diff --git a/content/en/blog/_posts/2026-08-20-migrate-cgroup-v2.md b/content/en/blog/_posts/2026-08-20-migrate-cgroup-v2.md
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+---
+layout: blog
+title: 'The Shift to cgroup v2 in Kubernetes: What You Need to Know'
+draft: true
+slug: kubernetes-cgroups-v2-shift
+author: >
+   Paco Xu (DaoCloud)
+---
+
+In Linux, _cgroups_ (control groups) are a kernel feature used for managing system resources.
+Kubernetes uses cgroups to allocate resources like CPU and memory to containers,
+ensuring that applications run smoothly without interfering with each other.
+With the release of Kubernetes v1.31, support for v1 cgroup management moved into
+[maintenance mode](/blog/2024/08/14/kubernetes-1-31-moving-cgroup-v1-support-maintenance-mode/).
+Support for v2 cgroup management has been stable since Kubernetes v1.25.
+
+Compared with cgroup v1, cgroup v2 provides a single unified hierarchy,
+a more consistent interface, and a stronger foundation for resource isolation
+and modern resource-management features.
+
+## Deprecation of cgroup v1
+
+FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.35 [deprecated]
+
+Kubernetes has [deprecated cgroup v1](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/#deprecation-of-cgroup-v1).
+Starting with Kubernetes v1.35, `failCgroupV1` defaults to `true`, so the kubelet does not start
+on a cgroup v1 node by default. Administrators can temporarily set `failCgroupV1: false` in the
+[kubelet configuration file](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/), but removal will
+follow the [Kubernetes deprecation policy](/docs/reference/using-api/deprecation-policy/).
+Track that work in [KEP-5573: Remove cgroup v1 support](https://kep.k8s.io/5573).
+
+Before upgrading to v1.35 or later, migrate every Linux node to cgroup v2 or explicitly use the
+temporary override. A node that still uses cgroup v1 otherwise fails during kubelet startup.
+
+For kubeadm-managed clusters, Kubernetes v1.35 also makes this an earlier, stricter check. The
+`SystemVerification` preflight check, provided by `k8s.io/system-validators`, returns an error during
+`kubeadm init`, `kubeadm join`, and `kubeadm upgrade` when it detects cgroup v1 with kubelet v1.35 or
+later; with an older kubelet, the check remains a warning. See
+[kubernetes/kubernetes#134744](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/134744) for details.
+
+The top FAQs cover three main areas: why to migrate, the benefits and drawbacks,
+and key points to keep in mind when using cgroup v2.
+
+## Limitations of cgroup v1 and Improvements with cgroup v2
+
+The Linux kernel documentation describes both interfaces:
+
+- [cgroup v1 documentation](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/)
+- [cgroup v2 documentation](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html)
+
+Let's enumerate some known issues.
+
+### `active_file` memory is not considered available memory
+
+The kubelet treats `active_file` memory as not reclaimable. For I/O-intensive workloads, a large
+page cache can therefore make the kubelet report memory pressure and evict Pods. This is a
+[known kubelet issue](/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/node-pressure-eviction/#active-file-memory-is-not-considered-as-available-memory)
+([kubernetes/kubernetes#43916](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/43916)); migrating to
+cgroup v2 does not by itself change that calculation. The documented workaround is to set equal
+memory requests and limits for containers that perform intensive I/O, after measuring an appropriate
+value.
+
+### Memory QoS updates in Kubernetes v1.36
+
+[Memory QoS](https://kep.k8s.io/2570) was introduced as an alpha feature in Kubernetes v1.22 and
+updated in v1.27. It remains alpha in v1.36, but now separates memory throttling from memory
+reservation and adds [tiered memory protection](/blog/2026/04/29/kubernetes-v1-36-memory-qos-tiered-protection/):
+
+**Note:** 
+Memory QoS is available only on Linux nodes that use cgroup v2. It relies on the cgroup v2 memory
+controller: `memory.high` provides throttling, while `memory.min` and `memory.low` provide hard and
+soft protection when tiered reservation is enabled. cgroup v1 cannot provide this protection model.
