diff --git a/src/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS/AWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs b/src/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS/AWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs
index f5652225f7..3e28f32868 100644
--- a/src/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS/AWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs
+++ b/src/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS/AWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs
@@ -14,8 +14,13 @@ public sealed class AWSXRayRemoteSampler : Trace.Sampler, IDisposable
 {
     internal static readonly TimeSpan DefaultTargetInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
 
+    private const string ClientIdCharacters = "0123456789abcdef";
+
     private static readonly Random Random = new();
+    private readonly CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new();
+    private readonly SemaphoreSlim pollerLock = new(1, 1);
     private bool isFallBackEventToWriteSwitch = true;
+    private int disposed;
 
     [SuppressMessage("Performance", "CA5394: Do not use insecure randomness", Justification = "Secure random is not required for jitters.")]
     internal AWSXRayRemoteSampler(Resource resource, TimeSpan pollingInterval, string endpoint, Clock clock)
@@ -73,10 +78,7 @@ internal AWSXRayRemoteSampler(Resource resource, TimeSpan pollingInterval, strin
     /// to identify the service attributes for sampling. This resource should
     /// be the same as what the OpenTelemetry SDK is configured with.</param>
     /// <returns>an instance of <see cref="AWSXRayRemoteSamplerBuilder"/>.</returns>
-    public static AWSXRayRemoteSamplerBuilder Builder(Resource resource)
-    {
-        return new AWSXRayRemoteSamplerBuilder(resource);
-    }
+    public static AWSXRayRemoteSamplerBuilder Builder(Resource resource) => new(resource);
 
     /// <inheritdoc/>
     public override SamplingResult ShouldSample(in SamplingParameters samplingParameters)
@@ -105,53 +107,54 @@ public void Dispose()
         GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
     }
 
-    [SuppressMessage(
-        "Usage",
-        "CA5394: Do not use insecure randomness",
-        Justification = "using insecure random is fine here since clientId doesn't need to be secure.")]
-    private static string GenerateClientId()
+    internal async Task ExecutePollAsync(Func<CancellationToken, Task> pollAsync)
     {
-        char[] hex = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'];
-        var clientIdChars = new char[24];
-        for (var i = 0; i < clientIdChars.Length; i++)
+        var lockTaken = false;
+
+        try
         {
-            clientIdChars[i] = hex[Random.Next(hex.Length)];
-        }
+            await this.pollerLock.WaitAsync(this.cancellationTokenSource.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            lockTaken = true;
 
-        return new string(clientIdChars);
-    }
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref this.disposed) != 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
 
-    private void Dispose(bool disposing)
-    {
-        if (disposing)
+            await pollAsync(this.cancellationTokenSource.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+        catch (OperationCanceledException) when (this.cancellationTokenSource.IsCancellationRequested)
         {
-            this.RulePollerTimer?.Dispose();
-            this.Client?.Dispose();
-            this.RulesCache?.Dispose();
+            // Sampler is shutting down.
+        }
+        catch (ObjectDisposedException) when (Volatile.Read(ref this.disposed) != 0)
+        {
+            // Sampler is shutting down.
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex)
+        {
+            AWSSamplerEventSource.Log.ExceptionFromSampler(ex.Message);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (lockTaken)
+            {
+                this.pollerLock.Release();
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    private async void GetAndUpdateRules(object? state)
-    {
-        var rules = await this.Client.GetSamplingRules().ConfigureAwait(false);
-
-        this.RulesCache.UpdateRules(rules);
-
-        // schedule the next rule poll.
-        this.RulePollerTimer.Change(this.PollingInterval.Add(this.RulePollerJitter), Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
-    }
-
-    private async void GetAndUpdateTargets(object? state)
+    internal async Task GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
     {
-        await this.GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
-    }
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
 
-    private async Task GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync()
-    {
         var statistics = this.RulesCache.Snapshot(this.Clock.Now());
 
         var request = new GetSamplingTargetsRequest(statistics);
-        var response = await this.Client.GetSamplingTargets(request).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var response = await this.Client.GetSamplingTargets(request, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
         if (response != null)
         {
             Dictionary<string, SamplingTargetDocument> targets = [];
@@ -169,7 +172,8 @@ private async Task GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync()
             {
                 var lastRuleModificationTime = this.Clock.ToDateTime(response.LastRuleModification);
 
-                if (lastRuleModificationTime > this.RulesCache.GetUpdatedAt())
+                if (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested &&
+                    lastRuleModificationTime > this.RulesCache.GetUpdatedAt())
                 {
                     // rules have been updated. fetch the new ones right away.
                     this.RulePollerTimer.Change(TimeSpan.Zero, Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
@@ -185,6 +189,100 @@ private async Task GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync()
             nextTargetFetchInterval = DefaultTargetInterval;
         }
 
