlay)
	{
		if (overlay->header("Settings")) {
			if (overlay->sliderFloat("LOD bias", &uboVS.lodBias, 0.0f, (float)texture.mipLevels)) {
				updateUniformBuffers();
			}
		}
	}
};

VULKAN_EXAMPLE_MAIN()