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<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>An overview of the Alpino Treebank tools</h1>
<span id="author">Geert Kloosterman</span><br />
<span id="email"><tt><<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>></tt></span><br />
</div>
<div id="content">
<h2 id="_introduction">Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>In this document the various tools of the Alpino Treebank will be
discussed. These tools include:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtsearch
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
find dependency structures using XPath queries
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtview
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
display dependency structures
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtedit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
edit dependency structures with Thistle (obsolete)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dttred
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
edit dependency structures with TrEd
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtxslt
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
apply style sheet to dependency structures
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Most of the Alpino Treebank tools support two types of annotated corpora. In
the simple case, each dependency structure is represented by a single
XML file. In addition, the tools support so-called <em>compact</em> annotated
corpora, in which collections of XML files are concatenated and
compressed. The following tools are relevant for compact corpora in particular:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
act
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
construct/extract compact annotated corpora
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtlist
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
list file names of dependency structures
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtgrep
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
search in dependency structures with grep
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
dtget
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
write the specified dependency structure to standard output
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some tools are not yet documented:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
mg_m_search
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
use dtsearch on set of dependency structures returned by
an MG query
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
wrappers and libraries for xquery
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
tools to apply Xquery to Alpino dependency structures (normal and
compact)
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<h2 id="_dtsearch_find_dependency_structures_using_xpath_queries">DTSearch: find dependency structures using XPath queries</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use dtsearch to search the corpus. dtsearch uses XPath expressions
for querying.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A basic example is:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -v '//node[@cat="pp"]' /path/to/corpus</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>By using the <tt>-v</tt> option dtsearch will display the files that match
the query using <a href="#dtview"><tt>dtview</tt></a>. In this case, the XPath
expression matches with any dependency structure which contains a
node with category <em>pp</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>DTSearch will process directories recursively.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The usage information lists the possible output methods:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>usage: dtsearch [options] <[-q] QUERY> <files, directories, ...>
options:
-qQUERY, -eQUERY, --query=QUERY, --expr=QUERY
XPath expression to search for
-l, --statistics print stats for values of rel,cat,pos labels in
matching nodes
-r, --root-labels print stats for values of root label in matching nodes
-s, --bracketed-sentence
show sentences with matching phrases
-c, --matching-constituents
show matching constituents only, not the full sentence.
-d, -v, --dtview show matches using dtview.
--stdin read file arguments from stdin. Any non-option
arguments on the commandline will be ignored.
-h, --help show this help message and exit</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When no output method is selected dtsearch will print the filename.</p></div>
<h3 id="_examples_of_using_dtsearch">Examples of using dtsearch</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to be able to specify relevant XPath queries, it is
neccessary to know a little bit about the way in which dependency
structures are encoded in XML. This encoding is rather
straightforward. Nodes in the dependency structure are encoded by a
recursive XML element <em>node</em>. Nodes contain a variety of
attributes. The most important attributes are:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
cat
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The category of the node (only for non-leaves)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
pos
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The POS-tag of the node (only for leaves)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
begin
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The begin position of the node
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
end
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The end position of the node
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
rel
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The dependency relation
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
root
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The root form of the node (leaves)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
word
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The surface form of the node (leaves)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
index
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The index of the node (for <em>secondary edges</em> or reentrancies)
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are more attributes, but these are the most important ones.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The following query lists all dependency structures which contain a
subject node which itself contains a node with the root form
<em>man</em>. Because of the -s option, all matching sentences are displayed,
where the matched part of the sentence is given in square brackets.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -s '//node[@rel="su" and node[@root="man"]]' g_suite
g_suite/192.xml [de man] zou op zijn te bellen
g_suite/193.xml [de man] zou zijn op te bellen
g_suite/194.xml dat [de man] zou zijn op te bellen
g_suite/195.xml dat [de man] zou op zijn te bellen
g_suite/196.xml dat [de man] op te bellen zou zijn
g_suite/298.xml [de man] is bang dat hij naar huis moet