-        this.TargetPollerTimer.Change(nextTargetFetchInterval.Add(this.TargetPollerJitter), Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
+        if (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            this.TargetPollerTimer.Change(nextTargetFetchInterval.Add(this.TargetPollerJitter), Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SuppressMessage(
+        "Usage",
+        "CA5394: Do not use insecure randomness",
+        Justification = "using insecure random is fine here since clientId doesn't need to be secure.")]
+    private static string GenerateClientId()
+    {
+        const int ClientIdLength = 24;
+
+#if NET
+        Span<char> buffer = stackalloc char[ClientIdLength];
+
+        Random.GetItems(ClientIdCharacters, buffer);
+
+        return new(buffer);
+#else
+        var buffer = new char[ClientIdLength];
+        for (var i = 0; i < buffer.Length; i++)
+        {
+            buffer[i] = ClientIdCharacters[Random.Next(ClientIdCharacters.Length)];
+        }
+
+        return new string(buffer);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    private static void DisposeTimer(Timer? timer)
+    {
+        if (timer == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        using var disposedEvent = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+        if (timer.Dispose(disposedEvent))
+        {
+            disposedEvent.WaitOne();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void Dispose(bool disposing)
+    {
+        if (disposing)
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref this.disposed, 1) != 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();
+            DisposeTimer(this.RulePollerTimer);
+            DisposeTimer(this.TargetPollerTimer);
+
+            this.pollerLock.Wait();
+
+            try
+            {
+                this.Client?.Dispose();
+                this.RulesCache?.Dispose();
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                this.pollerLock.Release();
+                this.pollerLock.Dispose();
+                this.cancellationTokenSource.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void GetAndUpdateRules(object? state) =>
+        _ = this.ExecutePollAsync(this.GetAndUpdateRulesAsync);
+
+    private void GetAndUpdateTargets(object? state) =>
+        _ = this.ExecutePollAsync(this.GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync);
+
+    private async Task GetAndUpdateRulesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+        var rules = await this.Client.GetSamplingRules(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+        this.RulesCache.UpdateRules(rules);
+
+        if (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+        {
+            // schedule the next rule poll.
+            this.RulePollerTimer.Change(this.PollingInterval.Add(this.RulePollerJitter), Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan);
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/test/OpenTelemetry.Instrumentation.AspNetCore.Tests/BasicTests.cs b/test/OpenTelemetry.Instrumentation.AspNetCore.Tests/BasicTests.cs
index 194358052c..4a3de6b062 100644
--- a/test/OpenTelemetry.Instrumentation.AspNetCore.Tests/BasicTests.cs
+++ b/test/OpenTelemetry.Instrumentation.AspNetCore.Tests/BasicTests.cs
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ private static void WaitForActivityExport(List<Activity> exportedItems, int coun
                 Thread.Sleep(10);
                 return exportedItems.Count >= count;
             },
-            TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)),
+            TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)),
             $"Actual: {exportedItems.Count} Expected: {count}");
 
     private static void ValidateAspNetCoreActivity(Activity activityToValidate, string expectedHttpPath)
diff --git a/test/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS.Tests/TestAWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs b/test/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS.Tests/TestAWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs
index 4c2a7e3a2f..09b6c1c244 100644
--- a/test/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS.Tests/TestAWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs
+++ b/test/OpenTelemetry.Sampler.AWS.Tests/TestAWSXRayRemoteSampler.cs
@@ -22,14 +22,12 @@ public void TestSamplerWithConfiguration()
             .SetEndpoint(endpoint)
             .Build();
 
-        var rootSamplerFieldInfo = typeof(ParentBasedSampler).GetField("rootSampler", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
-
-        var xraySampler = (AWSXRayRemoteSampler?)rootSamplerFieldInfo?.GetValue(parentBasedSampler);
+        using var xraySampler = GetRemoteSampler(parentBasedSampler);
 
-        Assert.Equal(pollingInterval, xraySampler?.PollingInterval);
-        Assert.Equal(endpoint, xraySampler?.Endpoint);
-        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler?.RulePollerTimer);
-        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler?.Client);
+        Assert.Equal(pollingInterval, xraySampler.PollingInterval);
+        Assert.Equal(endpoint, xraySampler.Endpoint);
+        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler.RulePollerTimer);
+        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler.Client);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -37,14 +35,12 @@ public void TestSamplerWithDefaults()
     {
         var parentBasedSampler = AWSXRayRemoteSampler.Builder(ResourceBuilder.CreateEmpty().Build()).Build();
 
