diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/build.gradle b/ethereum/evmtool/build.gradle
index 989c865412c..fa3f989cdd8 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/build.gradle
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/build.gradle
@@ -56,8 +56,6 @@ dependencies {
   implementation 'info.picocli:picocli'
   implementation 'io.vertx:vertx-core'
 
-  runtimeOnly 'org.slf4j:slf4j-nop'
-
   annotationProcessor 'com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler'
   annotationProcessor 'info.picocli:picocli-codegen'
 
@@ -67,6 +65,9 @@ dependencies {
   testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core'
 
   testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine'
+
+  // No logging in grallvm EvmTool
+  nativeImageClasspath 'org.slf4j:slf4j-nop'
 }
 
 mainClassName = 'org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.EvmTool'
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/graal/reflection-config.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/graal/reflection-config.json
index 12c2d5e9737..bedc322c76c 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/graal/reflection-config.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/graal/reflection-config.json
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
     "unsafeAllocated": true
   },
   {
-    "name": "org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nSubCommand$RejectedTransaction",
+    "name": "org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nExecutor$RejectedTransaction",
     "queryAllPublicConstructors": true,
     "queryAllPublicMethods": true,
     "allDeclaredConstructors": true,
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nExecutor.java b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nExecutor.java
index 3b6da40c5c0..c3838237858 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nExecutor.java
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nExecutor.java
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 import static org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules.shouldClearEmptyAccounts;
 
 import org.hyperledger.besu.config.StubGenesisConfigOptions;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.KeyPair;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithm;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithmFactory;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.DataGas;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
@@ -36,24 +39,33 @@
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestBlockchain;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestEnv;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.BytesValueRLPInput;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.BytesValueRLPOutput;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.RLP;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.worldstate.DefaultMutableWorldState;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.AccessListEntry;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.AccountStorageEntry;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.log.Log;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.tracing.OperationTracer;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.worldstate.WorldUpdater;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.exception.UnsupportedForkException;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.plugin.data.TransactionType;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.Spliterator;
+import java.util.Spliterators;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
 
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ArrayNode;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
@@ -64,6 +76,149 @@
 import org.apache.tuweni.units.bigints.UInt256;
 