+
+- Enabling the `MemoryQoS` feature gate applies `memory.high` throttling to Burstable containers.
+  The threshold is derived from the request, limit, and `memoryThrottlingFactor` (default `0.9`).
+- `memoryReservationPolicy: None` is the default. It does not write `memory.min` or `memory.low`.
+- `memoryReservationPolicy: TieredReservation` maps Guaranteed Pod memory requests to `memory.min`
+  (hard protection) and Burstable Pod requests to `memory.low` (soft protection). BestEffort Pods
+  receive neither protection.
+- The kubelet exposes alpha metrics for the total `memory.min` and `memory.low` reservations on a node.
+- Kernel 5.9 or later is recommended. On older kernels, `memory.high` reclaim can trigger a known
+  livelock; from v1.36 the kubelet logs a warning when Memory QoS is enabled on an affected kernel.
+
+For example, to opt in to tiered protection:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: KubeletConfiguration
+featureGates:
+  MemoryQoS: true
+memoryReservationPolicy: TieredReservation
+memoryThrottlingFactor: 0.9
+```
+
+Because Memory QoS is still alpha and disabled by default, test the configuration and account for
+hard-reserved memory before enabling `TieredReservation` in production. See the
+[Pod QoS documentation](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-qos/#memory-qos-with-cgroup-v2) for the
+current mapping of Kubernetes QoS classes to cgroup v2 controls.
+
+### Container-aware OOM handling
+
+On cgroup v2 nodes, the kubelet defaults `singleProcessOOMKill` to `false`. It therefore sets
+`memory.oom.group` for each container cgroup so that an OOM event kills all processes in that
+container together, rather than leaving a partially functioning multi-process container. Set
+`singleProcessOOMKill: true` only if you need the cgroup v1-compatible behavior where the kernel
+may kill one process at a time. See the
+[`KubeletConfiguration` reference](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1/#kubelet-config-k8s-io-v1beta1-KubeletConfiguration)
+for this setting.
+
+This behavior is scoped to a container cgroup, not the whole Pod. Also, `cgroup.kill` is a separate
+administrative interface: writing `1` to it sends `SIGKILL` to every process in that cgroup and its
+descendants; it does not configure OOM behavior. The cgroup v2 memory controller additionally
+provides `memory.events` counters that monitoring systems and userspace OOM managers can observe.
+
+### Rootless support
+
+In cgroup v1, delegating controllers to less privileged containers may be dangerous.
+
+Unlike cgroup v1, cgroup v2 officially supports delegation.
+Most Rootless Containers implementations rely on systemd for
+delegating v2 controllers to non-root users.
+
+This delegation mechanism is separate from Kubernetes Pod user namespaces, which map container
+users to unprivileged host users. [Pod user namespace support](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/user-namespaces/)
+graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.36; check its filesystem, kernel, CRI runtime, and OCI runtime
+prerequisites before enabling it.
+
+### What else?
+
+1. eBPF stories:
+   - In cgroup v1, device access controls are exposed through interface files.
+   - The cgroup v2 device controller has no interface files, and is implemented on top of cgroup BPF.
+   - Cilium attaches BPF cgroup programs for socket-based load balancing. Its
+     [default cgroup root](https://docs.cilium.io/en/stable/network/kubernetes/kubeproxy-free/#validate-bpf-cgroup-programs-attachment)
+     is `/run/cilium/cgroupv2`.
+2. [Pressure Stall Information (PSI)](/docs/reference/instrumentation/understand-psi-metrics/)
+   reports CPU, memory, and I/O contention at node, Pod, and container level. The `KubeletPSI`
+   feature graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.36 and is always enabled. PSI requires cgroup v2,
+   Linux 4.20 or later, `CONFIG_PSI=y`, and a kernel not booted with `psi=0`. The kubelet exposes
+   the data through the Summary API and `/metrics/cadvisor`.
+3. When migrating, update software that reads the cgroup filesystem directly. The
+   [migration guidance](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/#migrating-cgroupv2) recommends
+   cAdvisor v0.43.0 or later and lists compatible Java, Node.js, and `automaxprocs` versions.
