diff --git a/.agents/configs/rate-limits.json.txt b/.agents/configs/rate-limits.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11454617e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.agents/configs/rate-limits.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+{
+  "_comment": "Rate limit configuration per provider (t1330). Copy to ~/.config/aidevops/rate-limits.json and adjust for your plan.",
+  "_note": "Values are per-minute limits. Set to 0 to disable tracking for that metric.",
+  "_threshold": "warn_pct controls when a provider is flagged as throttle-risk (default 80%).",
+  "warn_pct": 80,
+  "window_minutes": 1,
+  "providers": {
+    "anthropic": {
+      "_comment": "Anthropic Claude API - limits vary by plan tier. These are conservative defaults for Pro/Team plans.",
+      "_docs": "https://docs.anthropic.com/en/api/rate-limits",
+      "requests_per_min": 50,
+      "tokens_per_min": 40000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "subscription"
+    },
+    "openai": {
+      "_comment": "OpenAI API - limits vary by usage tier. Tier 1 defaults shown.",
+      "_docs": "https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/rate-limits",
+      "requests_per_min": 500,
+      "tokens_per_min": 200000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "token"
+    },
+    "google": {
+      "_comment": "Google Gemini API - limits vary by model and plan.",
+      "_docs": "https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/rate-limits",
+      "requests_per_min": 60,
+      "tokens_per_min": 1000000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "token"
+    },
+    "deepseek": {
+      "_comment": "DeepSeek API - limits vary by plan.",
+      "_docs": "https://platform.deepseek.com/docs",
+      "requests_per_min": 60,
+      "tokens_per_min": 100000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "token"
+    },
+    "openrouter": {
+      "_comment": "OpenRouter - limits depend on credits and plan.",
+      "_docs": "https://openrouter.ai/docs/limits",
+      "requests_per_min": 200,
+      "tokens_per_min": 500000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "token"
+    },
+    "groq": {
+      "_comment": "Groq API - free tier limits shown. Paid plans are higher.",
+      "_docs": "https://console.groq.com/docs/rate-limits",
+      "requests_per_min": 30,
+      "tokens_per_min": 6000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "token"
+    },
+    "opencode": {
+      "_comment": "OpenCode Zen proxy - inherits limits from underlying provider.",
+      "requests_per_min": 50,
+      "tokens_per_min": 40000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "subscription"
+    },
+    "xai": {
+      "_comment": "xAI Grok API - limits vary by plan.",
+      "_docs": "https://docs.x.ai/docs/rate-limits",
+      "requests_per_min": 60,
+      "tokens_per_min": 100000,
+      "input_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "output_tokens_per_min": 0,
+      "billing_type": "token"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/.agents/scripts/model-availability-helper.sh b/.agents/scripts/model-availability-helper.sh
index 526304b73..88d46f8e8 100755
--- a/.agents/scripts/model-availability-helper.sh
+++ b/.agents/scripts/model-availability-helper.sh
@@ -849,8 +849,85 @@ _record_model_availability() {
 # Tier Resolution with Fallback
 # =============================================================================
 