g_suite/518.xml [de man] werd in de rede gevallen</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Further examples are perhaps hard to understand without some knowledge
of XPath. There are various tutorials and reference manuals for XPath
available on the web. See for example:
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath">What is XPath?</a></p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>List all sentences containing a "krijgen-passive" in the h_suite treebank:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -s '//node[ node[@rel="hd" and @root="krijg"] and \
node[@rel="su"]/@index=node[@rel="vc"]/node[@rel="obj2"]/@index ]' h_suite
h_suite/277.xml Ik krijg doorbetaald
h_suite/296.xml hij krijgt een microfoon onder de neus geduwd
h_suite/300.xml De ontslagen medewerkers krijgen tot 1 januari 2004 doorbetaald
h_suite/301.xml De ontslagen medewerkers krijgen hun salaris tot 1 januari 2004 doorbetaald
h_suite/306.xml Hij krijgt betaald voor zijn adviezen
h_suite/307.xml Hij krijgt een fortuin betaald voor zijn adviezen
h_suite/556.xml Je kreeg met de paplepel ingegoten dat je beleefd moest zijn</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes it is convenient to get the matched portion of the sentence
and nothing more. This is accomplished with the <tt>-c</tt> option. For
instance, the following finds determiner phrases which contain an
adverb as a daughter node.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -c '//node[@cat="detp" and node[@pos="adv"]]' leuven_yellow_pages
leuven_yellow_pages/244.xml iets meer dan bij ons
leuven_yellow_pages/275.xml wat meer
leuven_yellow_pages/276.xml zoveel meer</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Quantitative information can be obtained with the <tt>-l</tt> option. For
instance, this query finds which relations occur as sisters to the
<em>tag</em> relation:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -l '//node[ ../node[ @rel="tag"]]' cdb
rel:
295 tag
291 nucl
cat:
228 smain
104 sv1
56 pp
40 du
30 conj
27 ssub
12 mwu
10 np
4 whq
1 inf
1 detp
1 cp
1 ap
pos:
28 adv
20 tag
8 noun
8 adj
3 verb
3 num
1 comp</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>More examples, for the interested reader to try out:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Find topicalized secondary objects with category NP:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -v '//node[../@cat="smain" and @rel="obj2" and \
not(@cat="pp") and @begin = ../@begin]' .</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Find occurrences of extraposition of comparatives out of topicicalized
constituents:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -v '//node[@cat="smain" and node[node[@rel="obcomp"]/@end\
> ../node[@rel="hd"]/@begin]/@begin = @begin]' .</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is also possible to search in the text of the sentence. To do this
efficiently, we have developed mg_m_search, that should be used in
such cases for very large treebanks. Searching for text can be done as
follows:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch -v 'contains(//sentence,"tot zo")' .</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This works, because there is atmost one sentence element - the string
value of a node set in XPath is defined as the string value of the
first element of that node set.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition to "contains()" there are various other XPATH functions
that are useful in this context, such as "starts-with()" and
"matches()". The latter is used for regular expression matching in
XPath 2 (currently not supported).</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>$ dtsearch '(//comment[. = "time_out" ] or //comment[. ="out_of_memory" ]' .</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In this case, the query will also match in case there are multiple
comments (these are indeed allowed).</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img src="http://www.methods.co.nz/asciidoc/images/icons/important.png" alt="Important" />
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Beware of shell quoting</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Make sure you keep the shell (your command interpreter) from
interpreting any special characters in the query. Use any of the
following schemes:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>dtsearch '//node[@cat="pp"]' ...
dtsearch "//node[@cat='pp']" ...
dtsearch "//node[@cat=\"pp\"]" ...</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first two are the most convenient ones to type.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="dtview">DTView: graphical display of dependency structures</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use dtview to visualize Alpino Dependency structures on your screen.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Screenshot of DTView</div><p><span class="image">
<img src="http://www.let.rug.nl/~vannoord/alp/Alpino/dtview.png" alt="Screenshot of DTView" />
</span></p></div>
<h3 id="_basic_functionality">Basic Functionality</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>DTView can visualize dependency structures and highlight nodes that
match an XPath expression. This expression can be specified on the
commandline or in the text entry at the top of the window.</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Apply
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Apply the XPath expression for highlighting to the current tree.
(This can also be achieved by pressing Enter in the text field)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Filelist
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Toggle the visibility of the file list
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Ext’d Attrs
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Toggle the visibility of any extended attributes that might be
present. In general trees that are not hand-corrected contain
extra attributes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Previous, Next
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Go to the previous or next file in the file list.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Smaller, Bigger, Normal
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Change the size of the displayed tree.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
TrEd
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Run the TrEd tree editor on the current file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Thistle
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Run the Thistle tree editor on the current file.
(Obsolete, use TrEd instead)
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Emacs
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Run the Emacs text editor on the current file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Open Selection
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Your current X-selection is supposed to contain a file name. This
file name is opened.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Quit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>