diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index c9649936..bc282464 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 [submodule "opentelemetry-proto"]
 	path = opentelemetry-proto
 	url = https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-proto
-	branch = v1.9.0
+	branch = v1.10.0
diff --git a/opentelemetry-proto b/opentelemetry-proto
index a8951735..ca839c51 160000
--- a/opentelemetry-proto
+++ b/opentelemetry-proto
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a8951735f7801e8adfaec5c0ace9262771cfec6e
+Subproject commit ca839c51f706f5d53bfb46f06c3e90c3af3a52c6
diff --git a/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod b/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod
index 30185a92..562e5a94 100644
--- a/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod
+++ b/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.28.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp/profiles/v1development v0.0.0-20250721084824-6f76ca90124d
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp/profiles/v1development v0.3.0
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.79.2
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 )
 
 require (
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.9.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.50.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.34.0 // indirect
diff --git a/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go b/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go
index 1f8d49bc..304f6476 100644
--- a/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go
+++ b/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ type AnyValue struct {
 	//	*AnyValue_ArrayValue
 	//	*AnyValue_KvlistValue
 	//	*AnyValue_BytesValue
+	//	*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex
 	Value isAnyValue_Value `protobuf_oneof:"value"`
 }
 
@@ -144,6 +145,13 @@ func (x *AnyValue) GetBytesValue() []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *AnyValue) GetStringValueStrindex() int32 {
+	if x, ok := x.GetValue().(*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex); ok {
+		return x.StringValueStrindex
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 type isAnyValue_Value interface {
 	isAnyValue_Value()
 }
@@ -176,6 +184,20 @@ type AnyValue_BytesValue struct {
 	BytesValue []byte `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=bytes_value,json=bytesValue,proto3,oneof"`
 }
 
+type AnyValue_StringValueStrindex struct {
+	// Reference to the string value in ProfilesDictionary.string_table.
+	//
+	// Note: This is currently used exclusively in the Profiling signal.
+	// Implementers of OTLP receivers for signals other than Profiling should
+	// treat the presence of this value as a non-fatal issue.
+	// Log an error or warning indicating an unexpected field intended for the
+	// Profiling signal and process the data as if this value were absent or
+	// empty, ignoring its semantic content for the non-Profiling signal.
+	//
+	// Status: [Development]
+	StringValueStrindex int32 `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=string_value_strindex,json=stringValueStrindex,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
 func (*AnyValue_StringValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
 
 func (*AnyValue_BoolValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
@@ -190,6 +212,8 @@ func (*AnyValue_KvlistValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
 
 func (*AnyValue_BytesValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
 
+func (*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex) isAnyValue_Value() {}
+
 // ArrayValue is a list of AnyValue messages. We need ArrayValue as a message
 // since oneof in AnyValue does not allow repeated fields.
 type ArrayValue struct {
@@ -306,9 +330,22 @@ type KeyValue struct {
 	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
 
 	// The key name of the pair.
+	// key_ref MUST NOT be set if key is used.
 	Key string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" json:"key,omitempty"`
 	// The value of the pair.
 	Value *AnyValue `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3" json:"value,omitempty"`
+	// Reference to the string key in ProfilesDictionary.string_table.
+	// key MUST NOT be set if key_strindex is used.
+	//
+	// Note: This is currently used exclusively in the Profiling signal.
+	// Implementers of OTLP receivers for signals other than Profiling should
+	// treat the presence of this key as a non-fatal issue.
+	// Log an error or warning indicating an unexpected field intended for the
+	// Profiling signal and process the data as if this value were absent or
+	// empty, ignoring its semantic content for the non-Profiling signal.
+	//
+	// Status: [Development]
+	KeyStrindex int32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=key_strindex,json=keyStrindex,proto3" json:"key_strindex,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (x *KeyValue) Reset() {
@@ -357,6 +394,13 @@ func (x *KeyValue) GetValue() *AnyValue {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *KeyValue) GetKeyStrindex() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.KeyStrindex
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 // InstrumentationScope is a message representing the instrumentation scope information
 // such as the fully qualified name and version.
 type InstrumentationScope struct {
@@ -543,7 +587,7 @@ var file_opentelemetry_proto_common_v1_common_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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@@ -565,52 +609,58 @@ var file_opentelemetry_proto_common_v1_common_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x31, 0x2e,
+	0x4b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x56, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62,
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+	0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x74,
+	0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0d, 0x52, 0x16, 0x64, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x70, 0x65, 0x64, 0x41,
+	0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x22, 0x82,
+	0x01, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x45, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x69, 0x74, 0x79, 0x52, 0x65, 0x66, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x0a, 0x0a,
+	0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x5f, 0x75, 0x72, 0x6c, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09,
+	0x52, 0x09, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x55, 0x72, 0x6c, 0x12, 0x12, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x74,
+	0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x04, 0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x12,
+	0x17, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x69, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x73, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x09,
+	0x52, 0x06, 0x69, 0x64, 0x4b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x73, 0x12, 0x29, 0x0a, 0x10, 0x64, 0x65, 0x73, 0x63,
+	0x72, 0x69, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x5f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x73, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x03,
+	0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x0f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x73, 0x63, 0x72, 0x69, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x4b,
+	0x65, 0x79, 0x73, 0x42, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65,
+	0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f,
+	0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x31, 0x42, 0x0b, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x50,
+	0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x50, 0x01, 0x5a, 0x28, 0x67, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74,
+	0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74,
+	0x6f, 0x2f, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x70, 0x2f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x76, 0x31,
+	0xaa, 0x02, 0x1d, 0x4f, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x54, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x79,
+	0x2e, 0x50, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x2e, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x56, 0x31,
+	0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
 }
 