-        var rootSamplerFieldInfo = typeof(ParentBasedSampler).GetField("rootSampler", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
-
-        var xraySampler = (AWSXRayRemoteSampler?)rootSamplerFieldInfo?.GetValue(parentBasedSampler);
+        using var xraySampler = GetRemoteSampler(parentBasedSampler);
 
-        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5), xraySampler?.PollingInterval);
-        Assert.Equal("http://localhost:2000", xraySampler?.Endpoint);
-        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler?.RulePollerTimer);
-        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler?.Client);
+        Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5), xraySampler.PollingInterval);
+        Assert.Equal("http://localhost:2000", xraySampler.Endpoint);
+        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler.RulePollerTimer);
+        Assert.NotNull(xraySampler.Client);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -66,6 +62,8 @@ public async Task TestSamplerUpdateAndSample()
             .SetClock(clock)
             .Build();
 
+        using var remoteSampler = GetRemoteSampler(sampler);
+
         // the sampler will use fallback sampler until rules are fetched.
         Assert.Equal(SamplingDecision.RecordAndSample, this.DoSample(sampler, "cat-service"));
 
@@ -122,26 +120,48 @@ public async Task TestSamplerUpdateTargetsWithMissingTargetDocumentsDoesNotThrow
             .SetClock(clock)
             .Build();
 
-        var rootSamplerFieldInfo = typeof(ParentBasedSampler).GetField("rootSampler", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
-        var sampler = (AWSXRayRemoteSampler?)rootSamplerFieldInfo?.GetValue(parentBasedSampler);
-
-        Assert.NotNull(sampler);
+        using var sampler = GetRemoteSampler(parentBasedSampler);
 
         requestHandler.SetResponse("/SamplingTargets", "{\"LastRuleModification\":1530920505.0}");
 
-        var getAndUpdateTargetsAsyncMethod = typeof(AWSXRayRemoteSampler).GetMethod("GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
-        var getAndUpdateTargetsAsyncTask = (Task?)getAndUpdateTargetsAsyncMethod?.Invoke(sampler, null);
+        await sampler.GetAndUpdateTargetsAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+    }
 
-        Assert.NotNull(getAndUpdateTargetsAsyncTask);
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ExecutePollAsyncDoesNotBlockCaller()
+    {
+        using var sampler = GetRemoteSampler(AWSXRayRemoteSampler.Builder(ResourceBuilder.CreateEmpty().Build()).Build());
 
-        try
-        {
-            await getAndUpdateTargetsAsyncTask!;
-        }
-        finally
+        var pollStarted = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+        var releasePoll = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>(TaskCreationOptions.RunContinuationsAsynchronously);
+        var executePollAsyncMethod = typeof(AWSXRayRemoteSampler).GetMethod("ExecutePollAsync", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(executePollAsyncMethod);
+
+        Task PollAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
-            sampler.Dispose();
+            pollStarted.TrySetResult(true);
+            cancellationToken.Register(() => releasePoll.TrySetCanceled(cancellationToken));
+            return releasePoll.Task;
         }
+
+        var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+        var executePollTask = sampler.ExecutePollAsync(PollAsync);
+        stopwatch.Stop();
+
+        await pollStarted.Task;
+        Assert.True(stopwatch.Elapsed < TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), $"Expected ExecutePollAsync to return without waiting for the poll to finish, but it took {stopwatch.Elapsed}.");
+
+        releasePoll.TrySetResult(true);
+        await executePollTask;
+    }
+
+    private static AWSXRayRemoteSampler GetRemoteSampler(Trace.Sampler sampler)
+    {
+        var rootSamplerFieldInfo = typeof(ParentBasedSampler).GetField("rootSampler", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
+        var remoteSampler = (AWSXRayRemoteSampler?)rootSamplerFieldInfo?.GetValue(sampler);
+
+        return remoteSampler ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Unable to get AWSXRayRemoteSampler from ParentBasedSampler.");
     }
 
     private SamplingDecision DoSample(Trace.Sampler sampler, string serviceName)
diff --git a/test/Shared/TestHttpServer.cs b/test/Shared/TestHttpServer.cs
index 3ace5275b0..333ea62520 100644
--- a/test/Shared/TestHttpServer.cs
+++ b/test/Shared/TestHttpServer.cs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ private static bool IsResponseAlreadyClosedException(Exception exception)
                     return true;
                 }
 
-                if (ex is HttpListenerException httpEx && (httpEx.ErrorCode is 1 or 6 or 995 or 10057))
+                if (ex is HttpListenerException httpEx && (httpEx.ErrorCode is 1 or 6 or 995 or 1229 or 10057))
                 {
                     return true;
                 }