 public class T8nExecutor {
+
+  record RejectedTransaction(int index, String error) {}
+
+  protected static List<Transaction> extractTransactions(
+      final PrintWriter out,
+      final Iterator<JsonNode> it,
+      final List<Transaction> transactions,
+      final List<RejectedTransaction> rejections) {
+    int i = 0;
+    while (it.hasNext()) {
+      try {
+        JsonNode txNode = it.next();
+        if (txNode.isTextual()) {
+          BytesValueRLPInput rlpInput =
+              new BytesValueRLPInput(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.asText()), false);
+          rlpInput.enterList();
+          while (!rlpInput.isEndOfCurrentList()) {
+            Transaction tx = Transaction.readFrom(rlpInput);
+            transactions.add(tx);
+          }
+        } else if (txNode.isObject()) {
+          if (txNode.has("txBytes")) {
+            Transaction tx =
+                Transaction.readFrom(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("txbytes").asText()));
+            transactions.add(tx);
+          } else {
+            Transaction.Builder builder = Transaction.builder();
+            int type = Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("type").textValue()).toInt();
+            TransactionType transactionType = TransactionType.of(type == 0 ? 0xf8 : type);
+            builder.type(transactionType);
+            builder.nonce(Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("nonce").textValue()).toLong());
+            builder.gasLimit(Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("gas").textValue()).toLong());
+            builder.value(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("value").textValue()));
+            builder.payload(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("input").textValue()));
+
+            if (txNode.has("gasPrice")) {
+              builder.gasPrice(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("gasPrice").textValue()));
+            }
+            if (txNode.has("maxPriorityFeePerGas")) {
+              builder.maxPriorityFeePerGas(
+                  Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("maxPriorityFeePerGas").textValue()));
+            }
+            if (txNode.has("maxFeePerGas")) {
+              builder.maxFeePerGas(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("maxFeePerGas").textValue()));
+            }
+            if (txNode.has("maxFeePerDataGas")) {
+              builder.maxFeePerDataGas(
+                  Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("maxFeePerDataGas").textValue()));
+            }
+
+            if (txNode.has("to")) {
+              builder.to(Address.fromHexString(txNode.get("to").textValue()));
+            }
+
+            if (transactionType.requiresChainId()
+                || !txNode.has("protected")
+                || txNode.get("protected").booleanValue()) {
+              // chainid if protected
+              builder.chainId(
+                  new BigInteger(
+                      1,
+                      Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("chainId").textValue())
+                          .toArrayUnsafe()));
+            }
+
+            if (txNode.has("accessList")) {
+              JsonNode accessList = txNode.get("accessList");
+              if (!accessList.isArray()) {
+                out.printf(
+                    "TX json node unparseable: expected accessList to be an array - %s%n", txNode);
+                continue;
+              }
+              List<AccessListEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(accessList.size());
+              for (JsonNode entryAsJson : accessList) {
+                Address address = Address.fromHexString(entryAsJson.get("address").textValue());
+                List<String> storageKeys =
+                    StreamSupport.stream(
+                            Spliterators.spliteratorUnknownSize(
+                                entryAsJson.get("storageKeys").elements(), Spliterator.ORDERED),
+                            false)
+                        .map(JsonNode::textValue)
+                        .toList();
+                var accessListEntry = AccessListEntry.createAccessListEntry(address, storageKeys);
+                entries.add(accessListEntry);
+              }
+              builder.accessList(entries);
+            }
+
+            if (txNode.has("blobVersionedHashes")) {
+              JsonNode blobVersionedHashes = txNode.get("blobVersionedHashes");
+              if (!blobVersionedHashes.isArray()) {
+                out.printf(
+                    "TX json node unparseable: expected blobVersionedHashes to be an array - %s%n",
+                    txNode);
+                continue;
+              }
+              // FUTURE: placeholder code until 4844 PR merges
+              // List<VersionedHash> entries = new ArrayList<>(blobVersionedHashes.size());
+              // for (JsonNode versionedHashNode : blobVersionedHashes) {
+              //   entries.add(
+              //       new VersionedHash(Bytes32.fromHexString(versionedHashNode.textValue())));
+              // }
+              // builder.versionedHashes(entries);
+            }
+
+            if (txNode.has("secretKey")) {
+              SignatureAlgorithm signatureAlgorithm = SignatureAlgorithmFactory.getInstance();
+              KeyPair keys =
+                  signatureAlgorithm.createKeyPair(
+                      signatureAlgorithm.createPrivateKey(
+                          Bytes32.fromHexString(txNode.get("secretKey").textValue())));
+
+              transactions.add(builder.signAndBuild(keys));
+            } else {
+              BigInteger v =
+                  Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("v").textValue()).toUnsignedBigInteger();
+              if (v.compareTo(BigInteger.valueOf(35)) >= 0) {
+                v = v.subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(35)).mod(BigInteger.TWO);
+              } else if (v.compareTo(BigInteger.valueOf(27)) >= 0) {
+                v = v.subtract(BigInteger.valueOf(27)).mod(BigInteger.TWO);
+              }
+              builder.signature(
+                  SignatureAlgorithmFactory.getInstance()
+                      .createSignature(
+                          Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("r").textValue())
+                              .toUnsignedBigInteger(),
+                          Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("s").textValue())
+                              .toUnsignedBigInteger(),
+                          v.byteValueExact()));
+              transactions.add(builder.build());
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          out.printf("TX json node unparseable: %s%n", txNode);
+        }
+      } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+        rejections.add(new RejectedTransaction(i, iae.getMessage()));
+      }
+      i++;
+    }
+    return transactions;
+  }
+
   static T8nResult runTest(
       final Long chainId,
       final String fork,
@@ -72,6 +227,7 @@ static T8nResult runTest(
       final ReferenceTestEnv referenceTestEnv,
       final MutableWorldState initialWorldState,
       final List<Transaction> transactions,
+      final List<RejectedTransaction> rejections,
       final TracerManager tracerManager) {
 
     final ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules referenceTestProtocolSchedules =
@@ -95,7 +251,7 @@ static T8nResult runTest(
     final Wei dataGasPrice = protocolSpec.getFeeMarket().dataPrice(DataGas.ZERO);
 
