diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index fe16eb9cc98..74c95956cc7 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -275,6 +275,15 @@ version = "1.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dde20b3d026af13f561bdd0f15edf01fc734f0dafcedbaf42bba506a9517f223"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arbtest"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2a3be567977128c0f71ad1462d9624ccda712193d124e944252f0c5789a06d46"
+dependencies = [
+ "arbitrary",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ark-bls12-381"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -3295,6 +3304,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "acir",
  "acvm",
  "arbitrary",
+ "arbtest",
  "bn254_blackbox_solver",
  "build-data",
  "color-eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1077dcfd12b..857a7e8d443 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ rmp = "0.8.14"
 rmp-serde = "1.3.0"
 
 arbitrary = "1.4.1"
+arbtest = "0.3.2"
 cfg-if = "1.0.0"
 dirs = "4"
 serde = { version = "1.0.136", features = ["derive"] }
@@ -225,4 +226,4 @@ panic = "abort"
 opt-level = "z"
 
 [profile.bench]
-lto = true
\ No newline at end of file
+lto = true
diff --git a/cspell.json b/cspell.json
index 484858ac3a9..cd5a5706749 100644
--- a/cspell.json
+++ b/cspell.json
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
         "aeiou",
         "appender",
         "Arbitrum",
+        "arbtest",
         "arithmetization",
         "arity",
         "arkworks",
diff --git a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/Cargo.toml b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/Cargo.toml
index 91bb35bed7d..016a2db7302 100644
--- a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,4 +31,5 @@ noirc_frontend.workspace = true
 noir_fuzzer.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+arbtest.workspace = true
 rand.workspace = true
diff --git a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/lib.rs b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/lib.rs
index 78886eb3557..2329846a5b7 100644
--- a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ mod program;
 pub use abi::program_abi;
 pub use input::arb_inputs;
 use program::freq::Freqs;
+pub use program::visitor::{visit_expr, visit_expr_mut};
 pub use program::{DisplayAstAsNoir, arb_program};
 
 /// AST generation configuration.
@@ -31,32 +32,42 @@ pub struct Config {
     pub max_loop_size: usize,
     /// Maximum call depth for recursive calls.
     pub max_call_depth: usize,
-    /// Frequency of expressions that produce a value.
+    /// Frequency of expressions, which produce a value.
     pub expr_freqs: Freqs,
-    /// Frequency of statements that don't produce a value.
-    pub stmt_freqs: Freqs,
+    /// Frequency of statements in ACIR functions.
+    pub stmt_freqs_acir: Freqs,
+    /// Frequency of statements in Brillig functions.
+    pub stmt_freqs_brillig: Freqs,
 }
 
 impl Default for Config {
     fn default() -> Self {
         let expr_freqs = Freqs::new(&[
-            ("unary", 5),
+            ("unary", 10),
             ("binary", 20),
             ("if", 15),
             ("block", 30),
             ("vars", 25),
             ("literal", 5),
+            ("call", 15),
+        ]);
+        let stmt_freqs_acir = Freqs::new(&[
+            ("drop", 3),
+            ("assign", 30),
+            ("if", 10),
+            ("for", 18),
+            ("let", 25),
             ("call", 5),
         ]);
-        let stmt_freqs = Freqs::new(&[
+        let stmt_freqs_brillig = Freqs::new(&[
             ("drop", 5),
-            ("break", 5),
-            ("continue", 5),
+            ("break", 20),
+            ("continue", 20),
             ("assign", 30),
             ("if", 10),
-            ("for", 10),
-            ("loop", 10),
-            ("while", 10),
+            ("for", 15),
+            ("loop", 15),
+            ("while", 15),
             ("let", 20),
             ("call", 5),
         ]);
@@ -72,7 +83,8 @@ impl Default for Config {
             max_loop_size: 10,
             max_call_depth: 5,
             expr_freqs,
-            stmt_freqs,
+            stmt_freqs_acir,
+            stmt_freqs_brillig,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/func.rs b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/func.rs
index 26ac9113738..3593b160269 100644
--- a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/func.rs
+++ b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/func.rs
@@ -278,8 +278,9 @@ impl<'a> FunctionContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Function calls returning a value.
-        if freq.enabled_when("call", self.budget > 0) {
-            if let Some(expr) = self.gen_call(u, typ, max_depth)? {
+        if freq.enabled_when("call", allow_nested && self.budget > 0) {
+            // Decreasing the max depth in expression position because it can be very difficult to read.
+            if let Some(expr) = self.gen_call(u, typ, max_depth.saturating_sub(1))? {
                 return Ok(expr);
             }
         }
@@ -575,7 +576,11 @@ impl<'a> FunctionContext<'a> {
     /// Generate a statement, which is an expression that doesn't return anything,
     /// for example loops, variable declarations, etc.
     fn gen_stmt(&mut self, u: &mut Unstructured) -> arbitrary::Result<Expression> {
-        let mut freq = Freq::new(u, &self.ctx.config.stmt_freqs)?;
+        let mut freq = if self.unconstrained() {
+            Freq::new(u, &self.ctx.config.stmt_freqs_brillig)?
+        } else {
+            Freq::new(u, &self.ctx.config.stmt_freqs_acir)?
+        };
         // TODO(#7926): Match
         // TODO(#7931): print
         // TODO(#7932): Constrain
@@ -587,23 +592,6 @@ impl<'a> FunctionContext<'a> {
             }
         }
 
