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+# Adding or modifying rules
+## Default renderer rules
+Rules on how to translate markdown content to HTML elements are stored in `renderer.rules`:
+
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+console.log(Object.keys(md.renderer.rules))
+```
+Output:
+```
+[
+  'code_inline',
+  'code_block',
+  'fence',
+  'image',
+  'hardbreak',
+  'softbreak',
+  'text',
+  'html_block',
+  'html_inline'
+]
+```
+These are the default renderer rules. For any element that is not explicitly listed in this array its default rule applies. For example the rule `bullet_list_open` is not defined, so when markdown-it tries to parse a list to HTML it defaults to ua generic renderer called `Renderer.prototype.renderToken`.
+
+## The demo tool
+
+You can use the [demo tool](https://markdown-it.github.io/) to see which specific rule name corresponds to which HTML tag (switch to the debug tab in the output).
+
+Let's use a Hello World example:
+  [Link to Demo](https://markdown-it.github.io/#md3=%7B%22source%22%3A%22-%20Hello%20World%22%2C%22defaults%22%3A%7B%22html%22%3Afalse%2C%22xhtmlOut%22%3Afalse%2C%22breaks%22%3Afalse%2C%22langPrefix%22%3A%22language-%22%2C%22linkify%22%3Afalse%2C%22typographer%22%3Afalse%2C%22_highlight%22%3Afalse%2C%22_strict%22%3Afalse%2C%22_view%22%3A%22debug%22%7D%7D)
+
+Now take a closer look at the first element in the resulting list:
+```
+{
+    "type": "bullet_list_open",
+    "tag": "ul",
+    "attrs": null,
+    "map": [
+      0,
+      1
+    ],
+    "nesting": 1,
+    "level": 0,
+    "children": null,
+    "content": "",
+    "markup": "-",
+    "info": "",
+    "meta": null,
+    "block": true,
+    "hidden": false
+  }
+```
+This is a [Token](https://markdown-it.github.io/markdown-it/#Token). Its corresponding HTML `tag` is `ul` and its nesting is `1`. This means this specific token represents the opening tag of the HTML list we want to generate from markdown.
+
+* `{ nesting: 1}` is an opening tag: `<ul>`
+* `{ nesting: -1}` is a closing tag: `</ul>`
+* `{ nesting: 0}` is a self-closing tag: `<br />`
+
+## Adding new rules
+### To add a default CSS class to an element
+
+Let's set ourself a goal: 
+```
+Create a rule to add the CSS class "lorem_ipsum" to every <ul>
+```
+
+Rules are functions that accept a number of parameters:
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+   // tokes: List of all tokens being parsed
+   // idx: Number that corresponds to the key of the current token in tokens
+   // options: The options defined when creating the new markdown-it object ({} in our case)
+   // env ???
+   // self: A reference to the renderer itself
+};
+```
+We assign the new rule to the key that corresponds to the html tag we want to modify.
+
+#### Reusing existing rules
+
+It is good practice however to save the default renderer for your element and only make minimal chances to the rules in place, instead of reinventing the wheel:
+
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+const proxy = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => self.renderToken(tokens, idx, options);
+const defaultBulletListOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+   // Make your changes here ...
+   // ... then render it using the existing logic
+   return defaultBulletListOpenRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)
+};
+```
+Earlier we noticed that `renderer.rules.bullet_list_open` is undefined by default. So `proxy` is the most basic rule to render a token and is used if the specific rule is undefined.
+
+CSS classes are attributes on HTML elements. If we think back to the object representation of the `ul` element we looked at, we might remember that it contained an `attrs` key with the value `null`. This means this token had no attributes. `attrs` can be an array of `[key, value]` pairs which describe attributes to be added to the token.
+
+Looking at [the API documention for Token objects](https://markdown-it.github.io/markdown-it/#Token.attrJoin) we find the `attrJoin` method. This method allows us to join an existing attributes value with a new value or create the attribute if it doens't exist yet. Simply pushing the value (for example with `token.attr.push(["key", "value"]`) would overwrite any previous change:
+
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+const proxy = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => self.renderToken(tokens, idx, options);
+const defaultBulletListOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+   // Make your changes here ...
+   tokens[idx].attrJoin("class", "lorem_ipsum")
+   // ... then render it using the existing logic
+   return defaultBulletListOpenRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)
+};
+```
+Let's test the finished rule:
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+const proxy = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => self.renderToken(tokens, idx, options);
+const defaultBulletListOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.bullet_list_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+   // Make your changes here ...