+# =============================================================================
+# Rate Limit Awareness (t1330)
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Check if a provider is at throttle risk using observability data.
+# Delegates to observability-helper.sh check_rate_limit_risk() if available.
+# Returns: 0=ok, 1=throttle-risk (warn), 2=critical
+# Outputs: "ok", "warn", or "critical" on stdout
+_check_provider_rate_limit_risk() {
+	local provider="$1"
+	local obs_helper="${SCRIPT_DIR}/observability-helper.sh"
+
+	if [[ ! -x "$obs_helper" ]]; then
+		echo "ok"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	# Determine timeout command (gtimeout on macOS, timeout on Linux)
+	local timeout_cmd=""
+	if command -v gtimeout &>/dev/null; then
+		timeout_cmd="gtimeout 5"
+	elif command -v timeout &>/dev/null; then
+		timeout_cmd="timeout 5"
+	fi
+
+	# Query rate-limit status as a subprocess to avoid variable conflicts.
+	# Timeout prevents blocking dispatch if observability DB is slow.
+	local risk_status
+	if [[ -n "$timeout_cmd" ]]; then
+		risk_status=$($timeout_cmd bash "$obs_helper" rate-limits --provider "$provider" --json |
+			jq -r '.[0].status // "ok"' || true)
+	else
+		risk_status=$(bash "$obs_helper" rate-limits --provider "$provider" --json |
+			jq -r '.[0].status // "ok"' || true)
+	fi
+	risk_status="${risk_status:-ok}"
+
+	case "$risk_status" in
+	critical)
+		echo "critical"
+		return 2
+		;;
+	warn)
+		echo "warn"
+		return 1
+		;;
+	*)
+		echo "ok"
+		return 0
+		;;
+	esac
+}
+
+# Extract provider from a model spec (provider/model or model)
+_extract_provider() {
+	local model_spec="$1"
+	if [[ "$model_spec" == *"/"* ]]; then
+		echo "${model_spec%%/*}"
+	else
+		case "$model_spec" in
+		claude*) echo "anthropic" ;;
+		gpt* | o3* | o4*) echo "openai" ;;
+		gemini*) echo "google" ;;
+		deepseek*) echo "deepseek" ;;
+		llama*) echo "groq" ;;
+		*) echo "" ;;
+		esac
+	fi
+	return 0
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Tier Resolution with Fallback
+# =============================================================================
+
 # Resolve the best available model for a given tier.
 # Checks primary model first, falls back to secondary if primary is unavailable.
+# Rate limit awareness (t1330): if primary provider is at throttle risk (>=warn_pct),
+# prefer the fallback provider even if primary is technically available.
 # If both fail, delegates to fallback-chain-helper.sh for extended chain resolution
 # including gateway providers (OpenRouter, Cloudflare AI Gateway).
 # Output: provider/model_id on stdout
@@ -871,6 +948,27 @@ resolve_tier() {
 	primary="${tier_spec%%|*}"
 	fallback="${tier_spec#*|}"
 
+	# Rate limit check (t1330): if primary provider is at throttle risk,
+	# try fallback first to avoid hitting rate limits
+	local primary_provider
+	primary_provider=$(_extract_provider "$primary")
+	if [[ -n "$primary_provider" ]]; then
+		local rl_risk
+		rl_risk=$(_check_provider_rate_limit_risk "$primary_provider") || true
+		rl_risk="${rl_risk:-ok}"
+		if [[ "$rl_risk" == "warn" || "$rl_risk" == "critical" ]]; then
+			[[ "$quiet" != "true" ]] && print_warning "$primary_provider: rate limit ${rl_risk} — preferring fallback for $tier"
+			# Try fallback first when primary is throttle-risk
+			if [[ -n "$fallback" && "$fallback" != "$primary" ]] && check_model_available "$fallback" "$force" "true"; then
+				echo "$fallback"
+				[[ "$quiet" != "true" ]] && print_success "Resolved $tier -> $fallback (rate-limit routing: $primary_provider at ${rl_risk})"
+				return 0
+			fi
+			# Fallback also unavailable — still try primary (better than nothing)
+			[[ "$quiet" != "true" ]] && print_warning "Fallback also unavailable, trying primary despite rate limit risk"
+		fi
+	fi
+
 	# Try primary
 	if check_model_available "$primary" "$force" "true"; then
 		echo "$primary"
@@ -1239,8 +1337,8 @@ cmd_rate_limits() {
 	fi
 
 	echo ""
-	echo "Rate Limit Status"
-	echo "================="
+	echo "Rate Limit Status (from API response headers)"
+	echo "============================================="
 	echo ""
 
 	local count
@@ -1248,21 +1346,30 @@ cmd_rate_limits() {
 
 	if [[ "$count" -eq 0 ]]; then
 		print_info "No rate limit data cached. Probe providers to collect rate limit headers."
-		return 0
+	else
+		printf "  %-12s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-20s\n" \
+			"Provider" "Req Limit" "Req Left" "Req Reset" "Tok Limit" "Tok Left" "Tok Reset" "Checked"
+		printf "  %-12s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-20s\n" \
+			"--------" "---------" "--------" "---------" "---------" "--------" "---------" "-------"
+
+		db_query "SELECT * FROM rate_limits ORDER BY provider;" |
+			while IFS='|' read -r prov rl rr rres tl tr tres checked _ttl; do
+				printf "  %-12s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-20s\n" \
+					"$prov" "$rl" "$rr" "${rres:-n/a}" "$tl" "$tr" "${tres:-n/a}" "$checked"
+			done
 	fi
 
-	printf "  %-12s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-20s\n" \
-		"Provider" "Req Limit" "Req Left" "Req Reset" "Tok Limit" "Tok Left" "Tok Reset" "Checked"
-	printf "  %-12s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-20s\n" \
-		"--------" "---------" "--------" "---------" "---------" "--------" "---------" "-------"
+	echo ""
 
