diff --git a/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/per-module-lib-deps/single-module-unreferenced-lib.t b/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/per-module-lib-deps/single-module-unreferenced-lib.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2745df4719a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/per-module-lib-deps/single-module-unreferenced-lib.t
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+Baseline: single-module consumer library whose only module references
+no module of its declared dependency library.
+
+This is an observational test. It records the number of rebuild
+targets for the consumer's [spurious_rebuild] module when the
+dependency library [dep_lib]'s only module has its interface
+edited.
+
+[consumer_lib] declares [(libraries dep_lib)] but
+[spurious_rebuild.ml] does not reference any module of [dep_lib].
+On current main this scenario still rebuilds [spurious_rebuild]:
+[consumer_lib] is a single-module stanza, so dune skips ocamldep
+as an optimisation and cannot discover that [spurious_rebuild]
+references no module of [dep_lib]; the consumer falls back to a
+glob over [dep_lib]'s object directory, which is invalidated by
+the cmi change.
+
+The zero-reference case is a distinct corner from the single-module
+consumer that references some (but not all) modules of its dep,
+which [single-module-lib.t] already documents. A future fix that
+detects "ocamldep yields no references to dep_lib" could tighten
+this corner to zero rebuilds without needing to solve the broader
+single-module-consumer skip-ocamldep limitation.
+
+See: https://github.com/ocaml/dune/issues/4572
+See: https://github.com/ocaml/dune/pull/14116#issuecomment-4286949811
+
+  $ cat > dune-project <<EOF
+  > (lang dune 3.23)
+  > EOF
+
+  $ cat > dune <<EOF
+  > (library (name dep_lib) (wrapped false) (modules dep_module))
+  > (library
+  >  (name consumer_lib)
+  >  (wrapped false)
+  >  (modules spurious_rebuild)
+  >  (libraries dep_lib))
+  > EOF
+
+  $ cat > dep_module.ml <<EOF
+  > let x = 42
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > dep_module.mli <<EOF
+  > val x : int
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > spurious_rebuild.ml <<EOF
+  > let x = 12
+  > EOF
+
+  $ dune build @check
+
+Edit [dep_module]'s interface. [spurious_rebuild] does not
+reference [dep_module]. Record the number of [spurious_rebuild]
+rebuild targets observed in the trace:
+
+  $ cat > dep_module.mli <<EOF
+  > val x : int
+  > val y : string
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > dep_module.ml <<EOF
+  > let x = 42
+  > let y = "hello"
+  > EOF
+  $ dune build @check
+  $ dune trace cat | jq -s 'include "dune"; [.[] | targetsMatchingFilter(test("spurious_rebuild"))] | length'
+  1