 var (
@@ -735,6 +785,7 @@ func file_opentelemetry_proto_common_v1_common_proto_init() {
 		(*AnyValue_ArrayValue)(nil),
 		(*AnyValue_KvlistValue)(nil),
 		(*AnyValue_BytesValue)(nil),
+		(*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex)(nil),
 	}
 	type x struct{}
 	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
diff --git a/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go b/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go
index b25abe6f..ab284c0c 100644
--- a/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go
+++ b/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ const (
 type SeverityNumber int32
 
 const (
-	// UNSPECIFIED is the default SeverityNumber, it MUST NOT be used.
 	SeverityNumber_SEVERITY_NUMBER_UNSPECIFIED SeverityNumber = 0
 	SeverityNumber_SEVERITY_NUMBER_TRACE       SeverityNumber = 1
 	SeverityNumber_SEVERITY_NUMBER_TRACE2      SeverityNumber = 2
diff --git a/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod b/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod
index afae49b2..982694c5 100644
--- a/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod
+++ b/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp/profiles/v1development
 go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.9.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.10.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 )
 
diff --git a/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go b/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go
index b6131d6c..437c6b01 100644
--- a/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go
+++ b/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go
@@ -453,9 +453,14 @@ type Profile struct {
 	SampleType *ValueType `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=sample_type,json=sampleType,proto3" json:"sample_type,omitempty"`
 	// The set of samples recorded in this profile.
 	Samples []*Sample `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=samples,proto3" json:"samples,omitempty"`
-	// Time of collection (UTC) represented as nanoseconds past the epoch.
+	// Time of collection. Value is UNIX Epoch time in nanoseconds since 00:00:00
+	// UTC on 1 January 1970.
 	TimeUnixNano uint64 `protobuf:"fixed64,3,opt,name=time_unix_nano,json=timeUnixNano,proto3" json:"time_unix_nano,omitempty"`
-	// Duration of the profile, if a duration makes sense.
+	// Duration of the profile. For instant profiles like live heap snapshot, the
+	// duration can be zero but it may be preferable to set time_unix_nano to the
+	// process start time and duration_nano to the relative time when the profile
+	// was gathered. This ensures Sample.timestamps_unix_nano values such as
+	// allocation timestamp fall into the profile time range.
 	DurationNano uint64 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=duration_nano,json=durationNano,proto3" json:"duration_nano,omitempty"`
 	// The kind of events between sampled occurrences.
 	// e.g [ "cpu","cycles" ] or [ "heap","bytes" ]
@@ -736,7 +741,11 @@ func (x *ValueType) GetUnitStrindex() int32 {
 // both fields are populated, they MUST contain the same number of elements, and
 // the elements at the same index MUST refer to the same event.
 //
-// Examples of different ways of representing a sample with the total value of 10:
+// For the purposes of efficiently representing aggregated data observations, a Sample is regarded
+// as having a shared identity and an associated collection of per-observation data points.
+// Samples having the same identity SHOULD be combined by inserting timestamps and values to the data arrays.
+//
+// Examples of different ways ('shapes') of representing a sample with the total value of 10:
 //
 // Report of a stacktrace at 10 timestamps (consumers must assume the value is 1 for each point):
 //    values: []
@@ -749,6 +758,10 @@ func (x *ValueType) GetUnitStrindex() int32 {
 // Report of a stacktrace at 4 timestamps where each point records a specific value:
 //    values: [2, 2, 3, 3]
 //    timestamps_unix_nano: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+//
+// All Samples for a Profile SHOULD have the same shape, i.e. all data observation series should consistently
+// adopt the same data recording style.
+//
 type Sample struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -756,15 +769,17 @@ type Sample struct {
 