     List<TransactionReceipt> receipts = new ArrayList<>();
-    List<T8nSubCommand.RejectedTransaction> invalidTransactions = new ArrayList<>();
+    List<RejectedTransaction> invalidTransactions = new ArrayList<>(rejections);
     List<Transaction> validTransactions = new ArrayList<>();
     ArrayNode receiptsArray = objectMapper.createArrayNode();
     long gasUsed = 0;
@@ -138,8 +294,7 @@ static T8nResult runTest(
       }
       if (result.isInvalid()) {
         invalidTransactions.add(
-            new T8nSubCommand.RejectedTransaction(
-                i, result.getValidationResult().getErrorMessage()));
+            new RejectedTransaction(i, result.getValidationResult().getErrorMessage()));
       } else {
         validTransactions.add(transaction);
 
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nServerSubCommand.java b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nServerSubCommand.java
index a93ac8ac7a1..5bbf3199075 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nServerSubCommand.java
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nServerSubCommand.java
@@ -15,33 +15,29 @@
  */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool;
 
-import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.KeyPair;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithm;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nExecutor.extractTransactions;
+
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Transaction;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestEnv;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestWorldState;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.BytesValueRLPInput;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.tracing.OperationTracer;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.plugin.data.TransactionType;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nExecutor.RejectedTransaction;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.util.LogConfigurator;
 
-import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.TextNode;
 import io.vertx.core.Vertx;
 import io.vertx.core.json.JsonArray;
 import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
-import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
-import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes32;
 import picocli.CommandLine;
 
 @CommandLine.Command(
@@ -69,6 +65,7 @@ public void run() {
             req ->
                 req.bodyHandler(
                     body -> {
+                      ObjectMapper objectMapper = JsonUtils.createObjectMapper();
                       JsonObject t8nRequest = body.toJsonObject();
                       JsonObject state = t8nRequest.getJsonObject("state");
                       String fork = state.getString("fork");
@@ -81,18 +78,27 @@ public void run() {
                       ReferenceTestWorldState initialWorldState =
                           input.getJsonObject("alloc").mapTo(ReferenceTestWorldState.class);
                       initialWorldState.persist(null);
-                      List<Transaction> transactions = Collections.emptyList();
+                      List<Transaction> transactions = new ArrayList<>();
+                      List<RejectedTransaction> rejections = new ArrayList<>();
                       Object txs = input.getValue("txs");
                       if (txs != null) {
                         if (txs instanceof JsonArray txsArray) {
-                          transactions = extractTransactions(txsArray);
+                          extractTransactions(
+                              new PrintWriter(System.err, true, StandardCharsets.UTF_8),
+                              txsArray.stream().map(s -> (JsonNode) s).iterator(),
+                              transactions,
+                              rejections);
                         } else if (txs instanceof String tx) {
                           transactions =
-                              extractTransactions(new JsonArray().add(removeSurrounding("\"", tx)));
+                              extractTransactions(
+                                  new PrintWriter(System.err, true, StandardCharsets.UTF_8),
+                                  List.<JsonNode>of(new TextNode(removeSurrounding("\"", tx)))
+                                      .iterator(),
+                                  transactions,
+                                  rejections);
                         }
                       }
 
-                      ObjectMapper objectMapper = JsonUtils.createObjectMapper();
                       final T8nExecutor.T8nResult result =
                           T8nExecutor.runTest(
                               chainId,
@@ -102,6 +108,7 @@ public void run() {
                               referenceTestEnv,
                               initialWorldState,
                               transactions,
+                              rejections,
                               new T8nExecutor.TracerManager() {
                                 @Override
                                 public OperationTracer getManagedTracer(
@@ -138,72 +145,6 @@ public void disposeTracer(final OperationTracer tracer) {
             err -> System.err.println("Failed to start transition server: " + err.getMessage()));
   }
 
