rawnode_test.go

// Copyright 2015 The etcd Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package raft

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"reflect"
	"testing"

	"go.etcd.io/raft/v3/quorum"
	pb "go.etcd.io/raft/v3/raftpb"
	"go.etcd.io/raft/v3/tracker"
)

// rawNodeAdapter is essentially a lint that makes sure that RawNode implements
// "most of" Node. The exceptions (some of which are easy to fix) are listed
// below.
type rawNodeAdapter struct {
	*RawNode
}

var _ Node = (*rawNodeAdapter)(nil)

// TransferLeadership is to test when node specifies lead, which is pointless, can just be filled in.
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) TransferLeadership(ctx context.Context, lead, transferee uint64) {
	a.RawNode.TransferLeader(transferee)
}

// Stop when node has a goroutine, RawNode doesn't need this.
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Stop() {}

// Status retirns RawNode's status as *Status.
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Status() Status { return a.RawNode.Status() }

// Advance is when RawNode takes a Ready. It doesn't really have to do that I think? It can hold on
// to it internally. But maybe that approach is frail.
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Advance() { a.RawNode.Advance(Ready{}) }

// Ready when RawNode returns a Ready, not a chan of one.
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Ready() <-chan Ready { return nil }

// Node takes more contexts. Easy enough to fix.

func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Campaign(context.Context) error { return a.RawNode.Campaign() }
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) ReadIndex(_ context.Context, rctx []byte) error {
	a.RawNode.ReadIndex(rctx)
	// RawNode swallowed the error in ReadIndex, it probably should not do that.
	return nil
}
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Step(_ context.Context, m pb.Message) error { return a.RawNode.Step(m) }
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) Propose(_ context.Context, data []byte) error {
	return a.RawNode.Propose(data)
}
func (a *rawNodeAdapter) ProposeConfChange(_ context.Context, cc pb.ConfChangeI) error {
	return a.RawNode.ProposeConfChange(cc)
}

// TestRawNodeStep ensures that RawNode.Step ignore local message.
func TestRawNodeStep(t *testing.T) {
	for i, msgn := range pb.MessageType_name {
		t.Run(msgn, func(t *testing.T) {
			s := NewMemoryStorage()
			s.SetHardState(pb.HardState{Term: 1, Commit: 1})
			s.Append([]pb.Entry{{Term: 1, Index: 1}})
			if err := s.ApplySnapshot(pb.Snapshot{Metadata: pb.SnapshotMetadata{
				ConfState: pb.ConfState{
					Voters: []uint64{1},
				},
				Index: 1,
				Term:  1,
			}}); err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			// Append an empty entry to make sure the non-local messages (like
			// vote requests) are ignored and don't trigger assertions.
			rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			msgt := pb.MessageType(i)
			err = rawNode.Step(pb.Message{Type: msgt})
			// LocalMsg should be ignored.
			if IsLocalMsg(msgt) {
				if err != ErrStepLocalMsg {
					t.Errorf("%d: step should ignore %s", msgt, msgn)
				}
			}
		})
	}
}

// TestNodeStepUnblock from node_test.go has no equivalent in rawNode because there is
// no goroutine in RawNode.

// TestRawNodeProposeAndConfChange tests the configuration change mechanism. Each
// test case sends a configuration change which is either simple or joint, verifies
// that it applies and that the resulting ConfState matches expectations, and for
// joint configurations makes sure that they are exited successfully.
func TestRawNodeProposeAndConfChange(t *testing.T) {
	testCases := []struct {
		cc   pb.ConfChangeI
		exp  pb.ConfState
		exp2 *pb.ConfState
	}{
		// V1 config change.
		{
			pb.ConfChange{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode, NodeID: 2},
			pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1, 2}},
			nil,
		},
		// Proposing the same as a V2 change works just the same, without entering
		// a joint config.
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
				{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode, NodeID: 2},
			},
			},
			pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1, 2}},
			nil,
		},
		// Ditto if we add it as a learner instead.
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
				{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode, NodeID: 2},
			},
			},
			pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2}},
			nil,
		},
		// We can ask explicitly for joint consensus if we want it.
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
				{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode, NodeID: 2},
			},
				Transition: pb.ConfChangeTransitionJointExplicit,
			},
			pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1}, VotersOutgoing: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2}},
			&pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2}},
		},
		// Ditto, but with implicit transition (the harness checks this).
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
				{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode, NodeID: 2},
			},
				Transition: pb.ConfChangeTransitionJointImplicit,
			},
			pb.ConfState{
				Voters: []uint64{1}, VotersOutgoing: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2},
				AutoLeave: true,
			},
			&pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2}},
		},
		// Add a new node and demote n1. This exercises the interesting case in
		// which we really need joint config changes and also need LearnersNext.
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
				{NodeID: 2, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode},
				{NodeID: 1, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode},
				{NodeID: 3, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode},
			},
			},
			pb.ConfState{
				Voters:         []uint64{2},
				VotersOutgoing: []uint64{1},
				Learners:       []uint64{3},
				LearnersNext:   []uint64{1},
				AutoLeave:      true,
			},
			&pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{2}, Learners: []uint64{1, 3}},
		},
		// Ditto explicit.
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
				{NodeID: 2, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode},
				{NodeID: 1, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode},
				{NodeID: 3, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode},
			},
				Transition: pb.ConfChangeTransitionJointExplicit,
			},
			pb.ConfState{
				Voters:         []uint64{2},
				VotersOutgoing: []uint64{1},
				Learners:       []uint64{3},
				LearnersNext:   []uint64{1},
			},
			&pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{2}, Learners: []uint64{1, 3}},
		},
		// Ditto implicit.
		{
			pb.ConfChangeV2{
				Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
					{NodeID: 2, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode},
					{NodeID: 1, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode},
					{NodeID: 3, Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode},
				},
				Transition: pb.ConfChangeTransitionJointImplicit,
			},
			pb.ConfState{
				Voters:         []uint64{2},
				VotersOutgoing: []uint64{1},
				Learners:       []uint64{3},
				LearnersNext:   []uint64{1},
				AutoLeave:      true,
			},
			&pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{2}, Learners: []uint64{1, 3}},
		},
	}

