diff --git a/.chloggen/trace-too-large-decision-metadata.yaml b/.chloggen/trace-too-large-decision-metadata.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c6c1b5221b97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.chloggen/trace-too-large-decision-metadata.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Use this changelog template to create an entry for release notes.
+
+# One of 'breaking', 'deprecation', 'new_component', 'enhancement', 'bug_fix'
+change_type: enhancement
+
+# The name of the component, or a single word describing the area of concern, (e.g. receiver/filelog)
+component: processor/tail_sampling
+
+# A brief description of the change.  Surround your text with quotes ("") if it needs to start with a backtick (`).
+note: Add information about when a trace is too large to `cache.DecisionMetadata`.
+
+# Mandatory: One or more tracking issues related to the change. You can use the PR number here if no issue exists.
+issues: [46080]
+
+# (Optional) One or more lines of additional information to render under the primary note.
+# These lines will be padded with 2 spaces and then inserted directly into the document.
+# Use pipe (|) for multiline entries.
+subtext:
+
+# If your change doesn't affect end users or the exported elements of any package,
+# you should instead start your pull request title with [chore] or use the "Skip Changelog" label.
+# Optional: The change log or logs in which this entry should be included.
+# e.g. '[user]' or '[user, api]'
+# Include 'user' if the change is relevant to end users.
+# Include 'api' if there is a change to a library API.
+# Default: '[user]'
+change_logs: [api]
diff --git a/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/cache/types.go b/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/cache/types.go
index 06ac35150adee..326fa801353f6 100644
--- a/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/cache/types.go
+++ b/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/cache/types.go
@@ -19,4 +19,19 @@ type Cache interface {
 
 type DecisionMetadata struct {
 	PolicyName string
+
+	// Additional information for when a trace is too large.
+	TraceTooLarge bool
+	TraceSize     uint64
+	MaxTraceSize  uint64
+}
+
+type MetadataOption func(*DecisionMetadata)
+
+func WithTraceTooLarge(traceSize, maxTraceSize uint64) MetadataOption {
+	return func(m *DecisionMetadata) {
+		m.TraceTooLarge = true
+		m.TraceSize = traceSize
+		m.MaxTraceSize = maxTraceSize
+	}
 }
diff --git a/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor.go b/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor.go
index 4676792cb7e8e..b7df6384d1f02 100644
--- a/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor.go
+++ b/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor.go
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ func (tsp *tailSamplingSpanProcessor) processTrace(id pcommon.TraceID, rss ptrac
 		actualData.finalDecision = samplingpolicy.NotSampled
 		// Since we are not in a normal decision flow when dropping large traces, also be sure to remove it from the batcher.
 		tsp.decisionBatcher.RemoveFromBatch(id, actualData.batchID)
-		tsp.releaseNotSampledTrace(id, "")
+		tsp.releaseNotSampledTrace(id, "", cache.WithTraceTooLarge(actualData.bytes, tsp.maxTraceSizeBytes))
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -874,8 +874,12 @@ func (tsp *tailSamplingSpanProcessor) releaseSampledTrace(ctx context.Context, i
 
 // releaseNotSampledTrace adds the trace ID to the cache of not sampled trace
 // IDs. If the trace ID is cached, it deletes the spans from the internal map.
-func (tsp *tailSamplingSpanProcessor) releaseNotSampledTrace(id pcommon.TraceID, policyName string) {
-	tsp.nonSampledIDCache.Put(id, cache.DecisionMetadata{PolicyName: policyName})
+func (tsp *tailSamplingSpanProcessor) releaseNotSampledTrace(id pcommon.TraceID, policyName string, metadataOpts ...cache.MetadataOption) {
+	metadata := cache.DecisionMetadata{PolicyName: policyName}
+	for _, opt := range metadataOpts {
+		opt(&metadata)
+	}
+	tsp.nonSampledIDCache.Put(id, metadata)
 	_, ok := tsp.nonSampledIDCache.Get(id)
 	if ok {
 		tsp.dropTrace(id, time.Now())
diff --git a/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor_test.go b/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor_test.go
index 0e883dda7b7c7..9e49e19c61626 100644
--- a/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor_test.go
+++ b/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/processor_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/zaptest/observer"
 