-	db_query "SELECT * FROM rate_limits ORDER BY provider;" |
-		while IFS='|' read -r prov rl rr rres tl tr tres checked _ttl; do
-			printf "  %-12s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-12s %-12s %-20s %-20s\n" \
-				"$prov" "$rl" "$rr" "${rres:-n/a}" "$tl" "$tr" "${tres:-n/a}" "$checked"
-		done
+	# Also show observability-derived utilisation (t1330)
+	local obs_helper="${SCRIPT_DIR}/observability-helper.sh"
+	if [[ -x "$obs_helper" ]]; then
+		echo "Rate Limit Utilisation (from observability DB, t1330)"
+		echo "====================================================="
+		echo ""
+		bash "$obs_helper" rate-limits || true
+	fi
 
-	echo ""
 	return 0
 }
 
diff --git a/.agents/scripts/observability-helper.sh b/.agents/scripts/observability-helper.sh
index 744f7bed1..9c66bbfa5 100755
--- a/.agents/scripts/observability-helper.sh
+++ b/.agents/scripts/observability-helper.sh
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #   trend           Show usage trends over time
 #   record          Manually record an LLM request
 #   sync-budget     Sync parsed data to budget-tracker (t1100)
+#   rate-limits     Show rate limit utilisation per provider (t1330)
 #   prune           Remove old data (default: keep 90 days)
 #   help            Show this help
 #
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@
 # Storage: ~/.aidevops/.agent-workspace/observability.db
 #
 # Author: AI DevOps Framework
-# Version: 1.0.0
+# Version: 1.1.0
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)" || exit
 source "${SCRIPT_DIR}/shared-constants.sh"
@@ -54,6 +55,12 @@ readonly CLAUDE_LOG_DIR="${HOME}/.claude/projects"
 readonly DEFAULT_LOOKBACK_DAYS=30
 readonly DEFAULT_PRUNE_DAYS=90
 
+# Rate limit config (t1330)
+readonly RATE_LIMITS_CONFIG_USER="${HOME}/.config/aidevops/rate-limits.json"
+readonly RATE_LIMITS_CONFIG_TEMPLATE="${SCRIPT_DIR}/../configs/rate-limits.json.txt"
+readonly DEFAULT_WARN_PCT=80
+readonly DEFAULT_WINDOW_MINUTES=1
+
 # =============================================================================
 # Database Setup
 # =============================================================================
@@ -484,7 +491,7 @@ cmd_summary() {
 	# Auto-ingest before showing stats
 	cmd_ingest --quiet 2>/dev/null || true
 
-	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= datetime('now', '-${days} days')"
+	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days')"
 	[[ -n "$project_filter" ]] && where_clause="$where_clause AND project = '$(sql_escape "$project_filter")'"
 	[[ -n "$provider_filter" ]] && where_clause="$where_clause AND provider = '$(sql_escape "$provider_filter")'"
 
@@ -616,7 +623,7 @@ cmd_models() {
 
 	cmd_ingest --quiet 2>/dev/null || true
 
-	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= datetime('now', '-${days} days')"
+	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days')"
 	[[ -n "$project_filter" ]] && where_clause="$where_clause AND project = '$(sql_escape "$project_filter")'"
 
 	if [[ "$json_flag" == "true" ]]; then
@@ -691,7 +698,7 @@ cmd_projects() {
 
 	cmd_ingest --quiet 2>/dev/null || true
 
-	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= datetime('now', '-${days} days')"
+	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days')"
 
 	if [[ "$json_flag" == "true" ]]; then
 		db_query_json "
@@ -770,7 +777,7 @@ cmd_costs() {
 
 	cmd_ingest --quiet 2>/dev/null || true
 
-	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= datetime('now', '-${days} days')"
+	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days')"
 	[[ -n "$project_filter" ]] && where_clause="$where_clause AND project = '$(sql_escape "$project_filter")'"
 	[[ -n "$provider_filter" ]] && where_clause="$where_clause AND provider = '$(sql_escape "$provider_filter")'"
 