+
+### CPU weight conversion in newer OCI runtimes
+
+cgroup v1 uses `cpu.shares`, whereas cgroup v2 uses `cpu.weight`. Newer OCI runtimes use an improved
+non-linear conversion that preserves the default priority and gives small CPU requests more usable
+granularity. The change is implemented in the OCI runtime rather than Kubernetes: it is available
+in runc v1.3.2 and crun v1.23. After upgrading a runtime, monitoring or policy tools that predict
+exact `cpu.weight` values may need updates. Read
+[New Conversion from cgroup v1 CPU Shares to v2 CPU Weight](/blog/2026/01/30/new-cgroup-v1-to-v2-cpu-conversion-formula/)
+for the formula, examples, and compatibility considerations.
+
+### In-place resource updates
+
+[In-place Pod vertical scaling](/blog/2025/12/17/kubernetes-v1-35-release/#stable-in-place-update-of-pod-resources)
+graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.35. Kubernetes v1.36 then enabled
+[in-place vertical scaling for Pod-level resources](/blog/2026/04/30/kubernetes-v1-36-inplace-pod-level-resources-beta/)
+by default as a beta feature. The kubelet coordinates changes between the Pod-level and container
+cgroups so that increases create headroom before container limits grow, while decreases constrain
+containers before shrinking the Pod-level boundary. Accurate aggregate enforcement for this
+v1.36 feature requires cgroup v2.
+
+## Adopting cgroup version 2
+
+### Requirements
+
+Here's what you need to use cgroup v2 with Kubernetes.
+First up, you need to be using a version of Kubernetes with support for v2 cgroup management;
+that's been stable since Kubernetes v1.25 and all supported Kubernetes releases include this support.
+
+- OS distribution enabled cgroup v2
+- Linux kernel version is 5.8 or later (5.9 or later is recommended when using Memory QoS)
+- Container runtime supports cgroup v2. For example:
+  - containerd v1.4 or later supports cgroup v2; use containerd v2.0 or later for automatic
+    cgroup-driver discovery
+  - CRI-O v1.20 or later
+- The kubelet and the container runtime are configured to use the systemd cgroup driver
+
+The Kubernetes v1.35 release announced the end of the containerd 1.x support window. However, the
+final Kubernetes v1.36 runtime documentation still describes a fallback for containerd 1.x, which
+does not implement the `RuntimeConfig` CRI RPC. On those nodes the kubelet uses its configured
+`cgroupDriver` value instead of automatic discovery. That fallback is scheduled for removal in
+Kubernetes v1.38. For new or upgraded v1.36 nodes, prefer a currently supported containerd 2.x
+release and review both the [Kubernetes runtime documentation](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#systemd-cgroup-driver)
+and the [containerd compatibility matrix](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/RELEASES.md#kubernetes-support).
+
+#### kernel updates around cgroup v2
+
+When Kubernetes was first announced, in 2014, only v1 cgroup existed.
+Version 2 cgroup management first appeared in Linux kernel 4.5, released in 2016.
+
+- In Linux 4.5, the cgroup v2 `io`, `memory`, and `pids` controllers were supported.
+- Linux 4.15 added support for the cgroup v2 `cpu` controller.
+- [Pressure Stall Information](https://docs.kernel.org/accounting/psi.html) (PSI) support began with Linux 4.20.
+- The Kubernetes project does not recommend using cgroup v2 with a Linux kernel older than 5.2
+  due to lack of cgroup-level task freezer support.
+- Kubernetes documents 5.8 as the minimum kernel version for cgroup v2; the root cgroup's
+  system-level `cpu.stat` file was added in Linux 5.8.
+- The `memory.high` livelock fix used by Memory QoS is present in Linux 5.9 and later.
+- `memory.peak` was added in Linux 5.19.
+
+### Use systemd as cgroup driver
+
+[Configure the kubelet's cgroup driver to match the container runtime cgroup driver](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/).
+
+The [Container runtimes](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes)
+page explains that the `systemd` driver is recommended for kubeadm
+based setups instead of the kubelet's default `cgroupfs` driver,
+because kubeadm manages the kubelet as a systemd service.
