Code-Example-004-Pandas-Multi-Level-Indexing.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Pandas - MultiLevel Indexing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = [['Alice', 'Alice', 'Bob', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Charlie', 'Dave', 'Dave'],\n",
    "  ['cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('Alice', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Alice', 'cs2'),\n",
       " ('Bob', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Bob', 'cs2'),\n",
       " ('Charlie', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Charlie', 'cs2'),\n",
       " ('Dave', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Dave', 'cs2')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuples = list(zip(*data))\n",
    "tuples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('Alice', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Alice', 'cs2'),\n",
       " ('Bob', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Bob', 'cs2'),\n",
       " ('Charlie', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Charlie', 'cs2'),\n",
       " ('Dave', 'cs1'),\n",
       " ('Dave', 'cs2')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[(student, course) for student in ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Dave'] \\\n",
    "                     for course in ['cs1', 'cs2']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([(  'Alice', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (  'Alice', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs2')],\n",
       "           names=['Student', 'Class'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "indices = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, \n",
    "                                    names = ['Student', 'Class'])\n",
    "indices"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Student  Class\n",
       "Alice    cs1      73\n",
       "         cs2      62\n",
       "Bob      cs1      62\n",
       "         cs2      66\n",
       "Charlie  cs1      77\n",
       "         cs2      79\n",
       "Dave     cs1      70\n",
       "         cs2      61\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(123)\n",
    "s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(60,80,8), index = indices)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(Alice, cs1)      73\n",
       "(Alice, cs2)      62\n",
       "(Bob, cs1)        62\n",
       "(Bob, cs2)        66\n",
       "(Charlie, cs1)    77\n",
       "(Charlie, cs2)    79\n",
       "(Dave, cs1)       70\n",
       "(Dave, cs2)       61\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Using tuples as atomic labels \n",
    "\n",
    "np.random.seed(123)\n",
    "pd.Series(np.random.randint(60,80,8), index = tuples)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([(  'Alice', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (  'Alice', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs2')],\n",
       "           names=['Student', 'Class'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Another approach\n",
    "\n",
    "data = [['Alice','Bob','Charlie','Dave'],\n",
    "        ['cs1', 'cs2']]\n",
    "\n",
    "indices = pd.MultiIndex.from_product(data, \n",
    "                                     names=['Student', 'Class'])\n",
    "indices"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Student  Class\n",
       "Alice    cs1      73\n",
       "         cs2      62\n",
       "Bob      cs1      62\n",
       "         cs2      66\n",
       "Charlie  cs1      77\n",
       "         cs2      79\n",
       "Dave     cs1      70\n",
       "         cs2      61\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(123)\n",
    "s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(60,80,8), index = indices)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Alice    cs1    73\n",
       "         cs2    62\n",
       "Bob      cs1    62\n",
       "         cs2    66\n",
       "Charlie  cs1    77\n",
       "         cs2    79\n",
       "Dave     cs1    70\n",
       "         cs2    61\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Convenient\n",
    "\n",
    "np.random.seed(123)\n",
    "data = [['Alice', 'Alice', 'Bob', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Charlie', 'Dave', 'Dave'],\n",
    "        ['cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2']]\n",
    "\n",
    "s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(60,80,8), index = data)\n",
    "s\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "             Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Alice   cs1     73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2     77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1     60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2     60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1     79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2     76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1     62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2     76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(123)\n",
    "data = [['Alice', 'Alice', 'Bob', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Charlie', 'Dave', 'Dave'],\n",
    "        ['cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2']]\n",
    "\n",
    "df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(60,80,(8, 4)), index = data,\n",
    "                 columns = ['Quiz1', 'Quiz2', 'Quiz3', 'Quiz4'])\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([(  'Alice', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (  'Alice', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs2')],\n",
       "           )"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2       77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2       76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index.names = ['Student', 'Class']\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['Alice', 'Alice', 'Bob', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'Charlie', 'Dave', 'Dave'], dtype='object', name='Student')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index.get_level_values(0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2'], dtype='object', name='Class')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index.get_level_values(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2', 'cs1', 'cs2'], dtype='object', name='Class')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index.get_level_values('Class')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Indexing with MultiIndex"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th></th>\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2       77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2       76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <td>69</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
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       "      <td>60</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "       Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class                            \n",
       "cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "cs2       60     74     60     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['Bob']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Quiz1    60\n",
       "Quiz2    77\n",
       "Quiz3    75\n",
       "Quiz4    69\n",
       "Name: (Bob, cs1), dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['Bob','cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Quiz1    60\n",
       "Quiz2    77\n",
       "Quiz3    75\n",
       "Quiz4    69\n",
       "Name: cs1, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['Bob'].loc['cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Quiz1    60\n",
       "Quiz2    77\n",
       "Quiz3    75\n",
       "Quiz4    69\n",
       "Name: (Bob, cs1), dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[('Bob', 'cs1')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "60"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[('Bob', 'cs1'), 'Quiz1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <td>75</td>\n",
