diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3fb310332..c6b550611 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ Safe Logging can be found at [github.com/palantir/safe-logging](https://github.c
 - `BugCheckerAutoService`: Concrete BugChecker implementations should be annotated `@AutoService(BugChecker.class)` for auto registration with error-prone.
 - `DangerousCollapseKeysUsage`: Disallow usage of `EntryStream#collapseKeys()`.
 - `JooqBatchWithoutBindArgs`: jOOQ batch methods that execute without bind args can cause performance problems.
+- `InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetException`: InvocationTargetException.getTargetException() predates the general-purpose exception chaining facility. The Throwable.getCause() method is now the preferred means of obtaining this information. [(source)](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api//java.base/java/lang/reflect/InvocationTargetException.html#getTargetException())
 
 ### Programmatic Application
 
diff --git a/baseline-error-prone/src/main/java/com/palantir/baseline/errorprone/InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetException.java b/baseline-error-prone/src/main/java/com/palantir/baseline/errorprone/InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetException.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e033375d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/baseline-error-prone/src/main/java/com/palantir/baseline/errorprone/InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * (c) Copyright 2023 Palantir Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.palantir.baseline.errorprone;
+
+import com.google.auto.service.AutoService;
+import com.google.errorprone.BugPattern;
+import com.google.errorprone.BugPattern.SeverityLevel;
+import com.google.errorprone.VisitorState;
+import com.google.errorprone.bugpatterns.BugChecker;
+import com.google.errorprone.fixes.SuggestedFixes;
+import com.google.errorprone.matchers.Description;
+import com.google.errorprone.matchers.Matcher;
+import com.google.errorprone.matchers.Matchers;
+import com.sun.source.tree.ExpressionTree;
+import com.sun.source.tree.MethodInvocationTree;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+
+@AutoService(BugChecker.class)
+@BugPattern(
+        link = "https://github.com/palantir/gradle-baseline#baseline-error-prone-checks",
+        linkType = BugPattern.LinkType.CUSTOM,
+        severity = SeverityLevel.SUGGESTION,
+        summary =
+                "InvocationTargetException.getTargetException() predates the general-purpose exception chaining"
+                    + " facility. The Throwable.getCause() method is now the preferred means of obtaining this"
+                    + " information. Source: "
+                    + "https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/api//java.base/java/lang/reflect/InvocationTargetException.html#getTargetException()")
+public final class InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetException extends BugChecker
+        implements BugChecker.MethodInvocationTreeMatcher {
+
+    private static final Matcher<ExpressionTree> ITE_GET_TARGET_EXCEPTION_MATCHER = Matchers.instanceMethod()
+            .onDescendantOf(InvocationTargetException.class.getName())
+            .named("getTargetException")
+            .withNoParameters();
+
+    @Override
+    public Description matchMethodInvocation(MethodInvocationTree tree, VisitorState state) {
+        return ITE_GET_TARGET_EXCEPTION_MATCHER.matches(tree, state)
+                ? describeMatch(tree, SuggestedFixes.renameMethodInvocation(tree, "getCause", state))
+                : Description.NO_MATCH;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/baseline-error-prone/src/test/java/com/palantir/baseline/errorprone/InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetExceptionTest.java b/baseline-error-prone/src/test/java/com/palantir/baseline/errorprone/InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetExceptionTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bfb3f202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/baseline-error-prone/src/test/java/com/palantir/baseline/errorprone/InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetExceptionTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * (c) Copyright 2023 Palantir Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.palantir.baseline.errorprone;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+public class InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetExceptionTest {
+    @Test
+    public void test_basic() {
+        fix().addInputLines(
+                        "Test.java",
+                        "import " + InvocationTargetException.class.getName() + ";",
+                        "class Test {",
+                        "  static Throwable f(InvocationTargetException foo) {",
+                        "    return foo.getTargetException();",
+                        "  }",
+                        "}")
+                .addOutputLines(
+                        "Test.java",
+                        "import " + InvocationTargetException.class.getName() + ";",
+                        "class Test {",
+                        "  static Throwable f(InvocationTargetException foo) {",
+                        "    return foo.getCause();",
+                        "  }",
+                        "}")
+                .doTest();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void test_subclass() {
+        fix().addInputLines(
+                        "Test.java",
+                        "import " + InvocationTargetException.class.getName() + ";",
+                        "class Test {",
+                        "  class TestException extends InvocationTargetException {}",
+                        "  public Throwable getCause(TestException foo) {",
+                        "    return foo.getTargetException();", // This should change
+                        "  }",
+                        "}")
+                .addOutputLines(
+                        "Test.java",
+                        "import " + InvocationTargetException.class.getName() + ";",
+                        "class Test {",
+                        "  class TestException extends InvocationTargetException {}",
+                        "  public Throwable getCause(TestException foo) {",
+                        "    return foo.getCause();",
+                        "  }",
+                        "}")
+                .doTest();
+    }
+
+    private RefactoringValidator fix() {
+        return RefactoringValidator.of(InvocationTargetExceptionGetTargetException.class, getClass());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/changelog/@unreleased/pr-2541.v2.yml b/changelog/@unreleased/pr-2541.v2.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28d640520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/@unreleased/pr-2541.v2.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+type: feature
+feature:
+  description: 'Add check: Use InvocationTargetException.getCause instead of getTargetException.'
+  links:
+  - https://github.com/palantir/gradle-baseline/pull/2541