-  private List<Transaction> extractTransactions(final JsonArray jsonArray) {
-    List<Transaction> transactions = new ArrayList<>();
-    for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.size(); i++) {
-      Object rawTx = jsonArray.getValue(i);
-      if (rawTx instanceof String txNode) {
-        BytesValueRLPInput rlpInput = new BytesValueRLPInput(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode), false);
-        rlpInput.enterList();
-        while (!rlpInput.isEndOfCurrentList()) {
-          Transaction tx = Transaction.readFrom(rlpInput);
-          transactions.add(tx);
-        }
-      } else if (rawTx instanceof JsonObject txNode) {
-        if (txNode.containsKey("txBytes")) {
-          JsonObject txBytesNode = txNode.getJsonObject("txBytes");
-          Transaction tx =
-              Transaction.readFrom(Bytes.fromHexString(txBytesNode.getString("txbytes")));
-          transactions.add(tx);
-        } else {
-          Transaction.Builder builder = Transaction.builder();
-          int type = Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.getString("type")).toInt();
-          TransactionType transactionType = TransactionType.of(type == 0 ? 0xf8 : type);
-          builder.type(transactionType);
-          builder.nonce(Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.getString("nonce")).toLong());
-          builder.gasPrice(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.getString("gasPrice")));
-          builder.gasLimit(Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.getString("gas")).toLong());
-          builder.value(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.getString("value")));
-          builder.payload(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.getString("input")));
-          if (txNode.containsKey("to")) {
-            builder.to(Address.fromHexString(txNode.getString("to")));
-          }
-
-          if (transactionType.requiresChainId()
-              || !txNode.containsKey("protected")
-              || txNode.getBoolean("protected")) {
-            // chainid if protected
-            builder.chainId(
-                new BigInteger(
-                    1, Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.getString("chainId")).toArrayUnsafe()));
-          }
-
-          if (txNode.containsKey("secretKey")) {
-            SignatureAlgorithm signatureAlgorithm = SignatureAlgorithmFactory.getInstance();
-            KeyPair keys =
-                signatureAlgorithm.createKeyPair(
-                    signatureAlgorithm.createPrivateKey(
-                        Bytes32.fromHexString(txNode.getString("secretKey"))));
-
-            transactions.add(builder.signAndBuild(keys));
-          } else {
-            builder.signature(
-                SignatureAlgorithmFactory.getInstance()
-                    .createSignature(
-                        Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.getString("r")).toUnsignedBigInteger(),
-                        Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.getString("s")).toUnsignedBigInteger(),
-                        Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.getString("v"))
-                            .toUnsignedBigInteger()
-                            .subtract(Transaction.REPLAY_UNPROTECTED_V_BASE)
-                            .byteValueExact()));
-            transactions.add(builder.build());
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return transactions;
-  }
-
   private static String removeSurrounding(final String delimiter, final String message) {
     if (message.startsWith(delimiter) && message.endsWith(delimiter)) {
       return message.substring(delimiter.length(), message.length() - delimiter.length());
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nSubCommand.java b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nSubCommand.java
index 426c34e2514..dbf5a59756c 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nSubCommand.java
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/T8nSubCommand.java
@@ -19,28 +19,20 @@
 import static org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nSubCommand.COMMAND_ALIAS;
 import static org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nSubCommand.COMMAND_NAME;
 
-import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.KeyPair;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithm;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.MutableWorldState;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Transaction;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestEnv;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestWorldState;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.BytesValueRLPInput;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.AccessListEntry;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.tracing.OperationTracer;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.tracing.StandardJsonTracer;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.plugin.data.TransactionType;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.T8nExecutor.RejectedTransaction;
 
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.FileReader;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStreamReader;
 import java.io.PrintStream;
-import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -49,10 +41,7 @@
 import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Spliterator;
-import java.util.Spliterators;
 import java.util.Stack;
-import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
 
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
@@ -60,8 +49,6 @@
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectReader;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectWriter;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
-import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
-import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes32;
 import picocli.CommandLine.Command;
 import picocli.CommandLine.IParameterConsumer;
 import picocli.CommandLine.Model.ArgSpec;
@@ -79,8 +66,6 @@
     versionProvider = VersionProvider.class)
 public class T8nSubCommand implements Runnable {
 