+
+A minimal example of configuring the field explicitly:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: KubeletConfiguration
+cgroupDriver: systemd
+```
+
+Automatic discovery of the runtime's cgroup driver through the CRI, tracked by
+[KEP-4033](https://kep.k8s.io/4033), graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.34. It requires a runtime
+that implements the `RuntimeConfig` CRI RPC (containerd v2.0+ or CRI-O v1.28+). When available,
+the kubelet uses the value reported by the runtime instead of its configured `cgroupDriver` value.
+
+### Tools and commands for troubleshooting
+
+Tools and commands that you should know about cgroups:
+
+- `stat -fc %T /sys/fs/cgroup/`: Check whether cgroup v2 is enabled; it returns `cgroup2fs`.
+- `systemctl list-units 'kube*' --type=slice` or `--type=scope`: List Kubernetes-related units
+  that systemd currently has in memory.
+- `bpftool cgroup list /sys/fs/cgroup/*`: List all programs attached to the cgroup CGROUP.
+- `systemd-cgls /sys/fs/cgroup/*`: Recursively show control group contents.
+- `systemd-cgtop`: Show top control groups by their resource usage.
+- `tree -L 2 -d /sys/fs/cgroup/kubepods.slice`: Show Pods' related cgroups directories.
+
+How to check if a Pod CPU or memory limit is successfully applied to the cgroup file?
+
+- Kubernetes Pod spec: check limits `spec.containers[*].resources.limits.{cpu,memory}` and requests
+  `spec.containers[*].resources.requests.{cpu,memory}`
+- CRI: `cpu_period`, `cpu_quota`, `cpu_shares` for CPU and `memory_limit_in_bytes` for memory limit
+- OCI Spec: `memory.limit`, `cpu.shares`, `cpu.quota`, `cpu.period`
+- Systemd Scope Unit: `CPUWeight`, `CPUQuotaPerSecUSec`, `CPUQuotaPeriodUSec`, `MemoryMax`
+- Cgroupfs value: `/sys/fs/cgroup/../cpu.weight`, `/sys/fs/cgroup/../cpu.max`, `/sys/fs/cgroup/../memory.max`
+
+## Further reading
+
+- [Kubernetes 1.31: Moving cgroup v1 Support into Maintenance Mode](/blog/2024/08/14/kubernetes-1-31-moving-cgroup-v1-support-maintenance-mode/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.35: Timbernetes](/blog/2025/12/17/kubernetes-v1-35-release/)
+- [Kubernetes v1.36: Tiered Memory Protection with Memory QoS](/blog/2026/04/29/kubernetes-v1-36-memory-qos-tiered-protection/)
+- [Kubernetes v1.36: PSI Metrics for Kubernetes Graduates to GA](/blog/2026/05/12/kubernetes-v1-36-psi-metrics-ga/)
+- [Kubernetes v1.36: In-Place Vertical Scaling for Pod-Level Resources Graduates to Beta](/blog/2026/04/30/kubernetes-v1-36-inplace-pod-level-resources-beta/)
+- [cgroup v2 in Kubernetes](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.27: Quality-of-Service for Memory Resources (alpha)](/blog/2023/05/05/qos-memory-resources/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.25: cgroup v2 graduates to GA](/blog/2022/08/31/cgroupv2-ga-1-25/)
+- KubeCon NA 2022 [cgroup v2: Before You Jump In](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxZK-UXKvXk) by Tony Gosselin & Mike Tougeron, Adobe Systems
+- KubeCon NA 2022 [Cgroupv2 Is Coming Soon To a Cluster Near You](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgyFCp1CRhA) - David Porter, Google & Mrunal Patel, RedHat
+- KubeCon EU 2020 [Kubernetes On cgroup v2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8h0e84HxcE&t=783s) by Giuseppe Scrivano, Red Hat.
+- This blog only covers the basic requirements and configuration of Kubernetes components.
+  It will not include how to enable cgroup fs in OS distributions.
