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+# MSC4405: Deprecate the emoji method for SAS verification
+
+Emojis are cute and fun.  They can be used to make things seem more friendly,
+and to make a very technical process feel more approachable.  That was the hope
+when the emoji method was introduced for [Short Authentication String (SAS)
+verification](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.17/client-server-api/#short-authentication-string-sas-verification).
+
+In practice, emojis present some usability problems.
+
+## Background
+
+When SAS authentication was first introduced, two methods were defined: emoji
+and decimal.  The intention was that emoji would be the primary method, but for
+clients who were unable to present emojis, the decimal method was added.  In
+order to ensure that any pair of clients could verify, the decimal method was
+made mandatory since it is the lowest common denominator.
+
+### Problems with emojis
+
+#### Communicating the emojis
+
+When two people verify each other in person, they can look at each others'
+devices and check that the emojis match directly.  However, if the verification
+is not done in person, the two people need to communicate the emojis with each
+other.  In most cases, the people would need to look at the emoji, and try to
+determine how to describe the emoji to the other person.
+
+To help with this, the spec defines standardised English names for the emojis,
+and encourages client authors to collaborate on
+[translations](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/blob/master/data-definitions/).
+However, this is not always sufficient.
+
+Suppose that Alice's first language is German, and Bob's first language is
+French.  They both speak English, but neither is fluent in it.  So Alice's
+client shows Alice the German names for the emojis, and Bob's client shows Bob
+the French names for the emojis.  Thus Alice and Bob need to translate the
+German or French words into English.  While the emojis were chosen to be easily
+describable, they are not all common words that would be known by non-native
+speakers of a language, for example, 🌵 or ⌛.
+
+A client could offer to show the names in multiple languages, but that would
+complicate the user interface.
+
+In addition, we made at least one error in choosing emojis: 🔧 is "spanner" in
+en_GB, but "wrench" in en_US, so there may even be confusion between users
+speaking the same language.  The spec picks "spanner" as the name, and if a
+British and American user are verifying each other, the British user can explain
+it to the American user.  But if two American users are verifying each other, they may
+need to figure out on their own what a "spanner" is.  (✈️ suffers a similar
+problem, but less severely, since it is likely that users can figure out that
+"aeroplane" is the same as "airplane".)
+
+#### Differences in emoji representations
+
+Clients may use different fonts for displaying emojis.  Some clients (such as
+terminal-based clients) may not have a choice in which font is used.  Thus users
+may not see the exact same images on the clients, causing them to wonder if the
+difference is significant.  The standardised names were intended to help with
+this, but in practice, it turns out that people still get confused.
+
+#### Complexity of user instructions
+
+It can be difficult to formulate instructions for what to actually compare during
+emoji verification for non-technical users. For instance, users have to understand
+that they don't need to compare the emoji graphics pixel by pixel. They also need
+to understand that they don't need to compare the emoji names letter by letter
+because they might not be in the same language. This complexity undermines the
+anticipated simplicity that emoji verification was meant to provide.
+
+### Decimal numbers do not have the same issues
+
+Decimal numbers, the other method defined for SAS verification, do not have the
+issues mentioned above.  Decimal numbers are widely understood (even in
+languages that do not natively use Arabic numerals), so people will not struggle
+to describe them to each other.  People who know enough of a language to have a
+conversation in that language are likely to know enough about numbers in that
+language be able to compare them.  And since the set of numbers is commonly
+known, people do not need to worry about what differences in rendering are
+significant.
+
+## Proposal
+
+The emoji method of SAS verification is deprecated.  Clients SHOULD only offer
+to use the decimal method.
+
+## Potential issues
+
+### Decimal strings are longer
+
+The decimal method specifies that three sets of 4 digits are presented to the
+user, which means that users need to compare 12 items, compared with 7 emoji.
+However, since clients also display the names along with the emojis, users are
+presented with 14 items of information, so the difference in cognitive load may
+not be that great.
+
+In addition, in English, decimal digits are usually one syllable long, with 0
+and 7 being two syllables long, whereas the English names of the emojis range
+from one to three syllables long with the average length being closer to 2
+syllables.  Therefore it should take similar effort to speak the strings out
+loud.
+
+Finally, emojis often need to be displayed at a larger size to be recognisable.
+Along with the fact that the name is displayed with the emojis means that
+decimals should not take any more visual space than emojis.
+
+### Decimals look less friendly
+
+Emojis make verification look more friendly, while decimals make verification
+look more "techy".  And it is true that if something looks more friendly, then
+people are more likely to find it easier to use.  However, I believe that the
+actual usability benefits from deprecating the emoji method outweighs the
+perceived usability of using emojis.
+
+## Alternatives
+
+[MSC4347](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/issues/4347)
+proposes to standardize the visual representation of the emojis.  This MSC tries
+to fix the issue of differences in emoji representation, but does not fix the
+translation issue.
+
+
+[MSC4404](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4404)
+proposes to specify that the emoji names should be used rather than the visual
+representations.  This MSC tries to fix both the issue of differences in
+emoji representation, and the translation issue.  As a historical note, this
+would in some sense, make emoji verification more similar to the original ZRTP,
+which SAS verification was based on, and which uses a sequence of words as the
+Short Authentication String.
+
+
+## Security considerations
+
+None
+
+## Unstable prefix
+
+No new names are added, so no unstable prefix is needed.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+None