-  record RejectedTransaction(int index, String error) {}
-
   static final String COMMAND_NAME = "transition";
   static final String COMMAND_ALIAS = "t8n";
   private static final Path stdoutPath = Path.of("stdout");
@@ -187,7 +172,8 @@ public void run() {
 
     MutableWorldState initialWorldState;
     ReferenceTestEnv referenceTestEnv;
-    List<Transaction> transactions;
+    List<Transaction> transactions = new ArrayList<>();
+    List<RejectedTransaction> rejections = new ArrayList<>();
     try {
       ObjectNode config;
       if (env.equals(stdinPath) || alloc.equals(stdinPath) || txs.equals(stdinPath)) {
@@ -229,7 +215,7 @@ public void run() {
         it = List.of(node).iterator();
       }
 
-      transactions = extractTransactions(it);
+      T8nExecutor.extractTransactions(parentCommand.out, it, transactions, rejections);
       if (!outDir.toString().isBlank()) {
         outDir.toFile().mkdirs();
       }
@@ -299,6 +285,7 @@ public void disposeTracer(final OperationTracer tracer) {
             referenceTestEnv,
             initialWorldState,
             transactions,
+            rejections,
             tracerManager);
 
     try {
@@ -340,96 +327,4 @@ public void disposeTracer(final OperationTracer tracer) {
       ioe.printStackTrace(System.err);
     }
   }
-
-  private List<Transaction> extractTransactions(final Iterator<JsonNode> it) {
-    List<Transaction> transactions = new ArrayList<>();
-    while (it.hasNext()) {
-      JsonNode txNode = it.next();
-      if (txNode.isTextual()) {
-        BytesValueRLPInput rlpInput =
-            new BytesValueRLPInput(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.asText()), false);
-        rlpInput.enterList();
-        while (!rlpInput.isEndOfCurrentList()) {
-          Transaction tx = Transaction.readFrom(rlpInput);
-          transactions.add(tx);
-        }
-      } else if (txNode.isObject()) {
-        if (txNode.has("txBytes")) {
-          Transaction tx =
-              Transaction.readFrom(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("txbytes").asText()));
-          transactions.add(tx);
-        } else {
-          Transaction.Builder builder = Transaction.builder();
-          int type = Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("type").textValue()).toInt();
-          TransactionType transactionType = TransactionType.of(type == 0 ? 0xf8 : type);
-          builder.type(transactionType);
-          builder.nonce(Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("nonce").textValue()).toLong());
-          builder.gasPrice(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("gasPrice").textValue()));
-          builder.gasLimit(Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("gas").textValue()).toLong());
-          builder.value(Wei.fromHexString(txNode.get("value").textValue()));
-          builder.payload(Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("input").textValue()));
-          if (txNode.has("to")) {
-            builder.to(Address.fromHexString(txNode.get("to").textValue()));
-          }
-
-          if (transactionType.requiresChainId()
-              || !txNode.has("protected")
-              || txNode.get("protected").booleanValue()) {
-            // chainid if protected
-            builder.chainId(
-                new BigInteger(
-                    1,
-                    Bytes.fromHexStringLenient(txNode.get("chainId").textValue()).toArrayUnsafe()));
-          }
-
-          if (txNode.has("accessList")) {
-            JsonNode accessList = txNode.get("accessList");
-            if (!accessList.isArray()) {
-              parentCommand.out.printf(
-                  "TX json node unparseable: expected accessList to be an array - %s%n", txNode);
-              continue;
-            }
-            List<AccessListEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(accessList.size());
-            for (JsonNode entryAsJson : accessList) {
-              Address address = Address.fromHexString(entryAsJson.get("address").textValue());
-              List<String> storageKeys =
-                  StreamSupport.stream(
-                          Spliterators.spliteratorUnknownSize(
-                              entryAsJson.get("storageKeys").elements(), Spliterator.ORDERED),
-                          false)
-                      .map(JsonNode::textValue)
-                      .toList();
-              var accessListEntry = AccessListEntry.createAccessListEntry(address, storageKeys);
-              entries.add(accessListEntry);
-            }
-            builder.accessList(entries);
-          }
-
-          if (txNode.has("secretKey")) {
-            SignatureAlgorithm signatureAlgorithm = SignatureAlgorithmFactory.getInstance();
-            KeyPair keys =
-                signatureAlgorithm.createKeyPair(
-                    signatureAlgorithm.createPrivateKey(
-                        Bytes32.fromHexString(txNode.get("secretKey").textValue())));
-
-            transactions.add(builder.signAndBuild(keys));
-          } else {
-            builder.signature(
-                SignatureAlgorithmFactory.getInstance()
-                    .createSignature(