+  For migration, you can refer to [migrating cgroup v2](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/#migrating-cgroupv2)
diff --git a/content/en/blog/_posts/2026/migrate-cgroup-v2.md b/content/en/blog/_posts/2026/migrate-cgroup-v2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..faec8b798c86a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/en/blog/_posts/2026/migrate-cgroup-v2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+---
+layout: blog
+title: 'The Shift to cgroup v2 in Kubernetes: What You Need to Know'
+draft: true
+slug: kubernetes-cgroups-v2-shift
+author: >
+   Paco Xu (DaoCloud)
+---
+
+In Linux, _cgroups_ (control groups) are a kernel feature used for managing system resources.
+Kubernetes uses cgroups to allocate resources like CPU and memory to containers,
+ensuring that applications run smoothly without interfering with each other.
+With the release of Kubernetes v1.31, support for v1 cgroup management moved into
+[maintenance mode](/blog/2024/08/14/kubernetes-1-31-moving-cgroup-v1-support-maintenance-mode/).
+Support for v2 cgroup management has been stable since Kubernetes v1.25.
+
+Compared with cgroup v1, cgroup v2 provides a single unified hierarchy,
+a more consistent interface, and a stronger foundation for resource isolation
+and modern resource-management features.
+
+## Deprecation of cgroup v1
+
+FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.35 [deprecated]
+
+Kubernetes has [deprecated cgroup v1](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/#deprecation-of-cgroup-v1).
+Starting with Kubernetes v1.35, `failCgroupV1` defaults to `true`, so the kubelet does not start
+on a cgroup v1 node by default. Administrators can temporarily set `failCgroupV1: false` in the
+[kubelet configuration file](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/), but removal will
+follow the [Kubernetes deprecation policy](/docs/reference/using-api/deprecation-policy/).
+Track that work in [KEP-5573: Remove cgroup v1 support](https://kep.k8s.io/5573).
+
+Before upgrading to v1.35 or later, migrate every Linux node to cgroup v2 or explicitly use the
+temporary override. A node that still uses cgroup v1 otherwise fails during kubelet startup.
+
+For kubeadm-managed clusters, Kubernetes v1.35 also makes this an earlier, stricter check. The
+`SystemVerification` preflight check, provided by `k8s.io/system-validators`, returns an error during
+`kubeadm init`, `kubeadm join`, and `kubeadm upgrade` when it detects cgroup v1 with kubelet v1.35 or
+later; with an older kubelet, the check remains a warning. See
+[kubernetes/kubernetes#134744](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/134744) for details.
+
+The top FAQs cover three main areas: why to migrate, the benefits and drawbacks,
+and key points to keep in mind when using cgroup v2.
+
+## Limitations of cgroup v1 and Improvements with cgroup v2
+
+The Linux kernel documentation describes both interfaces:
+
+- [cgroup v1 documentation](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/)
+- [cgroup v2 documentation](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html)
+
+Let's enumerate some known issues.
+
+### `active_file` memory is not considered available memory
+
+The kubelet treats `active_file` memory as not reclaimable. For I/O-intensive workloads, a large
+page cache can therefore make the kubelet report memory pressure and evict Pods. This is a
+[known kubelet issue](/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/node-pressure-eviction/#active-file-memory-is-not-considered-as-available-memory)
+([kubernetes/kubernetes#43916](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/43916)); migrating to
+cgroup v2 does not by itself change that calculation. The documented workaround is to set equal
+memory requests and limits for containers that perform intensive I/O, after measuring an appropriate
+value.
+
+### Memory QoS updates in Kubernetes v1.36
+
+[Memory QoS](https://kep.k8s.io/2570) was introduced as an alpha feature in Kubernetes v1.22 and
+updated in v1.27. It remains alpha in v1.36, but now separates memory throttling from memory
+reservation and adds [tiered memory protection](/blog/2026/04/29/kubernetes-v1-36-memory-qos-tiered-protection/):
+
+{{< note >}}
+Memory QoS is available only on Linux nodes that use cgroup v2. It relies on the cgroup v2 memory
+controller: `memory.high` provides throttling, while `memory.min` and `memory.low` provide hard and
+soft protection when tiered reservation is enabled. cgroup v1 cannot provide this protection model.
