diff --git a/experimental/CHANGELOG.md b/experimental/CHANGELOG.md
index defff18a1a9..1411f965eba 100644
--- a/experimental/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/experimental/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ For notes on migrating to 2.x / 0.200.x see [the upgrade guide](doc/upgrade-to-2
 
 ### :rocket: Features
 
+* feat(configuration): add resource detection parsing [#6435](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/pull/6435) @MikeGoldsmith
 * feat(configuration): export interfaces required in other packages [#6462](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js/pull/6462) @maryliag
 
 ### :bug: Bug Fixes
diff --git a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/EnvironmentConfigFactory.ts b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/EnvironmentConfigFactory.ts
index e8186e5d801..692d53e9146 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/EnvironmentConfigFactory.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/EnvironmentConfigFactory.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import { initializeDefaultTracerProviderConfiguration } from './models/tracerPro
 import type { BatchLogRecordProcessor } from './models/loggerProviderModel';
 import { initializeDefaultLoggerProviderConfiguration } from './models/loggerProviderModel';
 import { getGrpcTlsConfig, getHttpTlsConfig } from './utils';
+import type { ExperimentalResourceDetector } from './models/resourceModel';
 
 /**
  * EnvironmentConfigProvider provides a configuration based on environment variables.
@@ -46,13 +47,6 @@ export class EnvironmentConfigFactory implements ConfigFactory {
       this._config.log_level = logLevel;
     }
 
-    const nodeResourceDetectors = getStringListFromEnv(
-      'OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS'
-    );
-    if (nodeResourceDetectors) {
-      this._config.node_resource_detectors = nodeResourceDetectors;
-    }
-
     setResources(this._config);
     setAttributeLimits(this._config);
     setPropagators(this._config);
@@ -104,6 +98,31 @@ export function setResources(config: ConfigurationModel): void {
       }
     }
   }
+
+  const nodeDetectors = getStringListFromEnv('OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS');
+  if (
+    nodeDetectors &&
+    nodeDetectors.length > 0 &&
+    !nodeDetectors.includes('none')
+  ) {
+    const all = nodeDetectors.includes('all');
+    const detectors: ExperimentalResourceDetector[] = [];
+    if (all || nodeDetectors.includes('container'))
+      detectors.push({ container: {} });
+    if (all || nodeDetectors.includes('host')) detectors.push({ host: {} });
+    if (all || nodeDetectors.includes('os')) detectors.push({ os: {} });
+    if (all || nodeDetectors.includes('process'))
+      detectors.push({ process: {} });
+    if (all || nodeDetectors.includes('serviceinstance'))
+      detectors.push({ service: {} });
+    if (all || nodeDetectors.includes('env')) detectors.push({ env: {} });
+    if (detectors.length > 0) {
+      if (config.resource['detection/development'] == null) {
+        config.resource['detection/development'] = {};
+      }
+      config.resource['detection/development'].detectors = detectors;
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 export function setAttributeLimits(config: ConfigurationModel): void {
diff --git a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/FileConfigFactory.ts b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/FileConfigFactory.ts
index 69727d06001..b49d4fe33bf 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/FileConfigFactory.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/FileConfigFactory.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,11 @@ import type {
   LogRecordProcessor,
 } from './models/loggerProviderModel';
 import { initializeDefaultLoggerProviderConfiguration } from './models/loggerProviderModel';
-import type { AttributeNameValue } from './models/resourceModel';
+import type {
+  AttributeNameValue,
+  ExperimentalResourceDetection,
+  ExperimentalResourceDetector,
+} from './models/resourceModel';
 import type {
   Aggregation,
   CardinalityLimits,
@@ -130,6 +134,13 @@ export function parseConfigFile(config: ConfigurationModel) {
       parsedContent['resource']?.['attributes'],
       parsedContent['resource']?.['attributes_list']
     );
+
+    const detectionConfig =
+      parsedContent['resource']?.['detection/development'];
+    if (detectionConfig) {
+      config.resource!['detection/development'] =
+        parseDetectionDevelopment(detectionConfig);
+    }
     setAttributeLimits(config, parsedContent['attribute_limits']);
     setPropagator(config, parsedContent['propagator']);
     setTracerProvider(config, parsedContent['tracer_provider']);
@@ -213,6 +224,52 @@ export function setResourceAttributes(
   }
 }
 