 	// Reference to stack in ProfilesDictionary.stack_table.
 	StackIndex int32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=stack_index,json=stackIndex,proto3" json:"stack_index,omitempty"`
-	// The type and unit of each value is defined by Profile.sample_type.
-	Values []int64 `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,packed,name=values,proto3" json:"values,omitempty"`
 	// References to attributes in ProfilesDictionary.attribute_table. [optional]
-	AttributeIndices []int32 `protobuf:"varint,3,rep,packed,name=attribute_indices,json=attributeIndices,proto3" json:"attribute_indices,omitempty"`
+	AttributeIndices []int32 `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,packed,name=attribute_indices,json=attributeIndices,proto3" json:"attribute_indices,omitempty"`
 	// Reference to link in ProfilesDictionary.link_table. [optional]
 	// It can be unset / set to 0 if no link exists, as link_table[0] is always a 'null' default value.
-	LinkIndex int32 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=link_index,json=linkIndex,proto3" json:"link_index,omitempty"`
-	// Timestamps associated with Sample represented in nanoseconds. These
-	// timestamps should fall within the Profile's time range.
+	LinkIndex int32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=link_index,json=linkIndex,proto3" json:"link_index,omitempty"`
+	// The type and unit of each value is defined by Profile.sample_type.
+	Values []int64 `protobuf:"varint,4,rep,packed,name=values,proto3" json:"values,omitempty"`
+	// Timestamps associated with Sample. Value is UNIX Epoch time in nanoseconds
+	// since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970. The timestamps should fall within the
+	// [Profile.time_unix_nano, Profile.time_unix_nano + Profile.duration_nano)
+	// time range.
 	TimestampsUnixNano []uint64 `protobuf:"fixed64,5,rep,packed,name=timestamps_unix_nano,json=timestampsUnixNano,proto3" json:"timestamps_unix_nano,omitempty"`
 }
 
@@ -807,13 +822,6 @@ func (x *Sample) GetStackIndex() int32 {
 	return 0
 }
 
-func (x *Sample) GetValues() []int64 {
-	if x != nil {
-		return x.Values
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (x *Sample) GetAttributeIndices() []int32 {
 	if x != nil {
 		return x.AttributeIndices
@@ -828,6 +836,13 @@ func (x *Sample) GetLinkIndex() int32 {
 	return 0
 }
 
+func (x *Sample) GetValues() []int64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Values
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (x *Sample) GetTimestampsUnixNano() []uint64 {
 	if x != nil {
 		return x.TimestampsUnixNano
@@ -1419,13 +1434,13 @@ var file_opentelemetry_proto_profiles_v1development_profiles_proto_rawDesc = []b
 	0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x22, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x53, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1f,
 	0x0a, 0x0b, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20,
 	0x01, 0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x12,
-	0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x03, 0x52,
-	0x06, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x2b, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69,
-	0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x03,
-	0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x10, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64,
-	0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64,
-	0x65, 0x78, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x09, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x49, 0x6e,
-	0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x12, 0x30, 0x0a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70,
+	0x2b, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64,
+	0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x10, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72,
+	0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x0a, 0x0a,
+	0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x05,
+	0x52, 0x09, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x12, 0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x76,
+	0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x03, 0x52, 0x06, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c,
+	0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x30, 0x0a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70,
 	0x73, 0x5f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x78, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x18, 0x05, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28,
 	0x06, 0x52, 0x12, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x73, 0x55, 0x6e, 0x69,
 	0x78, 0x4e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x22, 0xca, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x4d, 0x61, 0x70, 0x70, 0x69, 0x6e,
diff --git a/slim/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod b/slim/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod
index af886ad2..75b654ad 100644
--- a/slim/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod
+++ b/slim/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development/go.mod
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ module go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development
 go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development v0.0.0-20250721084824-6f76ca90124d
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development v0.3.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 )
 