+{{< /note >}}
+
+- Enabling the `MemoryQoS` feature gate applies `memory.high` throttling to Burstable containers.
+  The threshold is derived from the request, limit, and `memoryThrottlingFactor` (default `0.9`).
+- `memoryReservationPolicy: None` is the default. It does not write `memory.min` or `memory.low`.
+- `memoryReservationPolicy: TieredReservation` maps Guaranteed Pod memory requests to `memory.min`
+  (hard protection) and Burstable Pod requests to `memory.low` (soft protection). BestEffort Pods
+  receive neither protection.
+- The kubelet exposes alpha metrics for the total `memory.min` and `memory.low` reservations on a node.
+- Kernel 5.9 or later is recommended. On older kernels, `memory.high` reclaim can trigger a known
+  livelock; from v1.36 the kubelet logs a warning when Memory QoS is enabled on an affected kernel.
+
+For example, to opt in to tiered protection:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: KubeletConfiguration
+featureGates:
+  MemoryQoS: true
+memoryReservationPolicy: TieredReservation
+memoryThrottlingFactor: 0.9
+```
+
+Because Memory QoS is still alpha and disabled by default, test the configuration and account for
+hard-reserved memory before enabling `TieredReservation` in production. See the
+[Pod QoS documentation](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-qos/#memory-qos-with-cgroup-v2) for the
+current mapping of Kubernetes QoS classes to cgroup v2 controls.
+
+### Container-aware OOM handling
+
+On cgroup v2 nodes, the kubelet defaults `singleProcessOOMKill` to `false`. It therefore sets
+`memory.oom.group` for each container cgroup so that an OOM event kills all processes in that
+container together, rather than leaving a partially functioning multi-process container. Set
+`singleProcessOOMKill: true` only if you need the cgroup v1-compatible behavior where the kernel
+may kill one process at a time. See the
+[`KubeletConfiguration` reference](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1/#kubelet-config-k8s-io-v1beta1-KubeletConfiguration)
+for this setting.
+
+This behavior is scoped to a container cgroup, not the whole Pod. Also, `cgroup.kill` is a separate
+administrative interface: writing `1` to it sends `SIGKILL` to every process in that cgroup and its
+descendants; it does not configure OOM behavior. The cgroup v2 memory controller additionally
+provides `memory.events` counters that monitoring systems and userspace OOM managers can observe.
+
+### Rootless support
+
+In cgroup v1, delegating controllers to less privileged containers may be dangerous.
+
+Unlike cgroup v1, cgroup v2 officially supports delegation.
+Most Rootless Containers implementations rely on systemd for
+delegating v2 controllers to non-root users.
+
+This delegation mechanism is separate from Kubernetes Pod user namespaces, which map container
+users to unprivileged host users. [Pod user namespace support](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/user-namespaces/)
+graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.36; check its filesystem, kernel, CRI runtime, and OCI runtime
+prerequisites before enabling it.
+
+### What else?
+
+1. eBPF stories:
+   - In cgroup v1, device access controls are exposed through interface files.
+   - The cgroup v2 device controller has no interface files, and is implemented on top of cgroup BPF.
+   - Cilium attaches BPF cgroup programs for socket-based load balancing. Its
+     [default cgroup root](https://docs.cilium.io/en/stable/network/kubernetes/kubeproxy-free/#validate-bpf-cgroup-programs-attachment)
+     is `/run/cilium/cgroupv2`.
+2. [Pressure Stall Information (PSI)](/docs/reference/instrumentation/understand-psi-metrics/)
+   reports CPU, memory, and I/O contention at node, Pod, and container level. The `KubeletPSI`
+   feature graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.36 and is always enabled. PSI requires cgroup v2,
+   Linux 4.20 or later, `CONFIG_PSI=y`, and a kernel not booted with `psi=0`. The kubelet exposes
+   the data through the Summary API and `/metrics/cadvisor`.
+3. When migrating, update software that reads the cgroup filesystem directly. The
+   [migration guidance](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/#migrating-cgroupv2) recommends
+   cAdvisor v0.43.0 or later and lists compatible Java, Node.js, and `automaxprocs` versions.