	for _, tc := range testCases {
		t.Run("", func(t *testing.T) {
			s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
			rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}

			rawNode.Campaign()
			proposed := false
			var (
				lastIndex uint64
				ccdata    []byte
			)
			// Propose the ConfChange, wait until it applies, save the resulting
			// ConfState.
			var cs *pb.ConfState
			for cs == nil {
				rd := rawNode.Ready()
				s.Append(rd.Entries)
				for _, ent := range rd.CommittedEntries {
					var cc pb.ConfChangeI
					if ent.Type == pb.EntryConfChange {
						var ccc pb.ConfChange
						if err = ccc.Unmarshal(ent.Data); err != nil {
							t.Fatal(err)
						}
						cc = ccc
					} else if ent.Type == pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
						var ccc pb.ConfChangeV2
						if err = ccc.Unmarshal(ent.Data); err != nil {
							t.Fatal(err)
						}
						cc = ccc
					}
					if cc != nil {
						cs = rawNode.ApplyConfChange(cc)
					}
				}
				rawNode.Advance(rd)
				// Once we are the leader, propose a command and a ConfChange.
				if !proposed && rd.SoftState.Lead == rawNode.raft.id {
					if err = rawNode.Propose([]byte("somedata")); err != nil {
						t.Fatal(err)
					}
					if ccv1, ok := tc.cc.AsV1(); ok {
						ccdata, err = ccv1.Marshal()
						if err != nil {
							t.Fatal(err)
						}
						rawNode.ProposeConfChange(ccv1)
					} else {
						ccv2 := tc.cc.AsV2()
						ccdata, err = ccv2.Marshal()
						if err != nil {
							t.Fatal(err)
						}
						rawNode.ProposeConfChange(ccv2)
					}
					proposed = true
				}
			}

			// Check that the last index is exactly the conf change we put in,
			// down to the bits. Note that this comes from the Storage, which
			// will not reflect any unstable entries that we'll only be presented
			// with in the next Ready.
			lastIndex, err = s.LastIndex()
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}

			entries, err := s.Entries(lastIndex-1, lastIndex+1, noLimit)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			if len(entries) != 2 {
				t.Fatalf("len(entries) = %d, want %d", len(entries), 2)
			}
			if !bytes.Equal(entries[0].Data, []byte("somedata")) {
				t.Errorf("entries[0].Data = %v, want %v", entries[0].Data, []byte("somedata"))
			}
			typ := pb.EntryConfChange
			if _, ok := tc.cc.AsV1(); !ok {
				typ = pb.EntryConfChangeV2
			}
			if entries[1].Type != typ {
				t.Fatalf("type = %v, want %v", entries[1].Type, typ)
			}
			if !bytes.Equal(entries[1].Data, ccdata) {
				t.Errorf("data = %v, want %v", entries[1].Data, ccdata)
			}

			if exp := &tc.exp; !reflect.DeepEqual(exp, cs) {
				t.Fatalf("exp:\n%+v\nact:\n%+v", exp, cs)
			}

			var maybePlusOne uint64
			if autoLeave, ok := tc.cc.AsV2().EnterJoint(); ok && autoLeave {
				// If this is an auto-leaving joint conf change, it will have
				// appended the entry that auto-leaves, so add one to the last
				// index that forms the basis of our expectations on
				// pendingConfIndex. (Recall that lastIndex was taken from stable
				// storage, but this auto-leaving entry isn't on stable storage
				// yet).
				maybePlusOne = 1
			}
			if exp, act := lastIndex+maybePlusOne, rawNode.raft.pendingConfIndex; exp != act {
				t.Fatalf("pendingConfIndex: expected %d, got %d", exp, act)
			}