-require go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp v1.9.0 // indirect
+require go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp v1.10.0 // indirect
 
 replace go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp => ../../../
 
diff --git a/slim/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go b/slim/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go
index f1290998..95513356 100644
--- a/slim/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go
+++ b/slim/otlp/common/v1/common.pb.go
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ type AnyValue struct {
 	//	*AnyValue_ArrayValue
 	//	*AnyValue_KvlistValue
 	//	*AnyValue_BytesValue
+	//	*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex
 	Value isAnyValue_Value `protobuf_oneof:"value"`
 }
 
@@ -144,6 +145,13 @@ func (x *AnyValue) GetBytesValue() []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *AnyValue) GetStringValueStrindex() int32 {
+	if x, ok := x.GetValue().(*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex); ok {
+		return x.StringValueStrindex
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 type isAnyValue_Value interface {
 	isAnyValue_Value()
 }
@@ -176,6 +184,20 @@ type AnyValue_BytesValue struct {
 	BytesValue []byte `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=bytes_value,json=bytesValue,proto3,oneof"`
 }
 
+type AnyValue_StringValueStrindex struct {
+	// Reference to the string value in ProfilesDictionary.string_table.
+	//
+	// Note: This is currently used exclusively in the Profiling signal.
+	// Implementers of OTLP receivers for signals other than Profiling should
+	// treat the presence of this value as a non-fatal issue.
+	// Log an error or warning indicating an unexpected field intended for the
+	// Profiling signal and process the data as if this value were absent or
+	// empty, ignoring its semantic content for the non-Profiling signal.
+	//
+	// Status: [Development]
+	StringValueStrindex int32 `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=string_value_strindex,json=stringValueStrindex,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
 func (*AnyValue_StringValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
 
 func (*AnyValue_BoolValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
@@ -190,6 +212,8 @@ func (*AnyValue_KvlistValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
 
 func (*AnyValue_BytesValue) isAnyValue_Value() {}
 
+func (*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex) isAnyValue_Value() {}
+
 // ArrayValue is a list of AnyValue messages. We need ArrayValue as a message
 // since oneof in AnyValue does not allow repeated fields.
 type ArrayValue struct {
@@ -306,9 +330,22 @@ type KeyValue struct {
 	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
 
 	// The key name of the pair.
+	// key_ref MUST NOT be set if key is used.
 	Key string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=key,proto3" json:"key,omitempty"`
 	// The value of the pair.
 	Value *AnyValue `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=value,proto3" json:"value,omitempty"`
+	// Reference to the string key in ProfilesDictionary.string_table.
+	// key MUST NOT be set if key_strindex is used.
+	//
+	// Note: This is currently used exclusively in the Profiling signal.
+	// Implementers of OTLP receivers for signals other than Profiling should
+	// treat the presence of this key as a non-fatal issue.
+	// Log an error or warning indicating an unexpected field intended for the
+	// Profiling signal and process the data as if this value were absent or
+	// empty, ignoring its semantic content for the non-Profiling signal.
+	//
+	// Status: [Development]
+	KeyStrindex int32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=key_strindex,json=keyStrindex,proto3" json:"key_strindex,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (x *KeyValue) Reset() {
@@ -357,6 +394,13 @@ func (x *KeyValue) GetValue() *AnyValue {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *KeyValue) GetKeyStrindex() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.KeyStrindex
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
 // InstrumentationScope is a message representing the instrumentation scope information
 // such as the fully qualified name and version.
 type InstrumentationScope struct {
@@ -543,7 +587,7 @@ var file_opentelemetry_proto_common_v1_common_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2f, 0x76, 0x31, 0x2f,
 	0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x6f, 0x70,
 	0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74,
-	0x6f, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x31, 0x22, 0xe0, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x08,
+	0x6f, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x31, 0x22, 0x96, 0x03, 0x0a, 0x08,
 	0x41, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x56, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x12, 0x23, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69,
 	0x6e, 0x67, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x09, 0x48, 0x00,
 	0x52, 0x0b, 0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x56, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1f, 0x0a,
@@ -565,53 +609,58 @@ var file_opentelemetry_proto_common_v1_common_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
 	0x69, 0x73, 0x74, 0x48, 0x00, 0x52, 0x0b, 0x6b, 0x76, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x73, 0x74, 0x56, 0x61, 0x6c,
 	0x75, 0x65, 0x12, 0x21, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x62, 0x79, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75,
 	0x65, 0x18, 0x07, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0c, 0x48, 0x00, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x62, 0x79, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73,
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 }
 
