[v24.2.x] CORE-8616 redpanda: configurable sleep on crash loop

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24787 to branch v24.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24787-v24.2.x-558
git cherry-pick -x 31e03495f0 319270895d

git push origin manual-backport-24787-v24.2.x-558
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] CORE-8616 redpanda: configurable sleep on crash loop" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24787-v24.2.x-558" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24787 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-8827](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8827)