			// Move the RawNode along. If the ConfChange was simple, nothing else
			// should happen. Otherwise, we're in a joint state, which is either
			// left automatically or not. If not, we add the proposal that leaves
			// it manually.
			rd := rawNode.Ready()
			var context []byte
			if !tc.exp.AutoLeave {
				if len(rd.Entries) > 0 {
					t.Fatal("expected no more entries")
				}
				rawNode.Advance(rd)
				if tc.exp2 == nil {
					return
				}
				context = []byte("manual")
				t.Log("leaving joint state manually")
				if err := rawNode.ProposeConfChange(pb.ConfChangeV2{Context: context}); err != nil {
					t.Fatal(err)
				}
				rd = rawNode.Ready()
			}

			// Check that the right ConfChange comes out.
			if len(rd.Entries) != 1 || rd.Entries[0].Type != pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
				t.Fatalf("expected exactly one more entry, got %+v", rd)
			}
			var cc pb.ConfChangeV2
			if err := cc.Unmarshal(rd.Entries[0].Data); err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			if !reflect.DeepEqual(cc, pb.ConfChangeV2{Context: context}) {
				t.Fatalf("expected zero ConfChangeV2, got %+v", cc)
			}
			// Lie and pretend the ConfChange applied. It won't do so because now
			// we require the joint quorum and we're only running one node.
			cs = rawNode.ApplyConfChange(cc)
			if exp := tc.exp2; !reflect.DeepEqual(exp, cs) {
				t.Fatalf("exp:\n%+v\nact:\n%+v", exp, cs)
			}
			rawNode.Advance(rd)
		})
	}
}

// TestRawNodeJointAutoLeave tests the configuration change auto leave even leader
// lost leadership.
func TestRawNodeJointAutoLeave(t *testing.T) {
	testCc := pb.ConfChangeV2{Changes: []pb.ConfChangeSingle{
		{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode, NodeID: 2},
	},
		Transition: pb.ConfChangeTransitionJointImplicit,
	}
	expCs := pb.ConfState{
		Voters: []uint64{1}, VotersOutgoing: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2},
		AutoLeave: true,
	}
	exp2Cs := pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1}, Learners: []uint64{2}}

	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	rawNode.Campaign()
	proposed := false
	var (
		lastIndex uint64
		ccdata    []byte
	)
	// Propose the ConfChange, wait until it applies, save the resulting
	// ConfState.
	var cs *pb.ConfState
	for cs == nil {
		rd := rawNode.Ready()
		s.Append(rd.Entries)
		for _, ent := range rd.CommittedEntries {
			var cc pb.ConfChangeI
			if ent.Type == pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
				var ccc pb.ConfChangeV2
				if err = ccc.Unmarshal(ent.Data); err != nil {
					t.Fatal(err)
				}
				cc = &ccc
			}
			if cc != nil {
				// Force it step down.
				rawNode.Step(pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgHeartbeatResp, From: 1, Term: rawNode.raft.Term + 1})
				cs = rawNode.ApplyConfChange(cc)
			}
		}
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
		// Once we are the leader, propose a command and a ConfChange.
		if !proposed && rd.SoftState.Lead == rawNode.raft.id {
			if err = rawNode.Propose([]byte("somedata")); err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			ccdata, err = testCc.Marshal()
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			rawNode.ProposeConfChange(testCc)
			proposed = true
		}
	}

	// Check that the last index is exactly the conf change we put in,
	// down to the bits. Note that this comes from the Storage, which
	// will not reflect any unstable entries that we'll only be presented
	// with in the next Ready.
	lastIndex, err = s.LastIndex()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	entries, err := s.Entries(lastIndex-1, lastIndex+1, noLimit)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if len(entries) != 2 {
		t.Fatalf("len(entries) = %d, want %d", len(entries), 2)
	}
	if !bytes.Equal(entries[0].Data, []byte("somedata")) {
		t.Errorf("entries[0].Data = %v, want %v", entries[0].Data, []byte("somedata"))
	}
	if entries[1].Type != pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
		t.Fatalf("type = %v, want %v", entries[1].Type, pb.EntryConfChangeV2)
	}
	if !bytes.Equal(entries[1].Data, ccdata) {
		t.Errorf("data = %v, want %v", entries[1].Data, ccdata)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(&expCs, cs) {
		t.Fatalf("exp:\n%+v\nact:\n%+v", expCs, cs)
	}

	if rawNode.raft.pendingConfIndex != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("pendingConfIndex: expected %d, got %d", 0, rawNode.raft.pendingConfIndex)
	}