@@ -918,7 +925,7 @@ cmd_trend() {
 
 	cmd_ingest --quiet 2>/dev/null || true
 
-	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= datetime('now', '-${days} days')"
+	local where_clause="WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days')"
 	[[ -n "$project_filter" ]] && where_clause="$where_clause AND project = '$(sql_escape "$project_filter")'"
 
 	local date_expr
@@ -1140,7 +1147,7 @@ cmd_sync_budget() {
 			SUM(output_tokens),
 			ROUND(SUM(cost_total), 6)
 		FROM llm_requests
-		WHERE recorded_at >= datetime('now', '-${days} days')
+		WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days')
 		GROUP BY provider, model, date(recorded_at);
 	" | while IFS='|' read -r prov mdl _day inp outp cost; do
 		[[ -z "$prov" ]] && continue
@@ -1160,6 +1167,408 @@ cmd_sync_budget() {
 	return 0
 }
 
+# =============================================================================
+# Rate Limit Tracking (t1330)
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Load rate limit config from user config or template.
+# Returns the config file path, or empty string if neither exists.
+_get_rate_limits_config() {
+	if [[ -f "$RATE_LIMITS_CONFIG_USER" ]]; then
+		echo "$RATE_LIMITS_CONFIG_USER"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	if [[ -f "$RATE_LIMITS_CONFIG_TEMPLATE" ]]; then
+		echo "$RATE_LIMITS_CONFIG_TEMPLATE"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	return 1
+}
+
+# Sanitize a value to an unsigned integer, returning fallback if non-numeric.
+# Args: $1=value, $2=fallback (default 0)
+_sanitize_uint() {
+	local val="$1"
+	local fallback="${2:-0}"
+	if [[ "$val" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+		echo "$val"
+	else
+		echo "$fallback"
+	fi
+	return 0
+}
+
+# Get rate limit value for a provider field from config JSON.
+# Args: $1=provider, $2=field (requests_per_min|tokens_per_min|billing_type)
+# Returns the value or 0 if not configured.
+_get_rate_limit_value() {
+	local provider="$1"
+	local field="$2"
+	local config_file
+	config_file=$(_get_rate_limits_config) || {
+		echo "0"
+		return 0
+	}
+	if ! command -v jq &>/dev/null; then
+		echo "0"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	local val
+	val=$(jq -r --arg p "$provider" --arg f "$field" \
+		'.providers[$p][$f] // 0' "$config_file") || val="0"
+	echo "${val:-0}"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# Get the warn_pct threshold from config (default 80).
+_get_warn_pct() {
+	local config_file
+	config_file=$(_get_rate_limits_config) || {
+		echo "$DEFAULT_WARN_PCT"
+		return 0
+	}
+	if ! command -v jq &>/dev/null; then
+		echo "$DEFAULT_WARN_PCT"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	local val
+	val=$(jq -r '.warn_pct // 80' "$config_file") || val="$DEFAULT_WARN_PCT"
+	echo "${val:-$DEFAULT_WARN_PCT}"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# Get the rolling window in minutes from config (default 1).
+_get_window_minutes() {
+	local config_file
+	config_file=$(_get_rate_limits_config) || {
+		echo "$DEFAULT_WINDOW_MINUTES"
+		return 0
+	}
+	if ! command -v jq &>/dev/null; then
+		echo "$DEFAULT_WINDOW_MINUTES"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	local val
+	val=$(jq -r '.window_minutes // 1' "$config_file") || val="$DEFAULT_WINDOW_MINUTES"
+	echo "${val:-$DEFAULT_WINDOW_MINUTES}"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# Get list of configured providers from rate-limits config.
+_get_configured_providers() {
+	local config_file
+	config_file=$(_get_rate_limits_config) || {
+		echo ""
+		return 0
+	}
+	if ! command -v jq &>/dev/null; then
+		echo ""
+		return 0
+	fi
+	jq -r '.providers | keys[]' "$config_file" || echo ""
+	return 0
+}
+
+# Check if a provider is at throttle risk based on current utilisation.
+# Args: $1=provider
+# Returns: 0=ok, 1=throttle-risk (>=warn_pct), 2=critical (>=95%)
+# Outputs: status string on stdout: "ok", "warn", or "critical"
+check_rate_limit_risk() {
+	local provider="$1"
+
+	local window_minutes
+	window_minutes=$(_get_window_minutes)
+	# Validate window_minutes is a positive integer to prevent SQL injection/malformed queries
+	if [[ ! "$window_minutes" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || [[ "$window_minutes" -eq 0 ]]; then
+		window_minutes="$DEFAULT_WINDOW_MINUTES"
+	fi
+	local warn_pct
+	warn_pct=$(_get_warn_pct)
+	# Validate warn_pct is a positive integer
+	if [[ ! "$warn_pct" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+		warn_pct="$DEFAULT_WARN_PCT"
+	fi
+
+	local req_limit tok_limit
+	req_limit=$(_get_rate_limit_value "$provider" "requests_per_min")
+	tok_limit=$(_get_rate_limit_value "$provider" "tokens_per_min")
+	# Sanitize to integers — config values may be non-numeric from malformed JSON