+	"github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/cache"
 	"github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/internal/idbatcher"
 	"github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/internal/metadata"
 	"github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/processor/tailsamplingprocessor/pkg/samplingpolicy"
@@ -1120,16 +1121,19 @@ func TestDropLargeTraces(t *testing.T) {
 	ss := largeTrace.ScopeSpans().AppendEmpty()
 	largeValue := strings.Repeat("bar", 1024)
 	sp := ss.Spans().AppendEmpty()
-	sp.SetTraceID(pcommon.TraceID([16]byte{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+	largeTraceID := pcommon.TraceID([16]byte{1, 2, 3, 4})
+	sp.SetTraceID(largeTraceID)
 	sp.Attributes().PutStr("foo", largeValue)
 
 	// Small trace with just one attribute.
 	smallTrace := traces.ResourceSpans().AppendEmpty()
 	ss = smallTrace.ScopeSpans().AppendEmpty()
 	sp = ss.Spans().AppendEmpty()
-	sp.SetTraceID(pcommon.TraceID([16]byte{1, 2, 3, 5}))
+	smallTraceID := pcommon.TraceID([16]byte{1, 2, 3, 5})
+	sp.SetTraceID(smallTraceID)
 	sp.Attributes().PutStr("foo", "short")
 
+	decisionCache := metadataCache{}
 	cfg := Config{
 		DecisionWait:            defaultTestDecisionWait,
 		NumTraces:               uint64(4),
@@ -1138,6 +1142,8 @@ func TestDropLargeTraces(t *testing.T) {
 		PolicyCfgs:              testPolicy,
 		Options: []Option{
 			withTestController(controller),
+			WithSampledDecisionCache(decisionCache),
+			WithNonSampledDecisionCache(decisionCache),
 		},
 	}
 	telem := setupTestTelemetry()
@@ -1165,7 +1171,7 @@ func TestDropLargeTraces(t *testing.T) {
 	controller.waitForTick()
 
 	largeOnly := ptrace.NewTraces()
-	// Create a another large trace as ConsumeTraces is not guaranteed to preserve the trace.
+	// Create another large trace as ConsumeTraces is not guaranteed to preserve the trace.
 	largeTrace = largeOnly.ResourceSpans().AppendEmpty()
 	ss = largeTrace.ScopeSpans().AppendEmpty()
 	sp = ss.Spans().AppendEmpty()
@@ -1217,6 +1223,24 @@ func TestDropLargeTraces(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	tooLarge := telem.getMetric(expectedTooLarge.Name, md)
 	metricdatatest.AssertEqual(t, expectedTooLarge, tooLarge, metricdatatest.IgnoreTimestamp())
+
+	assert.Equal(t, cache.DecisionMetadata{PolicyName: "test-policy"}, decisionCache[smallTraceID])
+	largeCacheEntry := decisionCache[largeTraceID]
+	assert.Empty(t, largeCacheEntry.PolicyName)
+	assert.True(t, largeCacheEntry.TraceTooLarge)
+	assert.Greater(t, largeCacheEntry.TraceSize, uint64(1024))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 1024, largeCacheEntry.MaxTraceSize)
+}
+
+type metadataCache map[pcommon.TraceID]cache.DecisionMetadata
+
+func (c metadataCache) Get(id pcommon.TraceID) (cache.DecisionMetadata, bool) {
+	result, ok := c[id]
+	return result, ok
+}
+
+func (c metadataCache) Put(id pcommon.TraceID, metadata cache.DecisionMetadata) {
+	c[id] = metadata
 }
 
 // TestDeleteQueueCleared verifies that all in memory traces are removed from