	// Move the RawNode along. It should not leave joint because it's follower.
	rd := rawNode.readyWithoutAccept()
	// Check that the right ConfChange comes out.
	if len(rd.Entries) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("expected zero entry, got %+v", rd)
	}

	// Make it leader again. It should leave joint automatically after moving apply index.
	rawNode.Campaign()
	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	t.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)
	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	t.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)
	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	t.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)
	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	t.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	// Check that the right ConfChange comes out.
	if len(rd.Entries) != 1 || rd.Entries[0].Type != pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
		t.Fatalf("expected exactly one more entry, got %+v", rd)
	}
	var cc pb.ConfChangeV2
	if err := cc.Unmarshal(rd.Entries[0].Data); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(cc, pb.ConfChangeV2{Context: nil}) {
		t.Fatalf("expected zero ConfChangeV2, got %+v", cc)
	}
	// Lie and pretend the ConfChange applied. It won't do so because now
	// we require the joint quorum and we're only running one node.
	cs = rawNode.ApplyConfChange(cc)
	if exp := exp2Cs; !reflect.DeepEqual(&exp, cs) {
		t.Fatalf("exp:\n%+v\nact:\n%+v", exp, cs)
	}
}

// TestRawNodeProposeAddDuplicateNode ensures that two proposes to add the same node should
// not affect the later propose to add new node.
func TestRawNodeProposeAddDuplicateNode(t *testing.T) {
	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	rd := rawNode.Ready()
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)

	rawNode.Campaign()
	for {
		rd = rawNode.Ready()
		s.Append(rd.Entries)
		if rd.SoftState.Lead == rawNode.raft.id {
			rawNode.Advance(rd)
			break
		}
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
	}

	proposeConfChangeAndApply := func(cc pb.ConfChange) {
		rawNode.ProposeConfChange(cc)
		rd = rawNode.Ready()
		s.Append(rd.Entries)
		for _, entry := range rd.CommittedEntries {
			if entry.Type == pb.EntryConfChange {
				var cc pb.ConfChange
				cc.Unmarshal(entry.Data)
				rawNode.ApplyConfChange(cc)
			}
		}
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
	}

	cc1 := pb.ConfChange{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode, NodeID: 1}
	ccdata1, err := cc1.Marshal()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	proposeConfChangeAndApply(cc1)

	// try to add the same node again
	proposeConfChangeAndApply(cc1)

	// the new node join should be ok
	cc2 := pb.ConfChange{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode, NodeID: 2}
	ccdata2, err := cc2.Marshal()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	proposeConfChangeAndApply(cc2)

	lastIndex, err := s.LastIndex()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	// the last three entries should be: ConfChange cc1, cc1, cc2
	entries, err := s.Entries(lastIndex-2, lastIndex+1, noLimit)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if len(entries) != 3 {
		t.Fatalf("len(entries) = %d, want %d", len(entries), 3)
	}
	if !bytes.Equal(entries[0].Data, ccdata1) {
		t.Errorf("entries[0].Data = %v, want %v", entries[0].Data, ccdata1)
	}
	if !bytes.Equal(entries[2].Data, ccdata2) {
		t.Errorf("entries[2].Data = %v, want %v", entries[2].Data, ccdata2)
	}
}

// TestRawNodeReadIndex ensures that Rawnode.ReadIndex sends the MsgReadIndex message
// to the underlying raft. It also ensures that ReadState can be read out.
func TestRawNodeReadIndex(t *testing.T) {
	var msgs []pb.Message
	appendStep := func(r *raft, m pb.Message) error {
		msgs = append(msgs, m)
		return nil
	}
	wrs := []ReadState{{Index: uint64(1), RequestCtx: []byte("somedata")}}

	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	c := newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s)
	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(c)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	rawNode.raft.readStates = wrs
	// ensure the ReadStates can be read out
	hasReady := rawNode.HasReady()
	if !hasReady {
		t.Errorf("HasReady() returns %t, want %t", hasReady, true)
	}
	rd := rawNode.Ready()
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(rd.ReadStates, wrs) {
		t.Errorf("ReadStates = %d, want %d", rd.ReadStates, wrs)
	}
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)
	// ensure raft.readStates is reset after advance
	if rawNode.raft.readStates != nil {
		t.Errorf("readStates = %v, want %v", rawNode.raft.readStates, nil)
	}

	wrequestCtx := []byte("somedata2")
	rawNode.Campaign()
	for {
		rd = rawNode.Ready()
		s.Append(rd.Entries)

		if rd.SoftState.Lead == rawNode.raft.id {
			rawNode.Advance(rd)