+function parseDetectionDevelopment(
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+  detection: any
+): ExperimentalResourceDetection {
+  const result: ExperimentalResourceDetection = {};
+
+  if (detection['attributes']) {
+    result.attributes = {};
+    const included = detection['attributes']['included'];
+    if (Array.isArray(included)) {
+      result.attributes.included = included.filter(
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        (v: any) => typeof v === 'string'
+      );
+    }
+    const excluded = detection['attributes']['excluded'];
+    if (Array.isArray(excluded)) {
+      result.attributes.excluded = excluded.filter(
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        (v: any) => typeof v === 'string'
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(detection['detectors'])) {
+    result.detectors = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < detection['detectors'].length; i++) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+      const d: any = detection['detectors'][i];
+      if (typeof d !== 'object' || d === null) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const detector: ExperimentalResourceDetector = {};
+      if ('container' in d) detector.container = d.container ?? {};
+      if ('env' in d) detector.env = d.env ?? {};
+      if ('host' in d) detector.host = d.host ?? {};
+      if ('os' in d) detector.os = d.os ?? {};
+      if ('process' in d) detector.process = d.process ?? {};
+      if ('service' in d) detector.service = d.service ?? {};
+      result.detectors.push(detector);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
 export function setAttributeLimits(
   config: ConfigurationModel,
   attrLimits: AttributeLimits
diff --git a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/configModel.ts b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/configModel.ts
index a6bd1f5bd18..e436927d8cd 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/configModel.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/configModel.ts
@@ -23,12 +23,6 @@ export interface ConfigurationModel {
    */
   log_level?: number;
 
-  /**
-   * Node resource detectors
-   * If omitted, all is used.
-   */
-  node_resource_detectors?: string[];
-
   /**
    * Configure resource for all signals.
    * If omitted, the default resource is used.
diff --git a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/resourceModel.ts b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/resourceModel.ts
index dc6e06efaf0..2928aaf3cd1 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/resourceModel.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/configuration/src/models/resourceModel.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export interface ExperimentalResourceDetection {
    * Resource detector names are dependent on the SDK language ecosystem. Please consult documentation for each respective language.
    * If omitted or null, no resource detectors are enabled.
    */
-  detectors?: ExperimentalResourceDetector;
+  detectors?: ExperimentalResourceDetector[];
 }
 
 export interface ExperimentalResourceDetector {
@@ -77,18 +77,29 @@ export interface ExperimentalResourceDetector {
   container?: object;
 
   /**
-   * Enable the host resource detector, which populates host.* and os.* attributes.
+   * Enable the environment variable resource detector (Node.js only, no spec equivalent).
+   * Reads OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES and OTEL_SERVICE_NAME environment variables.
+   */
+  env?: object;
+
+  /**
+   * Enable the host resource detector, which populates host.* attributes.
    */
   host?: object;
 
+  /**
+   * Enable the OS resource detector (Node.js only, no spec equivalent).
+   * Populates os.type and os.version attributes.
+   */
+  os?: object;
+
   /**
    * Enable the process resource detector, which populates process.* attributes.
    */
   process?: object;
 
