SUMMARY.md

title	layout
Biology	page

Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.

1. {: .preface} Preface

2. {: .part} Unit 1. The Chemistry of Life

   1. {: .chapter} The Study of Life

      1. The Science of Biology
      2. Themes and Concepts of Biology

   2. {: .chapter} The Chemical Foundation of Life

      1. Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      2. Water
      3. Carbon

   3. {: .chapter} Biological Macromolecules

      1. Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      2. Carbohydrates
      3. Lipids
      4. Proteins
      5. Nucleic Acids

3. {: .part} Unit 2. The Cell

   1. {: .chapter} Cell Structure

      1. Studying Cells
      2. Prokaryotic Cells
      3. Eukaryotic Cells
      4. The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      5. The Cytoskeleton
      6. Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities

   2. {: .chapter} Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes

      1. Components and Structure
      2. Passive Transport
      3. Active Transport
      4. Bulk Transport

   3. {: .chapter} Metabolism

      1. Energy and Metabolism
      2. Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      3. The Laws of Thermodynamics
      4. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      5. Enzymes

   4. {: .chapter} Cellular Respiration

      1. Energy in Living Systems
      2. Glycolysis
      3. Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
      5. Metabolism without Oxygen
      6. Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      7. Regulation of Cellular Respiration

   5. {: .chapter} Photosynthesis

      1. Overview of Photosynthesis
      2. The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
      3. Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules

   6. {: .chapter} Cell Communication

      1. Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      2. Propagation of the Signal
      3. Response to the Signal
      4. Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms

   7. {: .chapter} Cell Reproduction

      1. Cell Division
      2. The Cell Cycle
      3. Control of the Cell Cycle
      4. Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      5. Prokaryotic Cell Division

4. {: .part} Unit 3. Genetics

   1. {: .chapter} Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

      1. The Process of Meiosis
      2. Sexual Reproduction

   2. {: .chapter} Mendel's Experiments and Heredity

      1. Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      2. Characteristics and Traits
      3. Laws of Inheritance

   3. {: .chapter} Modern Understandings of Inheritance

      1. Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
      2. Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders

   4. {: .chapter} DNA Structure and Function

      1. Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      2. DNA Structure and Sequencing
      3. Basics of DNA Replication
      4. DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      5. DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      6. DNA Repair

   5. {: .chapter} Genes and Proteins

      1. The Genetic Code
      2. Prokaryotic Transcription
      3. Eukaryotic Transcription
      4. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      5. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

   6. {: .chapter} Gene Expression

      1. Regulation of Gene Expression
      2. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      3. Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      4. Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
      5. Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      7. Cancer and Gene Regulation

   7. {: .chapter} Biotechnology and Genomics

      1. Biotechnology
      2. Mapping Genomes
      3. Whole-Genome Sequencing
      4. Applying Genomics
      5. Genomics and Proteomics

5. {: .part} Unit 4. Evolutionary Processes

   1. {: .chapter} Evolution and the Origin of Species

      1. Understanding Evolution
      2. Formation of New Species
      3. Reconnection and Rates of Speciation

   2. {: .chapter} The Evolution of Populations

      1. Population Evolution
      2. Population Genetics
      3. Adaptive Evolution

   3. {: .chapter} Phylogenies and the History of Life

      1. Organizing Life on Earth
      2. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      3. Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree

6. {: .part} Unit 5. Biological Diversity

   1. {: .chapter} Viruses

      1. Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      2. Virus Infections and Hosts
      3. Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      4. Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids

   2. {: .chapter} Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea

      1. Prokaryotic Diversity
      2. Structure of Prokaryotes
      3. Prokaryotic Metabolism
      4. Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      5. Beneficial Prokaryotes

   3. {: .chapter} Protists

      1. Eukaryotic Origins
      2. Characteristics of Protists
      3. Groups of Protists
      4. Ecology of Protists

   4. {: .chapter} Fungi

      1. Characteristics of Fungi
      2. Classifications of Fungi
      3. Ecology of Fungi
      4. Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
      5. Importance of Fungi in Human Life

   5. {: .chapter} Seedless Plants

      1. Early Plant Life
      2. Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
      3. Bryophytes
      4. Seedless Vascular Plants