			// Once we are the leader, issue a ReadIndex request
			rawNode.raft.step = appendStep
			rawNode.ReadIndex(wrequestCtx)
			break
		}
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
	}
	// ensure that MsgReadIndex message is sent to the underlying raft
	if len(msgs) != 1 {
		t.Fatalf("len(msgs) = %d, want %d", len(msgs), 1)
	}
	if msgs[0].Type != pb.MsgReadIndex {
		t.Errorf("msg type = %d, want %d", msgs[0].Type, pb.MsgReadIndex)
	}
	if !bytes.Equal(msgs[0].Entries[0].Data, wrequestCtx) {
		t.Errorf("data = %v, want %v", msgs[0].Entries[0].Data, wrequestCtx)
	}
}

// TestBlockProposal from node_test.go has no equivalent in rawNode because there is
// no leader check in RawNode.

// TestNodeTick from node_test.go has no equivalent in rawNode because
// it reaches into the raft object which is not exposed.

// TestNodeStop from node_test.go has no equivalent in rawNode because there is
// no goroutine in RawNode.

// TestRawNodeStart ensures that a node can be started correctly. Note that RawNode
// requires the application to bootstrap the state, i.e. it does not accept peers
// and will not create faux configuration change entries.
func TestRawNodeStart(t *testing.T) {
	entries := []pb.Entry{
		{Term: 1, Index: 2, Data: nil},           // empty entry
		{Term: 1, Index: 3, Data: []byte("foo")}, // empty entry
	}
	want := Ready{
		SoftState:        &SoftState{Lead: 1, RaftState: StateLeader},
		HardState:        pb.HardState{Term: 1, Commit: 3, Vote: 1},
		Entries:          nil, // emitted & checked in intermediate Ready cycle
		CommittedEntries: entries,
		MustSync:         false, // since we're only applying, not appending
	}

	storage := NewMemoryStorage()
	storage.ents[0].Index = 1

	// TODO(tbg): this is a first prototype of what bootstrapping could look
	// like (without the annoying faux ConfChanges). We want to persist a
	// ConfState at some index and make sure that this index can't be reached
	// from log position 1, so that followers are forced to pick up the
	// ConfState in order to move away from log position 1 (unless they got
	// bootstrapped in the same way already). Failing to do so would mean that
	// followers diverge from the bootstrapped nodes and don't learn about the
	// initial config.
	//
	// NB: this is exactly what CockroachDB does. The Raft log really begins at
	// index 10, so empty followers (at index 1) always need a snapshot first.
	type appenderStorage interface {
		Storage
		ApplySnapshot(pb.Snapshot) error
	}
	bootstrap := func(storage appenderStorage, cs pb.ConfState) error {
		if len(cs.Voters) == 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("no voters specified")
		}
		fi, err := storage.FirstIndex()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if fi < 2 {
			return fmt.Errorf("FirstIndex >= 2 is prerequisite for bootstrap")
		}
		if _, err = storage.Entries(fi, fi, math.MaxUint64); err == nil {
			// TODO(tbg): match exact error
			return fmt.Errorf("should not have been able to load first index")
		}
		li, err := storage.LastIndex()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if _, err = storage.Entries(li, li, math.MaxUint64); err == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("should not have been able to load last index")
		}
		hs, ics, err := storage.InitialState()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if !IsEmptyHardState(hs) {
			return fmt.Errorf("HardState not empty")
		}
		if len(ics.Voters) != 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("ConfState not empty")
		}

		meta := pb.SnapshotMetadata{
			Index:     1,
			Term:      0,
			ConfState: cs,
		}
		snap := pb.Snapshot{Metadata: meta}
		return storage.ApplySnapshot(snap)
	}

	if err := bootstrap(storage, pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1}}); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, storage))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if rawNode.HasReady() {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected ready: %+v", rawNode.Ready())
	}
	rawNode.Campaign()
	rd := rawNode.Ready()
	storage.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)
	rawNode.Propose([]byte("foo"))
	if !rawNode.HasReady() {
		t.Fatal("expected a Ready")
	}
	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(entries, rd.Entries) {
		t.Fatalf("expected to see entries\n%s, not\n%s", DescribeEntries(entries, nil), DescribeEntries(rd.Entries, nil))
	}
	storage.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)

	if !rawNode.HasReady() {
		t.Fatal("expected a Ready")
	}
	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	if len(rd.Entries) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected entries: %s", DescribeEntries(rd.Entries, nil))
	}
	if rd.MustSync {
		t.Fatalf("should not need to sync")
	}
	rawNode.Advance(rd)

	rd.SoftState, want.SoftState = nil, nil

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(rd, want) {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected Ready:\n%+v\nvs\n%+v", rd, want)
	}

	if rawNode.HasReady() {
		t.Errorf("unexpected Ready: %+v", rawNode.Ready())
	}
}