+	req_limit=$(_sanitize_uint "$req_limit" 0)
+	tok_limit=$(_sanitize_uint "$tok_limit" 0)
+
+	# If no limits configured for this provider, it's always ok
+	if [[ "$req_limit" == "0" && "$tok_limit" == "0" ]]; then
+		echo "ok"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	# Query actual usage in the rolling window from observability DB
+	local actual_reqs actual_tokens
+	actual_reqs=$(db_query "
+		SELECT COALESCE(COUNT(*), 0)
+		FROM llm_requests
+		WHERE provider = '$(sql_escape "$provider")'
+		AND recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${window_minutes} minutes');
+	") || actual_reqs=0
+	actual_reqs="${actual_reqs:-0}"
+
+	actual_tokens=$(db_query "
+		SELECT COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_read_tokens + cache_write_tokens), 0)
+		FROM llm_requests
+		WHERE provider = '$(sql_escape "$provider")'
+		AND recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${window_minutes} minutes');
+	") || actual_tokens=0
+	actual_tokens="${actual_tokens:-0}"
+
+	# Calculate utilisation percentages
+	local req_pct=0 tok_pct=0
+	if [[ "$req_limit" -gt 0 ]]; then
+		req_pct=$(awk "BEGIN { printf \"%d\", $actual_reqs * 100 / $req_limit }")
+	fi
+	if [[ "$tok_limit" -gt 0 ]]; then
+		tok_pct=$(awk "BEGIN { printf \"%d\", $actual_tokens * 100 / $tok_limit }")
+	fi
+
+	# Use the higher of the two utilisation percentages
+	local max_pct
+	max_pct=$(awk "BEGIN { print ($req_pct > $tok_pct) ? $req_pct : $tok_pct }")
+
+	if [[ "$max_pct" -ge 95 ]]; then
+		echo "critical"
+		return 2
+	elif [[ "$max_pct" -ge "$warn_pct" ]]; then
+		echo "warn"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	echo "ok"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# Show rate limit utilisation per provider (t1330)
+cmd_rate_limits() {
+	local json_flag=false
+	local provider_filter=""
+	local window_minutes=""
+
+	while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+		case "$1" in
+		--json)
+			json_flag=true
+			shift
+			;;
+		--provider)
+			provider_filter="${2:-}"
+			shift 2
+			;;
+		--window)
+			window_minutes="${2:-}"
+			shift 2
+			;;
+		*) shift ;;
+		esac
+	done
+
+	# Auto-ingest before showing stats.
+	# Keep stdout clean so --json remains machine-parseable.
+	# Redirect both stdout and stderr to prevent any output contamination.
+	cmd_ingest --quiet >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+
+	local config_file
+	config_file=$(_get_rate_limits_config) || config_file=""
+
+	local effective_window
+	effective_window="${window_minutes:-$(_get_window_minutes)}"
+	# Validate effective_window is a positive integer to prevent SQL injection/malformed queries
+	if [[ ! "$effective_window" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || [[ "$effective_window" -eq 0 ]]; then
+		print_error "--window must be a positive integer (minutes)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	local warn_pct
+	warn_pct=$(_get_warn_pct)
+	# Validate warn_pct is a positive integer
+	if [[ ! "$warn_pct" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+		warn_pct="$DEFAULT_WARN_PCT"
+	fi
+
+	# Get providers to display: from config + any seen in DB
+	local -a providers=()
+	if [[ -n "$provider_filter" ]]; then
+		providers=("$provider_filter")
+	else
+		# Merge configured providers with providers seen in DB
+		local configured_providers db_providers
+		configured_providers=$(_get_configured_providers) || configured_providers=""
+		db_providers=$(db_query "
+			SELECT DISTINCT provider FROM llm_requests
+			WHERE recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-1 days')
+			ORDER BY provider;
+		") || db_providers=""
+
+		local seen_providers=""
+		while IFS= read -r p; do
+			[[ -z "$p" ]] && continue
+			if [[ "$seen_providers" != *"|${p}|"* ]]; then
+				providers+=("$p")
+				seen_providers="${seen_providers}|${p}|"
+			fi
+		done < <(printf '%s\n%s\n' "$configured_providers" "$db_providers")
+	fi
+
+	if [[ ${#providers[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+		if [[ "$json_flag" == "true" ]]; then
+			echo "[]"
+		else
+			print_info "No provider data found. Run 'observability-helper.sh ingest' first."
+		fi
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	# Build result rows
+	local -a result_rows=()
+	for provider in "${providers[@]}"; do
+		[[ -z "$provider" ]] && continue
+
+		local req_limit tok_limit billing_type
+		req_limit=$(_get_rate_limit_value "$provider" "requests_per_min")
+		tok_limit=$(_get_rate_limit_value "$provider" "tokens_per_min")
+		# Sanitize to integers — config values may be non-numeric from malformed JSON
+		req_limit=$(_sanitize_uint "$req_limit" 0)
+		tok_limit=$(_sanitize_uint "$tok_limit" 0)
+		billing_type=$(_get_rate_limit_value "$provider" "billing_type")