+
+### CPU weight conversion in newer OCI runtimes
+
+cgroup v1 uses `cpu.shares`, whereas cgroup v2 uses `cpu.weight`. Newer OCI runtimes use an improved
+non-linear conversion that preserves the default priority and gives small CPU requests more usable
+granularity. The change is implemented in the OCI runtime rather than Kubernetes: it is available
+in runc v1.3.2 and crun v1.23. After upgrading a runtime, monitoring or policy tools that predict
+exact `cpu.weight` values may need updates. Read
+[New Conversion from cgroup v1 CPU Shares to v2 CPU Weight](/blog/2026/01/30/new-cgroup-v1-to-v2-cpu-conversion-formula/)
+for the formula, examples, and compatibility considerations.
+
+### In-place resource updates
+
+[In-place Pod vertical scaling](/blog/2025/12/17/kubernetes-v1-35-release/#stable-in-place-update-of-pod-resources)
+graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.35. Kubernetes v1.36 then enabled
+[in-place vertical scaling for Pod-level resources](/blog/2026/04/30/kubernetes-v1-36-inplace-pod-level-resources-beta/)
+by default as a beta feature. The kubelet coordinates changes between the Pod-level and container
+cgroups so that increases create headroom before container limits grow, while decreases constrain
+containers before shrinking the Pod-level boundary. Accurate aggregate enforcement for this
+v1.36 feature requires cgroup v2.
+
+## Adopting cgroup version 2
+
+### Requirements
+
+Here's what you need to use cgroup v2 with Kubernetes.
+First up, you need to be using a version of Kubernetes with support for v2 cgroup management;
+that's been stable since Kubernetes v1.25 and all supported Kubernetes releases include this support.
+
+- OS distribution enabled cgroup v2
+- Linux kernel version is 5.8 or later (5.9 or later is recommended when using Memory QoS)
+- Container runtime supports cgroup v2. For example:
+  - containerd v1.4 or later supports cgroup v2; use containerd v2.0 or later for automatic
+    cgroup-driver discovery
+  - CRI-O v1.20 or later
+- The kubelet and the container runtime are configured to use the systemd cgroup driver
+
+The Kubernetes v1.35 release announced the end of the containerd 1.x support window. However, the
+final Kubernetes v1.36 runtime documentation still describes a fallback for containerd 1.x, which
+does not implement the `RuntimeConfig` CRI RPC. On those nodes the kubelet uses its configured
+`cgroupDriver` value instead of automatic discovery. That fallback is scheduled for removal in
+Kubernetes v1.38. For new or upgraded v1.36 nodes, prefer a currently supported containerd 2.x
+release and review both the [Kubernetes runtime documentation](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#systemd-cgroup-driver)
+and the [containerd compatibility matrix](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/RELEASES.md#kubernetes-support).
+
+#### kernel updates around cgroup v2
+
+When Kubernetes was first announced, in 2014, only v1 cgroup existed.
+Version 2 cgroup management first appeared in Linux kernel 4.5, released in 2016.
+
+- In Linux 4.5, the cgroup v2 `io`, `memory`, and `pids` controllers were supported.
+- Linux 4.15 added support for the cgroup v2 `cpu` controller.
+- [Pressure Stall Information](https://docs.kernel.org/accounting/psi.html) (PSI) support began with Linux 4.20.
+- The Kubernetes project does not recommend using cgroup v2 with a Linux kernel older than 5.2
+  due to lack of cgroup-level task freezer support.
+- Kubernetes documents 5.8 as the minimum kernel version for cgroup v2; the root cgroup's
+  system-level `cpu.stat` file was added in Linux 5.8.
+- The `memory.high` livelock fix used by Memory QoS is present in Linux 5.9 and later.
+- `memory.peak` was added in Linux 5.19.
+
+### Use systemd as cgroup driver
+
+[Configure the kubelet's cgroup driver to match the container runtime cgroup driver](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/).
+
+The [Container runtimes](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes)
+page explains that the `systemd` driver is recommended for kubeadm
+based setups instead of the kubelet's default `cgroupfs` driver,
+because kubeadm manages the kubelet as a systemd service.