func TestRawNodeRestart(t *testing.T) {
	entries := []pb.Entry{
		{Term: 1, Index: 1},
		{Term: 1, Index: 2, Data: []byte("foo")},
	}
	st := pb.HardState{Term: 1, Commit: 1}

	want := Ready{
		HardState: emptyState,
		// commit up to commit index in st
		CommittedEntries: entries[:st.Commit],
		MustSync:         false,
	}

	storage := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	storage.SetHardState(st)
	storage.Append(entries)
	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, storage))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	rd := rawNode.Ready()
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(rd, want) {
		t.Errorf("g = %+v,\n             w   %+v", rd, want)
	}
	rawNode.Advance(rd)
	if rawNode.HasReady() {
		t.Errorf("unexpected Ready: %+v", rawNode.Ready())
	}
}

func TestRawNodeRestartFromSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
	snap := pb.Snapshot{
		Metadata: pb.SnapshotMetadata{
			ConfState: pb.ConfState{Voters: []uint64{1, 2}},
			Index:     2,
			Term:      1,
		},
	}
	entries := []pb.Entry{
		{Term: 1, Index: 3, Data: []byte("foo")},
	}
	st := pb.HardState{Term: 1, Commit: 3}

	want := Ready{
		HardState: emptyState,
		// commit up to commit index in st
		CommittedEntries: entries,
		MustSync:         false,
	}

	s := NewMemoryStorage()
	s.SetHardState(st)
	s.ApplySnapshot(snap)
	s.Append(entries)
	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if rd := rawNode.Ready(); !reflect.DeepEqual(rd, want) {
		t.Errorf("g = %+v,\n             w   %+v", rd, want)
	} else {
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
	}
	if rawNode.HasReady() {
		t.Errorf("unexpected Ready: %+v", rawNode.HasReady())
	}
}

// TestNodeAdvance from node_test.go has no equivalent in rawNode because there is
// no dependency check between Ready() and Advance()

func TestRawNodeStatus(t *testing.T) {
	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	rn, err := NewRawNode(newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if status := rn.Status(); status.Progress != nil {
		t.Fatalf("expected no Progress because not leader: %+v", status.Progress)
	}
	if err := rn.Campaign(); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	rd := rn.Ready()
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rn.Advance(rd)
	status := rn.Status()
	if status.Lead != 1 {
		t.Fatal("not lead")
	}
	if status.RaftState != StateLeader {
		t.Fatal("not leader")
	}
	if exp, act := *rn.raft.prs.Progress[1], status.Progress[1]; !reflect.DeepEqual(exp, act) {
		t.Fatalf("want: %+v\ngot:  %+v", exp, act)
	}
	expCfg := tracker.Config{Voters: quorum.JointConfig{
		quorum.MajorityConfig{1: {}},
		nil,
	}}
	if !reflect.DeepEqual(expCfg, status.Config) {
		t.Fatalf("want: %+v\ngot:  %+v", expCfg, status.Config)
	}
}

// TestRawNodeCommitPaginationAfterRestart is the RawNode version of
// TestNodeCommitPaginationAfterRestart. The anomaly here was even worse as the
// Raft group would forget to apply entries:
//
//   - node learns that index 11 is committed
//   - nextCommittedEnts returns index 1..10 in CommittedEntries (but index 10
//     already exceeds maxBytes), which isn't noticed internally by Raft
//   - Commit index gets bumped to 10
//   - the node persists the HardState, but crashes before applying the entries
//   - upon restart, the storage returns the same entries, but `slice` takes a
//     different code path and removes the last entry.
//   - Raft does not emit a HardState, but when the app calls Advance(), it bumps
//     its internal applied index cursor to 10 (when it should be 9)
//   - the next Ready asks the app to apply index 11 (omitting index 10), losing a
//     write.
func TestRawNodeCommitPaginationAfterRestart(t *testing.T) {
	s := &ignoreSizeHintMemStorage{
		MemoryStorage: newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1)),
	}
	persistedHardState := pb.HardState{
		Term:   1,
		Vote:   1,
		Commit: 10,
	}

	s.hardState = persistedHardState
	s.ents = make([]pb.Entry, 10)
	var size uint64
	for i := range s.ents {
		ent := pb.Entry{
			Term:  1,
			Index: uint64(i + 1),
			Type:  pb.EntryNormal,
			Data:  []byte("a"),
		}

		s.ents[i] = ent
		size += uint64(ent.Size())
	}

	cfg := newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s)
	// Set a MaxSizePerMsg that would suggest to Raft that the last committed entry should
	// not be included in the initial rd.CommittedEntries. However, our storage will ignore
	// this and *will* return it (which is how the Commit index ended up being 10 initially).
	cfg.MaxSizePerMsg = size - uint64(s.ents[len(s.ents)-1].Size()) - 1

	s.ents = append(s.ents, pb.Entry{
		Term:  1,
		Index: uint64(11),
		Type:  pb.EntryNormal,
		Data:  []byte("boom"),
	})