-                        Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("r").textValue()).toUnsignedBigInteger(),
-                        Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("s").textValue()).toUnsignedBigInteger(),
-                        Bytes.fromHexString(txNode.get("v").textValue())
-                            .toUnsignedBigInteger()
-                            .subtract(Transaction.REPLAY_UNPROTECTED_V_BASE)
-                            .byteValueExact()));
-            transactions.add(builder.build());
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        parentCommand.out.printf("TX json node unparseable: %s%n", txNode);
-      }
-    }
-    return transactions;
-  }
 }
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-calculate-difficulty.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-calculate-difficulty.json
index 3de9d7ed247..1a3c7a178c6 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-calculate-difficulty.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-calculate-difficulty.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
       "parentDifficulty": "131072",
       "parentGasUsed": "50000000000000000",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0x87c5fa7cef8b99fc333b662c1a4306c7d41d9d43a23414b15aa25b3e093ae88f"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-example-yul.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-example-yul.json
index 3de9d7ed247..1a3c7a178c6 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-example-yul.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/berlin-example-yul.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
       "parentDifficulty": "131072",
       "parentGasUsed": "50000000000000000",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0x87c5fa7cef8b99fc333b662c1a4306c7d41d9d43a23414b15aa25b3e093ae88f"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/cancun-blobs-per-tx.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/cancun-blobs-per-tx.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8ee3e7b21ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/cancun-blobs-per-tx.json
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+{
+  "cli": [
+    "t8n",
+    "--input.alloc=stdin",
+    "--input.txs=stdin",
+    "--input.env=stdin",
+    "--output.result=stdout",
+    "--output.alloc=stdout",
+    "--output.body=txs.rlp",
+    "--state.fork=Cancun",
+    "--state.chainid=1",
+    "--state.reward=0"
+  ],
+  "stdin": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000200": {
+        "balance": "0x1"
+      },
+      "0x8a0a19589531694250d570040a0c4b74576919b8": {
+        "balance": "0x3b908bc7",
+        "nonce": "0x1"
+      },
+      "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+        "balance": "0x43e39"
+      }
+    },
+    "txs": [
+      {
+        "type": "0x3",
+        "chainId": "0x1",
+        "nonce": "0x0",
+        "maxPriorityFeePerGas": "0x0",
+        "maxFeePerGas": "0x7",
+        "gas": "0x5208",
+        "value": "0x1",
+        "input": "0x",
+        "to": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000100",
+        "accessList": [],
+        "protected": true,
+        "maxFeePerDataGas": "0x1",
+        "sender": "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+        "blobVersionedHashes": [
+          "0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        ],
+        "v": "0x1",
+        "r": "0xa8f4757869fbb831ba4ed3a7c8f868b0e2e0c1eda97937aab035560fffdedf3c",
+        "s": "0x19d9b041540e3d6f5f56dc29deb8834a08171e92037cf567b922357e70f8e54a"
+      }
+    ],
+    "env": {
+      "currentCoinbase": "0x2adc25665018aa1fe0e6bc666dac8fc2697ff9ba",
+      "currentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
+      "currentNumber": "2",
+      "currentTimestamp": "24",
+      "currentRandom": "0",
+      "currentDifficulty": "0",
+      "parentDifficulty": "0",
+      "parentBaseFee": "7",
+      "parentGasUsed": "21000",
+      "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
+      "parentTimestamp": "12",
+      "blockHashes": {
+        "0": "0x7801ae59edc1754a571e2eb418e8e8a44079b1e7ce3cd032cd3169973deb6be9",
+        "1": "0xe67fa9e2865de83bcff54ca002c4b9dcde6cd094367ed4e85f28c1298fdb23a5"
+      },
+      "ommers": [],
+      "withdrawals": [],
+      "parentUncleHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+      "currentExcessDataGas": "0",
+      "currentDataGasUsed": "0"
+    }
+  },
+  "stdout": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000200": {
+        "balance": "0x1"
+      },
+      "0x8a0a19589531694250d570040a0c4b74576919b8": {
+        "balance": "0x3b908bc7",
+        "nonce": "0x1"
+      },
+      "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+        "balance": "0x43e39"
+      }
+    },
+    "result": {
+      "stateRoot": "0xa6c91f68d20d3b6137ca1184a3995344256f0b53410b3577c9ab0a764a782cfb",
+      "txRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+      "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+      "logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+      "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "receipts": [],
+      "rejected": [
+        {
+          "index": 0,
+          "error": "Unsupported transaction type 3"