+   tokens[idx].attrJoin("class", "lorem_ipsum");
+   // ... then render it using the existing logic
+   return defaultBulletListOpenRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)
+};
+
+console.log(md.render("- Hello World"));
+```
+Output: 
+```
+<ul class="lorem_ipsum">
+<li>Hello World</li>
+</ul>
+```
+### To add a wrapper element
+Let's imagine we are using CSS pseudo classes such as `:before` and `:after` to style our list because using `list-style-type` doesn't provide the bullet types we want and `list-style-image` isn't flexible enough to position itself properly across all major browsers.
+
+To keep a proper line wrapping in our list we have set all elements in our `li` to display as a block (`li * {display: block;}`). This works for our pseudo classes and other `HTMLElements`. However, it does not work for `TextNodes`. So having this output will produce weird line indents:
+```
+<ul>
+  <li>Hello World</li>
+<ul>
+```
+
+To fix this we can use a wrapper element which can be properly displayed as a block:
+
+```
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <span>Hello World</span>
+  </li>
+<ul>
+```
+
+So our next goal is:
+```
+Add a rule that wraps the content of every <li> in a <span>
+```
+
+Keen observers might have already noticed that rules return their HTML tags as strings. So this modification is rather straight forward.
+
+Let's use the [demo tool](https://markdown-it.github.io/#md3=%7B%22source%22%3A%22-%20Hello%20World%22%2C%22defaults%22%3A%7B%22html%22%3Afalse%2C%22xhtmlOut%22%3Afalse%2C%22breaks%22%3Afalse%2C%22langPrefix%22%3A%22language-%22%2C%22linkify%22%3Afalse%2C%22typographer%22%3Afalse%2C%22_highlight%22%3Afalse%2C%22_strict%22%3Afalse%2C%22_view%22%3A%22debug%22%7D%7D) again and check which keys we need to add in the `renderer.rules` object to access the opening and closing tags of an `li` element:
+
+```
+list_item_open
+list_item_close
+```
+
+Now use this information to add the new rules:
+
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+const proxy = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => self.renderToken(tokens, idx, options);
+const defaultListItemOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.list_item_open || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.list_item_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+  return `${defaultListItemOpenRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)}<span>`;
+};
+
+const defaultListItemCloseRenderer = md.renderer.rules.list_item_close || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.list_item_close = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+  return `</span>${defaultListItemCloseRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)}`;
+};
+```
+Testing our modification:
+
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+const proxy = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => self.renderToken(tokens, idx, options);
+const defaultListItemOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.list_item_open || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.list_item_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+  return `${defaultListItemOpenRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)}<span>`;
+};
+
+const defaultListItemCloseRenderer = md.renderer.rules.list_item_close || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.list_item_close = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+  return `</span>${defaultListItemCloseRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)}`;
+};
+
+console.log(md.render("- Hello World"));
+```
+Output:
+```
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <span>Hello World</span>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+```
+
+Of course using string manipulation might get really messy for bigger changes. So consider using `markdown-it`s Token class instead:
+```
+const MarkdownIt = require('markdown-it');
+const Token = require('markdown-it/lib/token');
+const md = new MarkdownIt();
+
+const proxy = (tokens, idx, options, env, self) => self.renderToken(tokens, idx, options);
+
+const defaultListItemOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.list_item_open || proxy;
+const defaultSpanOpenRenderer = md.renderer.rules.span_open || proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.list_item_open = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+    const span = new Token("span_open", "span", 1);
+    return `${defaultListItemOpenRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)}${defaultSpanOpenRenderer([span], 0, options, env, self)}`;
+};
+
+const defaultListItemCloseRenderer = md.renderer.rules.list_item_close || proxy;
+const defaultSpanCloseRenderer = md.renderer.rules.span_close|| proxy;
+
+md.renderer.rules.list_item_close = function(tokens, idx, options, env, self) {
+    const span = new Token("span_close", "span", -1);
+    return `${defaultSpanCloseRenderer([span], 0, options, env, self)}${defaultListItemCloseRenderer(tokens, idx, options, env, self)}`;
+};
+
+console.log(md.render("- Hello World"));
+```
+
+Output:
+
+```
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <span>Hello World<span>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+```