 var (
@@ -736,6 +785,7 @@ func file_opentelemetry_proto_common_v1_common_proto_init() {
 		(*AnyValue_ArrayValue)(nil),
 		(*AnyValue_KvlistValue)(nil),
 		(*AnyValue_BytesValue)(nil),
+		(*AnyValue_StringValueStrindex)(nil),
 	}
 	type x struct{}
 	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
diff --git a/slim/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go b/slim/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go
index 883b3504..4719ee44 100644
--- a/slim/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go
+++ b/slim/otlp/logs/v1/logs.pb.go
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ const (
 type SeverityNumber int32
 
 const (
-	// UNSPECIFIED is the default SeverityNumber, it MUST NOT be used.
 	SeverityNumber_SEVERITY_NUMBER_UNSPECIFIED SeverityNumber = 0
 	SeverityNumber_SEVERITY_NUMBER_TRACE       SeverityNumber = 1
 	SeverityNumber_SEVERITY_NUMBER_TRACE2      SeverityNumber = 2
diff --git a/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod b/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod
index 4bd6db98..81000d2f 100644
--- a/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod
+++ b/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/go.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development
 go 1.24.0
 
 require (
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp v1.9.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp v1.10.0
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11
 )
 
diff --git a/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go b/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go
index a157bdb7..55a1ba73 100644
--- a/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go
+++ b/slim/otlp/profiles/v1development/profiles.pb.go
@@ -453,9 +453,14 @@ type Profile struct {
 	SampleType *ValueType `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=sample_type,json=sampleType,proto3" json:"sample_type,omitempty"`
 	// The set of samples recorded in this profile.
 	Samples []*Sample `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=samples,proto3" json:"samples,omitempty"`
-	// Time of collection (UTC) represented as nanoseconds past the epoch.
+	// Time of collection. Value is UNIX Epoch time in nanoseconds since 00:00:00
+	// UTC on 1 January 1970.
 	TimeUnixNano uint64 `protobuf:"fixed64,3,opt,name=time_unix_nano,json=timeUnixNano,proto3" json:"time_unix_nano,omitempty"`
-	// Duration of the profile, if a duration makes sense.
+	// Duration of the profile. For instant profiles like live heap snapshot, the
+	// duration can be zero but it may be preferable to set time_unix_nano to the
+	// process start time and duration_nano to the relative time when the profile
+	// was gathered. This ensures Sample.timestamps_unix_nano values such as
+	// allocation timestamp fall into the profile time range.
 	DurationNano uint64 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=duration_nano,json=durationNano,proto3" json:"duration_nano,omitempty"`
 	// The kind of events between sampled occurrences.
 	// e.g [ "cpu","cycles" ] or [ "heap","bytes" ]
@@ -736,7 +741,11 @@ func (x *ValueType) GetUnitStrindex() int32 {
 // both fields are populated, they MUST contain the same number of elements, and
 // the elements at the same index MUST refer to the same event.
 //
-// Examples of different ways of representing a sample with the total value of 10:
+// For the purposes of efficiently representing aggregated data observations, a Sample is regarded
+// as having a shared identity and an associated collection of per-observation data points.
+// Samples having the same identity SHOULD be combined by inserting timestamps and values to the data arrays.
+//
+// Examples of different ways ('shapes') of representing a sample with the total value of 10:
 //
 // Report of a stacktrace at 10 timestamps (consumers must assume the value is 1 for each point):
 //    values: []
@@ -749,6 +758,10 @@ func (x *ValueType) GetUnitStrindex() int32 {
 // Report of a stacktrace at 4 timestamps where each point records a specific value:
 //    values: [2, 2, 3, 3]
 //    timestamps_unix_nano: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+//
+// All Samples for a Profile SHOULD have the same shape, i.e. all data observation series should consistently
+// adopt the same data recording style.
+//
 type Sample struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -756,15 +769,17 @@ type Sample struct {
 