   /**
-   * Enable the service detector, which populates service.name based on the OTEL_SERVICE_NAME
-   * environment variable and service.instance.id.
+   * Enable the service detector, which populates service.instance.id.
    */
   service?: object;
 }
diff --git a/experimental/packages/configuration/test/ConfigFactory.test.ts b/experimental/packages/configuration/test/ConfigFactory.test.ts
index d4e3f6ed401..336bf3e44aa 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/configuration/test/ConfigFactory.test.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/configuration/test/ConfigFactory.test.ts
@@ -244,6 +244,20 @@ const configFromKitchenSinkFile: ConfigurationModel = {
         value: '1.0.0',
       },
     ],
+    'detection/development': {
+      attributes: {
+        included: ['process.*'],
+        excluded: ['process.command_args'],
+      },
+      detectors: [
+        { container: {} },
+        { env: {} },
+        { host: {} },
+        { os: {} },
+        { process: {} },
+        { service: {} },
+      ],
+    },
   },
   attribute_limits: {
     attribute_count_limit: 128,
@@ -989,7 +1003,69 @@ describe('ConfigFactory', function () {
       process.env.OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS = 'env,host, serviceinstance';
       const expectedConfig: ConfigurationModel = {
         ...defaultConfig,
-        node_resource_detectors: ['env', 'host', 'serviceinstance'],
+        resource: {
+          'detection/development': {
+            detectors: [{ host: {} }, { service: {} }, { env: {} }],
+          },
+        },
+      };
+      const configFactory = createConfigFactory();
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(configFactory.getConfigModel(), expectedConfig);
+    });
+
+    it('should map OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS=all to all detectors', function () {
+      process.env.OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS = 'all';
+      const expectedConfig: ConfigurationModel = {
+        ...defaultConfig,
+        resource: {
+          'detection/development': {
+            detectors: [
+              { container: {} },
+              { host: {} },
+              { os: {} },
+              { process: {} },
+              { service: {} },
+              { env: {} },
+            ],
+          },
+        },
+      };
+      const configFactory = createConfigFactory();
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(configFactory.getConfigModel(), expectedConfig);
+    });
+
+    it('should not set detection/development for OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS=none', function () {
+      process.env.OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS = 'none';
+      const expectedConfig: ConfigurationModel = {
+        ...defaultConfig,
+      };
+      const configFactory = createConfigFactory();
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(configFactory.getConfigModel(), expectedConfig);
+    });
+
+    it('should map OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS=os to os detector', function () {
+      process.env.OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS = 'os';
+      const expectedConfig: ConfigurationModel = {
+        ...defaultConfig,
+        resource: {
+          'detection/development': {
+            detectors: [{ os: {} }],
+          },
+        },
+      };
+      const configFactory = createConfigFactory();
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(configFactory.getConfigModel(), expectedConfig);
+    });
+
+    it('should map OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS=env to env detector', function () {
+      process.env.OTEL_NODE_RESOURCE_DETECTORS = 'env';
+      const expectedConfig: ConfigurationModel = {
+        ...defaultConfig,
+        resource: {
+          'detection/development': {
+            detectors: [{ env: {} }],
+          },
+        },
       };
       const configFactory = createConfigFactory();
       assert.deepStrictEqual(configFactory.getConfigModel(), expectedConfig);
diff --git a/experimental/packages/configuration/test/fixtures/kitchen-sink.yaml b/experimental/packages/configuration/test/fixtures/kitchen-sink.yaml
index 837d614cd32..8a2d0309ff6 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/configuration/test/fixtures/kitchen-sink.yaml
+++ b/experimental/packages/configuration/test/fixtures/kitchen-sink.yaml
@@ -428,7 +428,9 @@ resource:
         - process.command_args
     detectors:
       - container:
+      - env:
       - host:
+      - os:
       - process:
       - service:
   schema_url: https://opentelemetry.io/schemas/1.16.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/README.md b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/README.md
index c38a8e936ae..db138bfeeb7 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/README.md
+++ b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/README.md
@@ -146,6 +146,8 @@ If `resourceDetectors` was not set, you can also use the environment variable `O
   - **NOTE:** future versions of `@opentelemetry/sdk-node` may include additional detectors that will be covered by this scope.
 - `none` - disable resource detection
 