+		[[ "$billing_type" == "0" ]] && billing_type="unknown"
+
+		# Actual usage in rolling window
+		local actual_reqs actual_tokens
+		actual_reqs=$(db_query "
+			SELECT COALESCE(COUNT(*), 0)
+			FROM llm_requests
+			WHERE provider = '$(sql_escape "$provider")'
+			AND recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${effective_window} minutes');
+		") || actual_reqs=0
+		actual_reqs="${actual_reqs:-0}"
+
+		actual_tokens=$(db_query "
+			SELECT COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens + output_tokens + cache_read_tokens + cache_write_tokens), 0)
+			FROM llm_requests
+			WHERE provider = '$(sql_escape "$provider")'
+			AND recorded_at >= strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${effective_window} minutes');
+		") || actual_tokens=0
+		actual_tokens="${actual_tokens:-0}"
+
+		# Calculate utilisation percentages
+		local req_pct=0 tok_pct=0
+		if [[ "$req_limit" != "0" && "$req_limit" -gt 0 ]]; then
+			req_pct=$(awk "BEGIN { printf \"%d\", $actual_reqs * 100 / $req_limit }")
+		fi
+		if [[ "$tok_limit" != "0" && "$tok_limit" -gt 0 ]]; then
+			tok_pct=$(awk "BEGIN { printf \"%d\", $actual_tokens * 100 / $tok_limit }")
+		fi
+
+		# Determine status
+		local max_pct
+		max_pct=$(awk "BEGIN { print ($req_pct > $tok_pct) ? $req_pct : $tok_pct }")
+		local status="ok"
+		if [[ "$max_pct" -ge 95 ]]; then
+			status="critical"
+		elif [[ "$max_pct" -ge "$warn_pct" ]]; then
+			status="warn"
+		fi
+
+		result_rows+=("${provider}|${actual_reqs}|${req_limit}|${req_pct}|${actual_tokens}|${tok_limit}|${tok_pct}|${status}|${billing_type}")
+	done
+
+	if [[ "$json_flag" == "true" ]]; then
+		echo "["
+		local first=true
+		for row in "${result_rows[@]}"; do
+			local prov ar rl rp at tl tp st bt
+			IFS='|' read -r prov ar rl rp at tl tp st bt <<<"$row"
+			[[ "$first" == "true" ]] || echo ","
+			first=false
+			printf '  %s' "$(jq -c -n \
+				--arg prov "$prov" \
+				--argjson ar "${ar:-0}" \
+				--argjson rl "${rl:-0}" \
+				--argjson rp "${rp:-0}" \
+				--argjson at "${at:-0}" \
+				--argjson tl "${tl:-0}" \
+				--argjson tp "${tp:-0}" \
+				--arg st "$st" \
+				--arg bt "$bt" \
+				--argjson ew "${effective_window:-1}" \
+				--argjson wp "${warn_pct:-80}" \
+				'{provider: $prov, requests_used: $ar, requests_limit: $rl, requests_pct: $rp, tokens_used: $at, tokens_limit: $tl, tokens_pct: $tp, status: $st, billing_type: $bt, window_minutes: $ew, warn_pct: $wp}')"
+		done
+		echo ""
+		echo "]"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	echo ""
+	echo "Rate Limit Utilisation (${effective_window}min rolling window, warn at ${warn_pct}%)"
+	echo "========================================================================"
+	echo ""
+
+	if [[ -z "$config_file" ]]; then
+		print_warning "No rate-limits.json config found. Copy .agents/configs/rate-limits.json.txt to ~/.config/aidevops/rate-limits.json and adjust for your plan."
+		echo ""
+	fi
+
+	printf "  %-12s %-8s %-12s %-8s %-12s %-12s %-8s %-10s\n" \
+		"Provider" "Reqs" "Req Limit" "Req%" "Tokens" "Tok Limit" "Tok%" "Status"
+	printf "  %-12s %-8s %-12s %-8s %-12s %-12s %-8s %-10s\n" \
+		"--------" "----" "---------" "----" "------" "---------" "----" "------"
+
+	local has_warnings=false
+	for row in "${result_rows[@]}"; do
+		local prov ar rl rp at tl tp st bt
+		IFS='|' read -r prov ar rl rp at tl tp st bt <<<"$row"
+
+		local req_display tok_display status_display
+		req_display="${ar}/${rl}"
+		[[ "$rl" == "0" ]] && req_display="${ar}/n/a"
+		tok_display="${at}/${tl}"
+		[[ "$tl" == "0" ]] && tok_display="${at}/n/a"
+
+		case "$st" in
+		critical)
+			status_display="${RED}CRITICAL${NC}"
+			has_warnings=true
+			;;
+		warn)
+			status_display="${YELLOW}WARN${NC}"
+			has_warnings=true
+			;;
+		*)
+			status_display="${GREEN}ok${NC}"
+			;;
+		esac
+
+		printf "  %-12s %-8s %-12s %-8s %-12s %-12s %-8s " \
+			"$prov" "$ar" "$req_display" "${rp}%" "$at" "$tok_display" "${tp}%"
+		printf "%-10b\n" "$status_display"
+	done
+
+	echo ""
+
+	if [[ "$has_warnings" == "true" ]]; then
+		echo "  Providers at or above ${warn_pct}% utilisation are flagged as throttle-risk."
+		echo "  Model routing will prefer alternative providers for these."
+		echo ""
+	fi
+
+	# Show config location hint
+	if [[ -n "$config_file" ]]; then
+		echo "  Config: $config_file"
+	else
+		echo "  Config: not found (using defaults — copy .agents/configs/rate-limits.json.txt to ~/.config/aidevops/rate-limits.json)"
+	fi
+	echo ""
+
+	return 0
+}
+
 # Prune old data
 cmd_prune() {
 	local days=$DEFAULT_PRUNE_DAYS
@@ -1178,8 +1587,8 @@ cmd_prune() {
 	before_count=$(db_query "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM llm_requests;") || before_count=0
 