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       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
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       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
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       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
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       "      <td>63</td>\n",
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       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2       76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['Bob':'Dave']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
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       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
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       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
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       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Bob     cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[('Bob', 'cs2'):('Dave', 'cs1')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
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       "</table>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Bob     cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# with list of labels or tuples\n",
    "\n",
    "df.loc[ [('Bob', 'cs2'), ('Dave', 'cs1')] ]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
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       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2       77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2       76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['Quiz1', 'Quiz2', 'Quiz3', 'Quiz4'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
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       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
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       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "        Quiz1     Quiz2     Quiz3     Quiz4    \n",
       "Class     cs1 cs2   cs1 cs2   cs1 cs2   cs1 cs2\n",
       "Student                                        \n",
       "Alice      73  77    62  79    62  70    66  61\n",
       "Bob        60  60    77  74    75  60    69  75\n",
       "Charlie    79  76    74  64    64  77    60  63\n",
       "Dave       62  76    67  67    62  69    75  63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.unstack()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Class    cs1  cs2\n",
       "Student          \n",
       "Alice     73   77\n",
       "Bob       60   60\n",
       "Charlie   79   76\n",
       "Dave      62   76"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.unstack()['Quiz1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Student\n",
       "Alice      73\n",
       "Bob        60\n",
       "Charlie    79\n",
       "Dave       62\n",
       "Name: (Quiz1, cs1), dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.unstack()['Quiz1', 'cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# With Series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Alice    cs1    73\n",
       "         cs2    62\n",
       "Bob      cs1    62\n",
       "         cs2    66\n",
       "Charlie  cs1    77\n",
       "         cs2    79\n",
       "Dave     cs1    70\n",
       "         cs2    61\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Alice      73\n",
       "Bob        62\n",
       "Charlie    77\n",
       "Dave       70\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[:, 'cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "cs1    62\n",
       "cs2    66\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s['Bob']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "62"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s['Bob']['cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "62"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[('Bob','cs1')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "62"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s['Bob','cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Alice    cs1    73\n",
       "         cs2    62\n",
       "Bob      cs1    62\n",
       "         cs2    66\n",
       "Charlie  cs1    77\n",
       "         cs2    79\n",
       "Dave     cs1    70\n",
       "         cs2    61\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         cs1  cs2\n",
       "Alice     73   62\n",
       "Bob       62   66\n",
       "Charlie   77   79\n",
       "Dave      70   61"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.unstack()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Alice      73\n",
       "Bob        62\n",
       "Charlie    77\n",
       "Dave       70\n",
       "Name: cs1, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.unstack()['cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Cross-section\n",
    " - xs()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
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       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2       77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2       76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class                            \n",
       "cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "cs2       60     74     60     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.xs('Bob')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student                            \n",
       "Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "Dave        62     67     62     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.xs('cs1', level=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
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       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student                            \n",
       "Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "Dave        62     67     62     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.xs('cs1', level='Class')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Using slice\n",
    "\n",
    "df.loc[(slice(None), 'cs1'), :]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2       77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[(slice('Alice','Charlie'), slice(None)), :]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### MultiIndex for Columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr th {\n",
       "        text-align: left;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>subject</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>52.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice         Bob       Charlie      \n",
       "type          HR  Temp    HR  Temp      HR  Temp\n",
       "year visit                                      \n",
       "2017 1      26.0  38.0  40.0  35.5    31.0  38.7\n",
       "     2      13.0  36.6  50.0  36.1    30.0  36.9\n",
       "2018 1      52.0  36.4  33.0  36.6    59.0  39.2\n",
       "     2      47.0  37.4  44.0  38.5    28.0  38.2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# hierarchical indices and columns\n",
    "\n",
    "np.random.seed(123)\n",
    "index = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([[2017, 2018], [1, 2]],\n",
    "                                   names=['year', 'visit'])\n",
    "columns = pd.MultiIndex.from_product([['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'], ['HR', 'Temp']],\n",
    "                                     names=['subject', 'type'])\n",
    "\n",
    "# mock some data\n",
    "data = np.round(np.random.randn(4, 6), 1)\n",
    "data[:, ::2] *= 10\n",
    "data += 37\n",
    "\n",
    "# create the DataFrame\n",
    "health_data = pd.DataFrame(data, index=index, columns=columns)\n",
    "health_data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "type          HR  Temp\n",