-        // Get loop out of the way quick, as it's always disabled for ACIR.
-        if freq.enabled_when("loop", self.budget > 1 && self.unconstrained()) {
-            return self.gen_loop(u);
-        }
-
-        if freq.enabled_when("while", self.budget > 1 && self.unconstrained()) {
-            return self.gen_while(u);
-        }
-
-        if freq.enabled_when("break", self.in_loop && self.unconstrained()) {
-            return Ok(Expression::Break);
-        }
-
-        if freq.enabled_when("continue", self.in_loop && self.unconstrained()) {
-            return Ok(Expression::Continue);
-        }
-
         // Require a positive budget, so that we have some for the block itself and its contents.
         if freq.enabled_when("if", self.budget > 1) {
             return self.gen_if(u, &Type::Unit, self.max_depth(), Flags::TOP);
@@ -619,6 +607,25 @@ impl<'a> FunctionContext<'a> {
             }
         }
 
+        if self.unconstrained() {
+            // Get loop out of the way quick, as it's always disabled for ACIR.
+            if freq.enabled_when("loop", self.budget > 1) {
+                return self.gen_loop(u);
+            }
+
+            if freq.enabled_when("while", self.budget > 1) {
+                return self.gen_while(u);
+            }
+
+            if freq.enabled_when("break", self.in_loop) {
+                return Ok(Expression::Break);
+            }
+
+            if freq.enabled_when("continue", self.in_loop) {
+                return Ok(Expression::Continue);
+            }
+        }
+
         if freq.enabled("assign") {
             if let Some(e) = self.gen_assign(u)? {
                 return Ok(e);
diff --git a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/mod.rs b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/mod.rs
index e7128dd2716..8877db80ae5 100644
--- a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/mod.rs
+++ b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/mod.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ mod func;
 mod rewrite;
 mod scope;
 mod types;
-mod visitor;
+pub(crate) mod visitor;
 