	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(cfg)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	for highestApplied := uint64(0); highestApplied != 11; {
		rd := rawNode.Ready()
		n := len(rd.CommittedEntries)
		if n == 0 {
			t.Fatalf("stopped applying entries at index %d", highestApplied)
		}
		if next := rd.CommittedEntries[0].Index; highestApplied != 0 && highestApplied+1 != next {
			t.Fatalf("attempting to apply index %d after index %d, leaving a gap", next, highestApplied)
		}
		highestApplied = rd.CommittedEntries[n-1].Index
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
		rawNode.Step(pb.Message{
			Type:   pb.MsgHeartbeat,
			To:     1,
			From:   2, // illegal, but we get away with it
			Term:   1,
			Commit: 11,
		})
	}
}

// TestRawNodeBoundedLogGrowthWithPartition tests a scenario where a leader is
// partitioned from a quorum of nodes. It verifies that the leader's log is
// protected from unbounded growth even as new entries continue to be proposed.
// This protection is provided by the MaxUncommittedEntriesSize configuration.
func TestRawNodeBoundedLogGrowthWithPartition(t *testing.T) {
	const maxEntries = 16
	data := []byte("testdata")
	testEntry := pb.Entry{Data: data}
	maxEntrySize := maxEntries * payloadSize(testEntry)
	t.Log("maxEntrySize", maxEntrySize)

	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	cfg := newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s)
	cfg.MaxUncommittedEntriesSize = uint64(maxEntrySize)
	rawNode, err := NewRawNode(cfg)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	// Become the leader and apply empty entry.
	rawNode.Campaign()
	for {
		rd := rawNode.Ready()
		s.Append(rd.Entries)
		rawNode.Advance(rd)
		if len(rd.CommittedEntries) > 0 {
			break
		}
	}

	// Simulate a network partition while we make our proposals by never
	// committing anything. These proposals should not cause the leader's
	// log to grow indefinitely.
	for i := 0; i < 1024; i++ {
		rawNode.Propose(data)
	}

	// Check the size of leader's uncommitted log tail. It should not exceed the
	// MaxUncommittedEntriesSize limit.
	checkUncommitted := func(exp entryPayloadSize) {
		t.Helper()
		if a := rawNode.raft.uncommittedSize; exp != a {
			t.Fatalf("expected %d uncommitted entry bytes, found %d", exp, a)
		}
	}
	checkUncommitted(maxEntrySize)

	// Recover from the partition. The uncommitted tail of the Raft log should
	// disappear as entries are committed.
	rd := rawNode.Ready()
	if len(rd.Entries) != maxEntries {
		t.Fatalf("expected %d entries, got %d", maxEntries, len(rd.Entries))
	}
	s.Append(rd.Entries)
	rawNode.Advance(rd)

	// Entries are appended, but not applied.
	checkUncommitted(maxEntrySize)

	rd = rawNode.Ready()
	if len(rd.Entries) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected entries: %s", DescribeEntries(rd.Entries, nil))
	}
	if len(rd.CommittedEntries) != maxEntries {
		t.Fatalf("expected %d entries, got %d", maxEntries, len(rd.CommittedEntries))
	}
	rawNode.Advance(rd)

	checkUncommitted(0)
}

func BenchmarkStatus(b *testing.B) {
	setup := func(members int) *RawNode {
		peers := make([]uint64, members)
		for i := range peers {
			peers[i] = uint64(i + 1)
		}
		cfg := newTestConfig(1, 3, 1, newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(peers...)))
		cfg.Logger = discardLogger
		r := newRaft(cfg)
		r.becomeFollower(1, 1)
		r.becomeCandidate()
		r.becomeLeader()
		return &RawNode{raft: r}
	}

	for _, members := range []int{1, 3, 5, 100} {
		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("members=%d", members), func(b *testing.B) {
			rn := setup(members)

			b.Run("Status", func(b *testing.B) {
				b.ReportAllocs()
				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
					_ = rn.Status()
				}
			})

			b.Run("Status-example", func(b *testing.B) {
				b.ReportAllocs()
				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
					s := rn.Status()
					var n uint64
					for _, pr := range s.Progress {
						n += pr.Match
					}
					_ = n
				}
			})

			b.Run("BasicStatus", func(b *testing.B) {
				b.ReportAllocs()
				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
					_ = rn.BasicStatus()
				}
			})

			b.Run("WithProgress", func(b *testing.B) {
				b.ReportAllocs()
				visit := func(uint64, ProgressType, tracker.Progress) {}