       "year visit            \n",
       "2017 1      40.0  35.5\n",
       "     2      50.0  36.1\n",
       "2018 1      33.0  36.6\n",
       "     2      44.0  38.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data['Bob']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "year  visit\n",
       "2017  1        40.0\n",
       "      2        50.0\n",
       "2018  1        33.0\n",
       "      2        44.0\n",
       "Name: (Bob, HR), dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data['Bob', 'HR']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "year  visit\n",
       "2017  1        40.0\n",
       "      2        50.0\n",
       "2018  1        33.0\n",
       "      2        44.0\n",
       "Name: (Bob, HR), dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.loc[:, ('Bob', 'HR')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>subject</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Alice</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice      \n",
       "type          HR  Temp\n",
       "year visit            \n",
       "2017 1      26.0  38.0\n",
       "     2      13.0  36.6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.iloc[:2, :2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>subject</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>52.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice         Bob       Charlie      \n",
       "type          HR  Temp    HR  Temp      HR  Temp\n",
       "year visit                                      \n",
       "2017 1      26.0  38.0  40.0  35.5    31.0  38.7\n",
       "     2      13.0  36.6  50.0  36.1    30.0  36.9\n",
       "2018 1      52.0  36.4  33.0  36.6    59.0  39.2\n",
       "     2      47.0  37.4  44.0  38.5    28.0  38.2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>subject</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>52.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject     Alice   Bob  Charlie\n",
       "year visit                      \n",
       "2017 1       26.0  40.0     31.0\n",
       "     2       13.0  50.0     30.0\n",
       "2018 1       52.0  33.0     59.0\n",
       "     2       47.0  44.0     28.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.xs('HR', level='type', axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>subject</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th colspan=\"2\" halign=\"left\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>Temp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>35.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.7</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.9</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>52.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>37.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice         Bob       Charlie      \n",
       "type          HR  Temp    HR  Temp      HR  Temp\n",
       "year visit                                      \n",
       "2017 1      26.0  38.0  40.0  35.5    31.0  38.7\n",
       "     2      13.0  36.6  50.0  36.1    30.0  36.9\n",
       "2018 1      52.0  36.4  33.0  36.6    59.0  39.2\n",
       "     2      47.0  37.4  44.0  38.5    28.0  38.2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.core.indexing._IndexSlice at 0x7f93746ce7f0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# IndexSlice\n",
    "\n",
    "idx = pd.IndexSlice\n",
    "idx"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
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       "      <th></th>\n",
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       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice   Bob Charlie\n",
       "type          HR    HR      HR\n",
       "year visit                    \n",
       "2017 2      13.0  50.0    30.0\n",
       "2018 2      47.0  44.0    28.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.loc[idx[:,2], idx[:, 'HR']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
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       "      <th></th>\n",
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       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>52.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice   Bob Charlie\n",
       "type          HR    HR      HR\n",
       "year visit                    \n",
       "2017 1      26.0  40.0    31.0\n",
       "     2      13.0  50.0    30.0\n",
       "2018 1      52.0  33.0    59.0\n",
       "     2      47.0  44.0    28.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.loc[:, idx[:, 'HR']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>subject</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>type</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "      <th>HR</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>visit</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2017</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>26.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>13.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">2018</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>52.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>47.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "subject    Alice   Bob\n",
       "type          HR    HR\n",
       "year visit            \n",
       "2017 1      26.0  40.0\n",
       "     2      13.0  50.0\n",
       "2018 1      52.0  33.0\n",
       "     2      47.0  44.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.loc[:, idx['Alice':'Bob', 'HR']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([(2017, 1),\n",
       "            (2017, 2),\n",
       "            (2018, 1),\n",
       "            (2018, 2)],\n",
       "           names=['year', 'visit'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([(  'Alice',   'HR'),\n",
       "            (  'Alice', 'Temp'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob',   'HR'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'Temp'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie',   'HR'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'Temp')],\n",
       "           names=['subject', 'type'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "health_data.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Swapping levels"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
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       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Alice</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Bob</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">Dave</th>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student Class                            \n",
       "Alice   cs1       73     62     62     66\n",
       "        cs2       77     79     70     61\n",
       "Bob     cs1       60     77     75     69\n",
       "        cs2       60     74     60     75\n",
       "Charlie cs1       79     74     64     60\n",
       "        cs2       76     64     77     63\n",
       "Dave    cs1       62     67     62     75\n",
       "        cs2       76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th></th>\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class Student                            \n",
       "cs1   Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "cs2   Alice       77     79     70     61\n",
       "cs1   Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "cs2   Bob         60     74     60     75\n",
       "cs1   Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "cs2   Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
       "cs1   Dave        62     67     62     75\n",
       "cs2   Dave        76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.swaplevel()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <tbody>\n",
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       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
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       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
