[sdk-metrics] Implement experimenal cardinality limit specification

[pichlermarc]

Description

Currently, metrics will allocate one metric stream per attribute configuration, which means that a single attribute with an unbounded amount of values can cause a memory leak.

The Metrics SDK specification defines experimental cardinality limits that SDKs can implement. These limits allow us to forget stale metric streams.

This issue is considered done when

• the cardinality limits specification is implemented

Additional context

• Ability to remove/flush unused attributes in metric instruments #2997
• Metrics SDK: define standard circuit breakers for uncollected, infinite cardinality recordings opentelemetry-specification#1891
• Specify MeterProvider configurable cardinality limits opentelemetry-specification#2960

[pichlermarc]

Implemented in #5128