+
+A minimal example of configuring the field explicitly:
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
+kind: KubeletConfiguration
+cgroupDriver: systemd
+```
+
+Automatic discovery of the runtime's cgroup driver through the CRI, tracked by
+[KEP-4033](https://kep.k8s.io/4033), graduated to stable in Kubernetes v1.34. It requires a runtime
+that implements the `RuntimeConfig` CRI RPC (containerd v2.0+ or CRI-O v1.28+). When available,
+the kubelet uses the value reported by the runtime instead of its configured `cgroupDriver` value.
+
+### Tools and commands for troubleshooting
+
+Tools and commands that you should know about cgroups:
+
+- `stat -fc %T /sys/fs/cgroup/`: Check whether cgroup v2 is enabled; it returns `cgroup2fs`.
+- `systemctl list-units 'kube*' --type=slice` or `--type=scope`: List Kubernetes-related units
+  that systemd currently has in memory.
+- `bpftool cgroup list /sys/fs/cgroup/*`: List all programs attached to the cgroup CGROUP.
+- `systemd-cgls /sys/fs/cgroup/*`: Recursively show control group contents.
+- `systemd-cgtop`: Show top control groups by their resource usage.
+- `tree -L 2 -d /sys/fs/cgroup/kubepods.slice`: Show Pods' related cgroups directories.
+
+How to check if a Pod CPU or memory limit is successfully applied to the cgroup file?
+
+- Kubernetes Pod spec: check limits `spec.containers[*].resources.limits.{cpu,memory}` and requests
+  `spec.containers[*].resources.requests.{cpu,memory}`
+- CRI: `cpu_period`, `cpu_quota`, `cpu_shares` for CPU and `memory_limit_in_bytes` for memory limit
+- OCI Spec: `memory.limit`, `cpu.shares`, `cpu.quota`, `cpu.period`
+- Systemd Scope Unit: `CPUWeight`, `CPUQuotaPerSecUSec`, `CPUQuotaPeriodUSec`, `MemoryMax`
+- Cgroupfs value: `/sys/fs/cgroup/../cpu.weight`, `/sys/fs/cgroup/../cpu.max`, `/sys/fs/cgroup/../memory.max`
+
+## Further reading
+
+- [Kubernetes 1.31: Moving cgroup v1 Support into Maintenance Mode](/blog/2024/08/14/kubernetes-1-31-moving-cgroup-v1-support-maintenance-mode/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.35: Timbernetes](/blog/2025/12/17/kubernetes-v1-35-release/)
+- [Kubernetes v1.36: Tiered Memory Protection with Memory QoS](/blog/2026/04/29/kubernetes-v1-36-memory-qos-tiered-protection/)
+- [Kubernetes v1.36: PSI Metrics for Kubernetes Graduates to GA](/blog/2026/05/12/kubernetes-v1-36-psi-metrics-ga/)
+- [Kubernetes v1.36: In-Place Vertical Scaling for Pod-Level Resources Graduates to Beta](/blog/2026/04/30/kubernetes-v1-36-inplace-pod-level-resources-beta/)
+- [cgroup v2 in Kubernetes](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.27: Quality-of-Service for Memory Resources (alpha)](/blog/2023/05/05/qos-memory-resources/)
+- [Kubernetes 1.25: cgroup v2 graduates to GA](/blog/2022/08/31/cgroupv2-ga-1-25/)
+- KubeCon NA 2022 [cgroup v2: Before You Jump In](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxZK-UXKvXk) by Tony Gosselin & Mike Tougeron, Adobe Systems
+- KubeCon NA 2022 [Cgroupv2 Is Coming Soon To a Cluster Near You](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgyFCp1CRhA) - David Porter, Google & Mrunal Patel, RedHat
+- KubeCon EU 2020 [Kubernetes On cgroup v2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8h0e84HxcE&t=783s) by Giuseppe Scrivano, Red Hat.
+- This blog only covers the basic requirements and configuration of Kubernetes components.
+  It will not include how to enable cgroup fs in OS distributions.
+  For migration, you can refer to [migrating cgroup v2](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups/#migrating-cgroupv2)