+**NOTE:** `env` and `os` are Node.js-specific detectors with no equivalent in the [OpenTelemetry declarative configuration spec](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-configuration). They are supported when using the `detection/development` block in a declarative config file.
+
 For example, to enable only the `env`, `host` detectors:
 
 ```shell
diff --git a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/start.ts b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/start.ts
index e49db71f07a..49c4e94b4df 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/start.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/start.ts
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ export function setupResource(
 
   if (sdkOptions.resourceDetectors != null) {
     resourceDetectors = sdkOptions.resourceDetectors;
-  } else if (config.node_resource_detectors) {
+  } else if (config.resource?.['detection/development']?.detectors) {
     resourceDetectors = getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config);
   }
 
diff --git a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/utils.ts b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/utils.ts
index 12852aa25e6..917a3c76d3c 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/utils.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/src/utils.ts
@@ -128,31 +128,16 @@ export function getResourceDetectorsFromEnv(): Array<ResourceDetector> {
 export function getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(
   config: ConfigurationModel
 ): Array<ResourceDetector> {
-  // When updating this list, make sure to also update the section `resourceDetectors` on README.
-  const resourceDetectors = new Map<string, ResourceDetector>([
-    [RESOURCE_DETECTOR_HOST, hostDetector],
-    [RESOURCE_DETECTOR_OS, osDetector],
-    [RESOURCE_DETECTOR_SERVICE_INSTANCE_ID, serviceInstanceIdDetector],
-    [RESOURCE_DETECTOR_PROCESS, processDetector],
-    [RESOURCE_DETECTOR_ENVIRONMENT, envDetector],
-  ]);
-
-  const resourceDetectorsFromConfig = config.node_resource_detectors ?? [];
-
-  if (resourceDetectorsFromConfig.includes('all')) {
-    return [...resourceDetectors.values()].flat();
-  }
-
-  if (resourceDetectorsFromConfig.includes('none')) {
-    return [];
-  }
-
-  return resourceDetectorsFromConfig.flatMap(detector => {
-    const resourceDetector = resourceDetectors.get(detector);
-    if (!resourceDetector) {
-      diag.warn(`Invalid resource detector "${detector}" specified`);
-    }
-    return resourceDetector || [];
+  const detectors = config.resource?.['detection/development']?.detectors ?? [];
+
+  return detectors.flatMap(detector => {
+    const result: ResourceDetector[] = [];
+    if (detector.host != null) result.push(hostDetector);
+    if (detector.os != null) result.push(osDetector);
+    if (detector.process != null) result.push(processDetector);
+    if (detector.service != null) result.push(serviceInstanceIdDetector);
+    if (detector.env != null) result.push(envDetector);
+    return result;
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/start.test.ts b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/start.test.ts
index 0825c7fd66e..cd8dc02b88b 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/start.test.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/start.test.ts
@@ -329,8 +329,8 @@ describe('startNodeSDK', function () {
 
       assert.notEqual(resource.attributes[ATTR_PROCESS_PID], undefined);
       assert.notEqual(resource.attributes[ATTR_HOST_NAME], undefined);
-      assert.notEqual(resource.attributes[ATTR_OS_TYPE], undefined);
       assert.notEqual(resource.attributes[ATTR_SERVICE_INSTANCE_ID], undefined);
+      assert.notEqual(resource.attributes[ATTR_OS_TYPE], undefined);
     });
 
     it('should configure resources from config file', async () => {
diff --git a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/utils.test.ts b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/utils.test.ts
index cd68f0bc50d..23599bace97 100644
--- a/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/utils.test.ts
+++ b/experimental/packages/opentelemetry-sdk-node/test/utils.test.ts
@@ -9,11 +9,19 @@ import {
   getPropagatorFromConfiguration,
   getLoggerProviderConfigFromEnv,
   getBatchLogRecordProcessorConfigFromEnv,
+  getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration,
 } from '../src/utils';
 import * as assert from 'assert';
 import * as sinon from 'sinon';
 import { diag } from '@opentelemetry/api';
 import type { ConfigurationModel } from '@opentelemetry/configuration';
+import {
+  envDetector,
+  hostDetector,
+  osDetector,
+  processDetector,
+  serviceInstanceIdDetector,
+} from '@opentelemetry/resources';
 import type { LoggerProviderConfig } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-logs';
 
 describe('getPropagatorFromEnv', function () {
@@ -401,3 +409,86 @@ describe('getBatchLogRecordProcessorConfigFromEnv', function () {
     sinon.assert.callCount(warnStub, 4);
   });
 });
+
+describe('getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration', function () {
+  it('returns empty array when detection/development is not set', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {};
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), []);
+  });
+
+  it('returns empty array when detectors array is empty', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: { 'detection/development': { detectors: [] } },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), []);
+  });
+
+  it('maps env detector object to envDetector', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: { 'detection/development': { detectors: [{ env: {} }] } },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), [
+      envDetector,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('maps host detector object to hostDetector', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: { 'detection/development': { detectors: [{ host: {} }] } },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), [
+      hostDetector,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('maps os detector object to osDetector', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: { 'detection/development': { detectors: [{ os: {} }] } },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), [
+      osDetector,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('maps process detector object to processDetector', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: { 'detection/development': { detectors: [{ process: {} }] } },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), [
+      processDetector,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('maps service detector object to serviceInstanceIdDetector', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: { 'detection/development': { detectors: [{ service: {} }] } },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), [
+      serviceInstanceIdDetector,
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('silently skips container detector (no JS implementation)', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: {
+        'detection/development': { detectors: [{ container: {} }] },
+      },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), []);
+  });
+
+  it('maps multiple detector objects in order', function () {
+    const config: ConfigurationModel = {
+      resource: {
+        'detection/development': {
+          detectors: [{ host: {} }, { process: {} }, { service: {} }],
+        },
+      },
+    };
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(getResourceDetectorsFromConfiguration(config), [
+      hostDetector,
+      processDetector,
+      serviceInstanceIdDetector,
+    ]);
+  });
+});