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       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
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       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student                            \n",
       "Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "Dave        62     67     62     75"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.swaplevel().loc['cs1']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([(  'Alice', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (  'Alice', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (    'Bob', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            ('Charlie', 'cs2'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs1'),\n",
       "            (   'Dave', 'cs2')],\n",
       "           names=['Student', 'Class'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
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       "      <td>67</td>\n",
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       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class Student                            \n",
       "cs1   Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "cs2   Alice       77     79     70     61\n",
       "cs1   Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "cs2   Bob         60     74     60     75\n",
       "cs1   Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "cs2   Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
       "cs1   Dave        62     67     62     75\n",
       "cs2   Dave        76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2 = df.swaplevel('Student', 'Class')\n",
    "df2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Quiz1    70.375\n",
       "Quiz2    70.500\n",
       "Quiz3    67.375\n",
       "Quiz4    66.500\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <td>68.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>70.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>65.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>67.5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <td>72.25</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>69.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>65.5</td>\n",
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class                            \n",
       "cs1    68.50   70.0  65.75   67.5\n",
       "cs2    72.25   71.0  69.00   65.5"
      ]
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     "execution_count": 67,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.mean(level='Class')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <td>69.0</td>\n",
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Student                            \n",
       "Alice     75.0   70.5   66.0   63.5\n",
       "Bob       60.0   75.5   67.5   72.0\n",
       "Charlie   77.5   69.0   70.5   61.5\n",
       "Dave      69.0   67.0   65.5   69.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.mean(level='Student')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <td>75</td>\n",
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class Student                            \n",
       "cs1   Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "cs2   Alice       77     79     70     61\n",
       "cs1   Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "cs2   Bob         60     74     60     75\n",
       "cs1   Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "cs2   Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
       "cs1   Dave        62     67     62     75\n",
       "cs2   Dave        76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class Student                            \n",
       "cs1   Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "      Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "      Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "      Dave        62     67     62     75\n",
       "cs2   Alice       77     79     70     61\n",
       "      Bob         60     74     60     75\n",
       "      Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
       "      Dave        76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.sort_index(level='Class')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
      "Class Student                            \n",
      "cs1   Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
      "      Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
      "      Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
      "      Dave        62     67     62     75\n",
      "cs2   Alice       77     79     70     61\n",
      "      Bob         60     74     60     75\n",
      "      Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
      "      Dave        76     67     69     63\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(df2.sort_index(level='Class'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
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       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
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       "  <tbody>\n",
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       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Alice</th>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
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       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
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       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bob</th>\n",
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       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Charlie</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>cs2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Dave</th>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "Class Student                            \n",
       "cs1   Alice       73     62     62     66\n",
       "cs2   Alice       77     79     70     61\n",
       "cs1   Bob         60     77     75     69\n",
       "cs2   Bob         60     74     60     75\n",
       "cs1   Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "cs2   Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
       "cs1   Dave        62     67     62     75\n",
       "cs2   Dave        76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.sort_index(level='Student')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Class</th>\n",
       "      <th>Student</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz1</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz2</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz3</th>\n",
       "      <th>Quiz4</th>\n",
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       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Alice</td>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Alice</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bob</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bob</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Charlie</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Charlie</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dave</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>62</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>cs2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dave</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Class  Student  Quiz1  Quiz2  Quiz3  Quiz4\n",
       "0   cs1    Alice     73     62     62     66\n",
       "1   cs2    Alice     77     79     70     61\n",
       "2   cs1      Bob     60     77     75     69\n",
       "3   cs2      Bob     60     74     60     75\n",
       "4   cs1  Charlie     79     74     64     60\n",
       "5   cs2  Charlie     76     64     77     63\n",
       "6   cs1     Dave     62     67     62     75\n",
       "7   cs2     Dave     76     67     69     63"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.reset_index(inplace=True)\n",
    "df2"
   ]
  }
 ],
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