 	db_query "
-		DELETE FROM llm_requests WHERE recorded_at < datetime('now', '-${days} days');
-		DELETE FROM parse_offsets WHERE last_parsed < datetime('now', '-${days} days');
+		DELETE FROM llm_requests WHERE recorded_at < strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days');
+		DELETE FROM parse_offsets WHERE last_parsed < strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', 'now', '-${days} days');
 	" || true
 
 	local after_count
@@ -1212,6 +1621,7 @@ cmd_help() {
 	echo "  trend               Show usage trends over time"
 	echo "  record              Manually record an LLM request"
 	echo "  sync-budget         Sync data to budget-tracker (t1100)"
+	echo "  rate-limits         Show rate limit utilisation per provider (t1330)"
 	echo "  prune               Remove old data (default: keep 90 days)"
 	echo "  help                Show this help"
 	echo ""
@@ -1224,6 +1634,11 @@ cmd_help() {
 	echo "  --weekly            Use weekly granularity (trend command)"
 	echo "  --hourly            Use hourly granularity (trend command)"
 	echo ""
+	echo "Rate-limits options:"
+	echo "  --provider X        Filter by provider"
+	echo "  --window N          Rolling window in minutes (default: 1)"
+	echo "  --json              Output in JSON format"
+	echo ""
 	echo "Record options:"
 	echo "  --model X           Model name (required)"
 	echo "  --provider X        Provider name (auto-detected from model)"
@@ -1247,12 +1662,21 @@ cmd_help() {
 	echo "  # Show daily trend for a specific project"
 	echo "  aidevops stats trend --project aidevops --days 14"
 	echo ""
+	echo "  # Show rate limit utilisation across all providers"
+	echo "  aidevops stats rate-limits"
+	echo ""
+	echo "  # Show rate limits for a specific provider in JSON"
+	echo "  aidevops stats rate-limits --provider anthropic --json"
+	echo ""
 	echo "  # Manually record a request"
 	echo "  aidevops stats record --model claude-opus-4-6 --input-tokens 50000 --output-tokens 10000"
 	echo ""
 	echo "  # Sync to budget tracker"
 	echo "  aidevops stats sync-budget --days 7"
 	echo ""
+	echo "Rate limit config: ~/.config/aidevops/rate-limits.json"
+	echo "  (template: .agents/configs/rate-limits.json.txt)"
+	echo ""
 	echo "Storage: $OBS_DB"
 	echo ""
 	return 0
@@ -1296,6 +1720,9 @@ main() {
 	sync-budget | sync_budget | budget)
 		cmd_sync_budget "$@"
 		;;
+	rate-limits | rate_limits | ratelimits | rl)
+		cmd_rate_limits "$@"
+		;;
 	prune | cleanup)
 		cmd_prune "$@"
 		;;
diff --git a/.agents/scripts/supervisor-archived/dispatch.sh b/.agents/scripts/supervisor-archived/dispatch.sh
index 60318e57a..c63e42431 100755
--- a/.agents/scripts/supervisor-archived/dispatch.sh
+++ b/.agents/scripts/supervisor-archived/dispatch.sh
@@ -203,6 +203,9 @@ resolve_model() {
 	fi
 