				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
					rn.WithProgress(visit)
				}
			})
			b.Run("WithProgress-example", func(b *testing.B) {
				b.ReportAllocs()
				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
					var n uint64
					visit := func(_ uint64, _ ProgressType, pr tracker.Progress) {
						n += pr.Match
					}
					rn.WithProgress(visit)
					_ = n
				}
			})
		})
	}
}

func TestRawNodeConsumeReady(t *testing.T) {
	// Check that readyWithoutAccept() does not call acceptReady (which resets
	// the messages) but Ready() does.
	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
	rn := newTestRawNode(1, 3, 1, s)
	m1 := pb.Message{Context: []byte("foo")}
	m2 := pb.Message{Context: []byte("bar")}

	// Inject first message, make sure it's visible via readyWithoutAccept.
	rn.raft.msgs = append(rn.raft.msgs, m1)
	rd := rn.readyWithoutAccept()
	if len(rd.Messages) != 1 || !reflect.DeepEqual(rd.Messages[0], m1) {
		t.Fatalf("expected only m1 sent, got %+v", rd.Messages)
	}
	if len(rn.raft.msgs) != 1 || !reflect.DeepEqual(rn.raft.msgs[0], m1) {
		t.Fatalf("expected only m1 in raft.msgs, got %+v", rn.raft.msgs)
	}
	// Now call Ready() which should move the message into the Ready (as opposed
	// to leaving it in both places).
	rd = rn.Ready()
	if len(rn.raft.msgs) > 0 {
		t.Fatalf("messages not reset: %+v", rn.raft.msgs)
	}
	if len(rd.Messages) != 1 || !reflect.DeepEqual(rd.Messages[0], m1) {
		t.Fatalf("expected only m1 sent, got %+v", rd.Messages)
	}
	// Add a message to raft to make sure that Advance() doesn't drop it.
	rn.raft.msgs = append(rn.raft.msgs, m2)
	rn.Advance(rd)
	if len(rn.raft.msgs) != 1 || !reflect.DeepEqual(rn.raft.msgs[0], m2) {
		t.Fatalf("expected only m2 in raft.msgs, got %+v", rn.raft.msgs)
	}
}

func BenchmarkRawNode(b *testing.B) {
	cases := []struct {
		name  string
		peers []uint64
	}{
		{
			name:  "single-voter",
			peers: []uint64{1},
		},
		{
			name:  "two-voters",
			peers: []uint64{1, 2},
		},
		// You can easily add more cases here.
	}

	for _, tc := range cases {
		b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
			benchmarkRawNodeImpl(b, tc.peers...)
		})
	}
}

func benchmarkRawNodeImpl(b *testing.B, peers ...uint64) {

	const debug = false

	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(peers...))
	cfg := newTestConfig(1, 10, 1, s)
	if !debug {
		cfg.Logger = discardLogger // avoid distorting benchmark output
	}
	rn, err := NewRawNode(cfg)
	if err != nil {
		b.Fatal(err)
	}

	run := make(chan struct{}, 1)
	defer close(run)

	var numReady uint64
	stabilize := func() (applied uint64) {
		for rn.HasReady() {
			numReady++
			rd := rn.Ready()
			if debug {
				b.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
			}
			if n := len(rd.CommittedEntries); n > 0 {
				applied = rd.CommittedEntries[n-1].Index
			}
			s.Append(rd.Entries)
			for _, m := range rd.Messages {
				if m.Type == pb.MsgVote {
					resp := pb.Message{To: m.From, From: m.To, Term: m.Term, Type: pb.MsgVoteResp}
					if debug {
						b.Log(DescribeMessage(resp, nil))
					}
					rn.Step(resp)
				}
				if m.Type == pb.MsgApp {
					idx := m.Index
					if n := len(m.Entries); n > 0 {
						idx = m.Entries[n-1].Index
					}
					resp := pb.Message{To: m.From, From: m.To, Type: pb.MsgAppResp, Term: m.Term, Index: idx}
					if debug {
						b.Log(DescribeMessage(resp, nil))
					}
					rn.Step(resp)
				}
			}
			rn.Advance(rd)
		}
		return applied
	}

	rn.Campaign()
	stabilize()

	if debug {
		// nolint:staticcheck
		b.N = 1
	}

	var applied uint64
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		if err := rn.Propose([]byte("foo")); err != nil {
			b.Fatal(err)
		}
		applied = stabilize()
	}
	if applied < uint64(b.N) {
		b.Fatalf("did not apply everything: %d < %d", applied, b.N)
	}
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ReportMetric(float64(s.callStats.firstIndex)/float64(b.N), "firstIndex/op")
	b.ReportMetric(float64(s.callStats.lastIndex)/float64(b.N), "lastIndex/op")
	b.ReportMetric(float64(s.callStats.term)/float64(b.N), "term/op")
	b.ReportMetric(float64(numReady)/float64(b.N), "ready/op")
	b.Logf("storage access stats: %+v", s.callStats)
}