+        }
+      ],
+      "currentDifficulty": null,
+      "gasUsed": "0x0",
+      "currentBaseFee": "0x7",
+      "withdrawalsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421"
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/istanbul-cumulative-gas.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/istanbul-cumulative-gas.json
index 7146666176f..d3dd7021df7 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/istanbul-cumulative-gas.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/istanbul-cumulative-gas.json
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@
       "parentDifficulty": "131072",
       "parentGasUsed": "50000000000000000",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0xa2886eb8890eda7143a5d6bcb16949db9f3871f4c2dcc8618ab62c0632a23ab7"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/london-env-no-basefee.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/london-env-no-basefee.json
index dcfe6a32b82..052ebb5260b 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/london-env-no-basefee.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/london-env-no-basefee.json
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
       "parentBaseFee": "7",
       "parentGasUsed": "50000000000000000",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0xe3c84688fa32c20955c535c7d25b5b4b196079e40a9c47c9cb1edb5e58b3dce5"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-blockhash.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-blockhash.json
index c393d1cef2b..e1c331206d2 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-blockhash.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-blockhash.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
       "parentDifficulty": "0",
       "parentGasUsed": "0",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "12",
+      "parentTimestamp": "12",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0x651666d6d8727a6478a750dc8406c1bda0be85abc99094dca694807fa772f83c",
         "1": "0x0275fc82fe832100726ec7c26078ffb1c1dbff14a3b52d93dc359768fc8c7baa"
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-init-code.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-init-code.json
index 3c398c92de6..d33e96bfd53 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-init-code.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-init-code.json
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
       "parentBaseFee": "7",
       "parentGasUsed": "0",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0xea2d7e0192d890c222f0302d972a02db0bf0c6d08257d73aa1210d08d24f30c3"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-no-nonce.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-no-nonce.json
index d967e398ef6..3bf5beaae52 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-no-nonce.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-no-nonce.json
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
       "parentDifficulty": "0",
       "parentGasUsed": "0",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "12",
+      "parentTimestamp": "12",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0x651666d6d8727a6478a750dc8406c1bda0be85abc99094dca694807fa772f83c",
         "1": "0x0275fc82fe832100726ec7c26078ffb1c1dbff14a3b52d93dc359768fc8c7baa"
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-overflow.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-overflow.json
index ca3eed9f676..8f8b29b7525 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-overflow.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals-overflow.json
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
       "parentBaseFee": "7",
       "parentGasUsed": "0",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0xfc63c00c7fe67bcc6ae52ea4eed5ff00b8673b1afb581d090c34b5fa6eca9467"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals.json b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals.json
index 6e3769bef22..046a9194cdf 100644
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/t8n/shanghai-withdrawals.json
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
       "parentBaseFee": "7",
       "parentGasUsed": "0",
       "parentGasLimit": "100000000000000000",
-      "parentTimstamp": "0",
+      "parentTimestamp": "0",
       "blockHashes": {
         "0": "0x651666d6d8727a6478a750dc8406c1bda0be85abc99094dca694807fa772f83c"
       },
diff --git a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestEnv.java b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestEnv.java
index 7898960c384..cc0d6d7d5c3 100644
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestEnv.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestEnv.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.DataGas;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.GWei;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
@@ -39,7 +40,6 @@
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
-import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnoreProperties;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
 import com.google.common.base.Strings;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 import org.apache.tuweni.units.bigints.UInt64;
 