 	# Try model-availability-helper.sh for availability-aware resolution (t132.3)
+	# This now includes rate limit awareness (t1330): if the primary provider is
+	# at throttle risk (>=warn_pct of its rate limit), resolve_tier() will prefer
+	# the fallback provider automatically.
 	# IMPORTANT: When using OpenCode CLI with Anthropic OAuth, the availability
 	# helper sees anthropic as "no-key" (no standalone ANTHROPIC_API_KEY) and
 	# resolves to opencode/* models that route through OpenCode's Zen proxy.
@@ -219,6 +222,22 @@ resolve_model() {
 		log_verbose "model-availability-helper.sh resolved '$resolved' (non-anthropic or empty), using static default"
 	fi
 
+	# Rate limit check (t1330): before returning static default, check if anthropic
+	# is at throttle risk. If so, log a warning — the static fallback still uses
+	# anthropic since it's the only configured provider in the static map.
+	local obs_helper="${SCRIPT_DIR}/../observability-helper.sh"
+	if [[ -x "$obs_helper" ]]; then
+		local rl_json
+		rl_json=$(bash "$obs_helper" rate-limits --provider anthropic --json) || rl_json=""
+		if [[ -n "$rl_json" ]]; then
+			local rl_status
+			rl_status=$(printf '%s' "$rl_json" | jq -r '.[0].status // "ok"') || rl_status="ok"
+			if [[ "$rl_status" == "warn" || "$rl_status" == "critical" ]]; then
+				log_warn "resolve_model: anthropic rate limit ${rl_status} — consider configuring alternative providers in fallback-chain-config.json (t1330)"
+			fi
+		fi
+	fi
+
 	# Static fallback: map tier names to concrete models (t132.5)
 	case "$tier" in
 	opus | coding)
diff --git a/todo/tasks/t1330-brief.md b/todo/tasks/t1330-brief.md
index 381939081..eaf4e79a7 100644
--- a/todo/tasks/t1330-brief.md
+++ b/todo/tasks/t1330-brief.md
@@ -40,23 +40,28 @@ Key files:
 ## Acceptance Criteria
 
 - [ ] Rate limit definitions exist per provider (requests/min, tokens/min)
+
   ```yaml
   verify:
     method: codebase
     pattern: "rate.limit|requests_per_min|tokens_per_min"
     path: ".agents/scripts/"
   ```
+
 - [ ] `aidevops stats rate-limits` (or equivalent) shows current utilisation per provider
 - [ ] When a provider exceeds 80% of its rate limit, model routing prefers alternatives
 - [ ] Rate limit data is derived from existing observability SQLite DB (no new data collection)
+
   ```yaml
   verify:
     method: codebase
     pattern: "observability.*db\\|llm_requests"
     path: ".agents/scripts/"
   ```
+
 - [ ] Works with both token-billed and subscription providers
 - [ ] ShellCheck clean
+
   ```yaml
   verify:
     method: bash