 	// Reference to stack in ProfilesDictionary.stack_table.
 	StackIndex int32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=stack_index,json=stackIndex,proto3" json:"stack_index,omitempty"`
-	// The type and unit of each value is defined by Profile.sample_type.
-	Values []int64 `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,packed,name=values,proto3" json:"values,omitempty"`
 	// References to attributes in ProfilesDictionary.attribute_table. [optional]
-	AttributeIndices []int32 `protobuf:"varint,3,rep,packed,name=attribute_indices,json=attributeIndices,proto3" json:"attribute_indices,omitempty"`
+	AttributeIndices []int32 `protobuf:"varint,2,rep,packed,name=attribute_indices,json=attributeIndices,proto3" json:"attribute_indices,omitempty"`
 	// Reference to link in ProfilesDictionary.link_table. [optional]
 	// It can be unset / set to 0 if no link exists, as link_table[0] is always a 'null' default value.
-	LinkIndex int32 `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=link_index,json=linkIndex,proto3" json:"link_index,omitempty"`
-	// Timestamps associated with Sample represented in nanoseconds. These
-	// timestamps should fall within the Profile's time range.
+	LinkIndex int32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=link_index,json=linkIndex,proto3" json:"link_index,omitempty"`
+	// The type and unit of each value is defined by Profile.sample_type.
+	Values []int64 `protobuf:"varint,4,rep,packed,name=values,proto3" json:"values,omitempty"`
+	// Timestamps associated with Sample. Value is UNIX Epoch time in nanoseconds
+	// since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970. The timestamps should fall within the
+	// [Profile.time_unix_nano, Profile.time_unix_nano + Profile.duration_nano)
+	// time range.
 	TimestampsUnixNano []uint64 `protobuf:"fixed64,5,rep,packed,name=timestamps_unix_nano,json=timestampsUnixNano,proto3" json:"timestamps_unix_nano,omitempty"`
 }
 
@@ -807,13 +822,6 @@ func (x *Sample) GetStackIndex() int32 {
 	return 0
 }
 
-func (x *Sample) GetValues() []int64 {
-	if x != nil {
-		return x.Values
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (x *Sample) GetAttributeIndices() []int32 {
 	if x != nil {
 		return x.AttributeIndices
@@ -828,6 +836,13 @@ func (x *Sample) GetLinkIndex() int32 {
 	return 0
 }
 
+func (x *Sample) GetValues() []int64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Values
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (x *Sample) GetTimestampsUnixNano() []uint64 {
 	if x != nil {
 		return x.TimestampsUnixNano
@@ -1419,13 +1434,13 @@ var file_opentelemetry_proto_profiles_v1development_profiles_proto_rawDesc = []b
 	0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x22, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x53, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x12, 0x1f,
 	0x0a, 0x0b, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20,
 	0x01, 0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x12,
-	0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x03, 0x52,
-	0x06, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x2b, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69,
-	0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x03,
-	0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x10, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64,
-	0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64,
-	0x65, 0x78, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x09, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x49, 0x6e,
-	0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x12, 0x30, 0x0a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70,
+	0x2b, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64,
+	0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x05, 0x52, 0x10, 0x61, 0x74, 0x74, 0x72,
+	0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x0a, 0x0a,
+	0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x18, 0x03, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x05,
+	0x52, 0x09, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x78, 0x12, 0x16, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x76,
+	0x61, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x04, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x03, 0x52, 0x06, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c,
+	0x75, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x30, 0x0a, 0x14, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70,
 	0x73, 0x5f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x78, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x18, 0x05, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28,
 	0x06, 0x52, 0x12, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x73, 0x55, 0x6e, 0x69,
 	0x78, 0x4e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x22, 0xca, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x4d, 0x61, 0x70, 0x70, 0x69, 0x6e,
diff --git a/versions.yaml b/versions.yaml
index 5a4faf56..51f4b938 100644
--- a/versions.yaml
+++ b/versions.yaml
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@
 
 module-sets:
   stable:
-    version: v1.9.0
+    version: v1.10.0
     modules:
       - go.opentelemetry.io/proto
       - go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp
       - go.opentelemetry.io/proto/slim/otlp
   unstable:
-    version: v0.2.0
+    version: v0.3.0
     modules:
       - go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp/profiles/v1development
       - go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp/collector/profiles/v1development