 /** A memory holder for testing. */
-@JsonIgnoreProperties(ignoreUnknown = true)
 public class ReferenceTestEnv extends BlockHeader {
 
   public record EnvWithdrawal(
@@ -79,6 +78,10 @@ Withdrawal asWithdrawal() {
 
   private final Map<Long, Hash> blockHashes;
 
+  private final String parentExcessDataGas;
+
+  private final String parentDataGasUsed;
+
   /**
    * Public constructor.
    *
@@ -105,8 +108,14 @@ public ReferenceTestEnv(
       @JsonProperty("parentGasUsed") final String parentGasUsed,
       @JsonProperty("parentGasLimit") final String parentGasLimit,
       @JsonProperty("parentTimestamp") final String parentTimestamp,
+      @JsonProperty("ommers") final List<String> _ommers,
+      @JsonProperty("parentUncleHash") final String _parentUncleHash,
       @JsonProperty("withdrawals") final List<EnvWithdrawal> withdrawals,
-      @JsonProperty("blockHashes") final Map<String, String> blockHashes) {
+      @JsonProperty("blockHashes") final Map<String, String> blockHashes,
+      @JsonProperty("currentExcessDataGas") final String currentExcessDataGas,
+      @JsonProperty("currentDataGasUsed") final String currentDataGasUsed,
+      @JsonProperty("parentExcessDataGas") final String parentExcessDataGas,
+      @JsonProperty("parentDataGasUsed") final String parentDataGasUsed) {
     super(
         generateTestBlockHash(previousHash, number),
         Hash.EMPTY_LIST_HASH, // ommersHash
@@ -125,14 +134,16 @@ public ReferenceTestEnv(
         Optional.ofNullable(random).map(Difficulty::fromHexString).orElse(Difficulty.ZERO),
         0L,
         null, // withdrawalsRoot
+        currentExcessDataGas == null ? null : DataGas.fromHexString(currentExcessDataGas),
         null, // depositsRoot
-        null,
         new MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions());
     this.parentDifficulty = parentDifficulty;
     this.parentBaseFee = parentBaseFee;
     this.parentGasUsed = parentGasUsed;
     this.parentGasLimit = parentGasLimit;
     this.parentTimestamp = parentTimestamp;
+    this.parentExcessDataGas = parentExcessDataGas;
+    this.parentDataGasUsed = parentDataGasUsed;
     this.withdrawals =
         withdrawals == null
             ? List.of()
@@ -217,6 +228,8 @@ public boolean equals(final Object o) {
         && Objects.equals(parentGasUsed, that.parentGasUsed)
         && Objects.equals(parentGasLimit, that.parentGasLimit)
         && Objects.equals(parentTimestamp, that.parentTimestamp)
+        && Objects.equals(parentDataGasUsed, that.parentDataGasUsed)
+        && Objects.equals(parentExcessDataGas, that.parentExcessDataGas)
         && Objects.equals(withdrawals, that.withdrawals);
   }
 
@@ -229,6 +242,8 @@ public int hashCode() {
         parentGasUsed,
         parentGasLimit,
         parentTimestamp,
+        parentDataGasUsed,
+        parentExcessDataGas,
         withdrawals);
   }
 }
diff --git a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules.java b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules.java
index 0ec30b0959f..4f5a7d7b7c2 100644
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules.java
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ public static ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules create(final StubGenesisConfigOptio
     builder.put("GrayGlacier", createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().grayGlacierBlock(0)));
     builder.put("Merge", createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().mergeNetSplitBlock(0)));
     builder.put("Shanghai", createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().shanghaiTime(0)));
+    builder.put(
+        "ShanghaiToCancunAtTime15k",
+        createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().shanghaiTime(0).cancunTime(15000)));
     builder.put("Cancun", createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().cancunTime(0)));
     builder.put("Future_EIPs", createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().futureEipsTime(0)));
     builder.put("Experimental_EIPs", createSchedule(genesisStub.clone().experimentalEipsTime(0)));