 /// Generate an arbitrary monomorphized AST.
 pub fn arb_program(u: &mut Unstructured, config: Config) -> arbitrary::Result<Program> {
diff --git a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/visitor.rs b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/visitor.rs
index 9c58755d7ef..5ee2d25782d 100644
--- a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/visitor.rs
+++ b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/src/program/visitor.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use noirc_frontend::monomorphization::ast::{Expression, LValue, Literal};
 /// of the visited expression.
 ///
 /// Gets mutable references so it can manipulate the expressions if needed.
-pub(crate) fn visit_expr_mut<V>(expr: &mut Expression, visit: &mut V)
+pub fn visit_expr_mut<V>(expr: &mut Expression, visit: &mut V)
 where
     V: FnMut(&mut Expression) -> bool,
 {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ where
 ///
 /// This is a read-only version, for cases where we don't have/need
 /// a mutable reference to the AST.
-pub(crate) fn visit_expr<V>(expr: &Expression, visit: &mut V)
+pub fn visit_expr<V>(expr: &Expression, visit: &mut V)
 where
     V: FnMut(&Expression) -> bool,
 {
diff --git a/tooling/ast_fuzzer/tests/calibration.rs b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/tests/calibration.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bcfbe5b2fed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tooling/ast_fuzzer/tests/calibration.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//! Calibration test for the AST program generator, which generates a bunch of random programs,
+//! visits all the expressions in the AST, and counts the appearance of the labels we put in
+//! the `Freqs` in `ast_fuzzer/src/lib.rs`. Then, we assert that the relative frequency of
+//! the different labels is within an acceptable range.
+//!
+//! We can use this to calibrate the frequency values with some statistical feedback.
+//!
+//! ```shell
+//! cargo test -p noir_ast_fuzzer --test calibration -- --nocapture
+//! ```
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use arbtest::arbtest;
+use noir_ast_fuzzer::{Config, arb_program, visit_expr};
+use noirc_frontend::monomorphization::ast::{Expression, Type};
+
+#[test]
+fn arb_program_freqs_in_expected_range() {
+    // Counting labels separately for ACIR and Brillig, and then whether it's an expression or a statement.
+    let mut counts: BTreeMap<bool, BTreeMap<&str, BTreeMap<&str, usize>>> = Default::default();
+    let mut program_count = 0;
+
+    arbtest(|u| {
+        let program = arb_program(u, Config::default())?;
+        for func in program.functions {
+            visit_expr(&func.body, &mut |expr| {
+                let Some((group, key)) = classify(expr) else {
+                    return true;
+                };
+                let count = counts
+                    .entry(func.unconstrained)
+                    .or_default()
+                    .entry(group)
+                    .or_default()
+                    .entry(key)
+                    .or_default();
+                *count += 1;
+                true
+            });
+        }
+        program_count += 1;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .budget_ms(1000)
+    .size_min(1 << 12)
+    .size_max(1 << 20);
+
+    println!("Generated {program_count} programs.");
+    for (unconstrained, counts) in &counts {
+        println!("{} frequencies:", if *unconstrained { "Brillig" } else { "ACIR" });
+        for (group, counts) in counts {
+            let total = counts.values().sum::<usize>();
+            println!("\t{group} (total {total}):");
+            for (key, count) in counts {
+                println!(
+                    "\t\t{key}:{} {count}\t({}/100)",
+                    std::iter::repeat_n(" ", 15 - key.len()).collect::<String>(),
+                    count * 100 / total
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let freq_100 = |unconstrained, group: &str, keys: &[&str]| {
+        keys.iter().map(|key| counts[&unconstrained][group][key]).sum::<usize>() * 100
+            / counts[&unconstrained][group].values().sum::<usize>()
+    };
+
+    // Assert relative frequencies
+    let loops_a = freq_100(false, "stmt", &["for"]);
+    let loops_b = freq_100(true, "stmt", &["for", "loop", "while"]);
+    let break_b = freq_100(true, "stmt", &["break"]);
+
+    assert!((9..=11).contains(&loops_a), "ACIR loops: {loops_a}");
+    assert!((loops_a - 1..=loops_a + 1).contains(&loops_b), "Brillig loops: {loops_b}");
+    assert!(break_b >= loops_b, "Brillig should break out of loops: {break_b}");
+}
+
+/// Classify the expression into "expr" or "stmt" for frequency settings.
+fn classify(expr: &Expression) -> Option<(&'static str, &'static str)> {
+    let cat = match expr {
+        Expression::Ident(_)
+        | Expression::Cast(_)
+        | Expression::Tuple(_)
+        | Expression::ExtractTupleField(_, _)
+        | Expression::Index(_)
+        | Expression::Semi(_)
+        | Expression::Clone(_) => {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Expression::Literal(_) => ("expr", "literal"),
+        Expression::Block(xs) => {
+            (xs.last().and_then(classify).map(|(c, _)| c).unwrap_or("stmt"), "block")
+        }
+        Expression::Unary(_) => ("expr", "unary"),
+        Expression::Binary(_) => ("expr", "binary"),
+        Expression::For(_) => ("stmt", "for"),
+        Expression::Loop(_) => ("stmt", "loop"),
+        Expression::While(_) => ("stmt", "while"),
+        Expression::If(x) => (if x.typ == Type::Unit { "stmt" } else { "expr" }, "if"),
+        Expression::Match(_) => todo!("match"),
+        Expression::Call(x) => (if x.return_type == Type::Unit { "stmt" } else { "expr" }, "call"),
+        Expression::Let(_) => ("stmt", "let"),
+        Expression::Constrain(_, _, _) => ("stmt", "constrain"),
+        Expression::Assign(_) => ("stmt", "assign"),
+        Expression::Drop(_) => ("stmt", "drop"),
+        Expression::Break => ("stmt", "break"),
+        Expression::Continue => ("stmt", "continue"),
+    };
+    Some(cat)
+}