   6. {: .chapter} Seed Plants

      1. Evolution of Seed Plants
      2. Gymnosperms
      3. Angiosperms
      4. The Role of Seed Plants

   7. {: .chapter} Introduction to Animal Diversity

      1. Features of the Animal Kingdom
      2. Features Used to Classify Animals
      3. Animal Phylogeny
      4. The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom

   8. {: .chapter} Invertebrates

      1. Phylum Porifera
      2. Phylum Cnidaria
      3. Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
      4. Superphylum Ecdysozoa
      5. Superphylum Deuterostomia

   9. {: .chapter} Vertebrates

      1. Chordates
      2. Fishes
      3. Amphibians
      4. Reptiles
      5. Birds
      6. Mammals
      7. The Evolution of Primates

7. {: .part} Unit 6. Plant Structure and Function

   1. {: .chapter} Plant Form and Physiology

      1. The Plant Body
      2. Stems
      3. Roots
      4. Leaves
      5. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      6. Plant Sensory Systems and Responses

   2. {: .chapter} Soil and Plant Nutrition

      1. Nutritional Requirements of Plants
      2. The Soil
      3. Nutritional Adaptations of Plants

   3. {: .chapter} Plant Reproduction

      1. Reproductive Development and Structure
      2. Pollination and Fertilization
      3. Asexual Reproduction

8. {: .part} Unit 7. Animal Structure and Function

   1. {: .chapter} The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function

      1. Animal Form and Function
      2. Animal Primary Tissues
      3. Homeostasis

   2. {: .chapter} Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System

      1. Digestive Systems
      2. Nutrition and Energy Production
      3. Digestive System Processes
      4. Digestive System Regulation

   3. {: .chapter} The Nervous System

      1. Neurons and Glial Cells
      2. How Neurons Communicate
      3. The Central Nervous System
      4. The Peripheral Nervous System
      5. Nervous System Disorders

   4. {: .chapter} Sensory Systems

      1. Sensory Processes
      2. Somatosensation
      3. Taste and Smell
      4. Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      5. Vision

   5. {: .chapter} The Endocrine System

      1. Types of Hormones
      2. How Hormones Work
      3. Regulation of Body Processes
      4. Regulation of Hormone Production
      5. Endocrine Glands

   6. {: .chapter} The Musculoskeletal System

      1. Types of Skeletal Systems
      2. Bone
      3. Joints and Skeletal Movement
      4. Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

   7. {: .chapter} The Respiratory System

      1. Systems of Gas Exchange
      2. Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      3. Breathing
      4. Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

   8. {: .chapter} The Circulatory System

      1. Overview of the Circulatory System
      2. Components of the Blood
      3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      4. Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

   9. {: .chapter} Osmotic Regulation and Excretion

      1. Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      2. The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      3. Excretion Systems
      4. Nitrogenous Wastes
      5. Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

   10. {: .chapter} The Immune System

       1. Innate Immune Response
       2. Adaptive Immune Response
       3. Antibodies
       4. Disruptions in the Immune System

   11. {: .chapter} Animal Reproduction and Development

       1. Reproduction Methods
       2. Fertilization
       3. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
       4. Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
       5. Human Pregnancy and Birth
       6. Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
       7. Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

9. {: .part} Unit 8. Ecology

   1. {: .chapter} Ecology and the Biosphere

      1. The Scope of Ecology
      2. Biogeography
      3. Terrestrial Biomes
      4. Aquatic Biomes
      5. Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change

   2. {: .chapter} Population and Community Ecology

      1. Population Demography
      2. Life Histories and Natural Selection
      3. Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      4. Population Dynamics and Regulation
      5. Human Population Growth
      6. Community Ecology
      7. Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior

   3. {: .chapter} Ecosystems

      1. Ecology of Ecosystems
      2. Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      3. Biogeochemical Cycles

   4. {: .chapter} Conservation Biology and Biodiversity

      1. The Biodiversity Crisis
      2. The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      3. Threats to Biodiversity
      4. Preserving Biodiversity

10. {: .appendix} The Periodic Table of Elements

11. {: .appendix} Geological Time

12. {: .appendix} Measurements and the Metric System