thesis.tex

% Alternative style: http://cleanthesis.der-ric.de/

% Related work:
% Object representation of scope during translation (coined "scope graph"):
%   http://www.lirmm.fr/~ducour/Doc-objets/ECOOP/papers/0276/02760071.pdf
% MetaOcaml & related work by Walid Taha
% Interesting sugary languages: Dylan, Julia, Nim
% From Joe, "See S8. And also the whole paper.":
%   https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/compiling-without-continuations.pdf
% PHOAS?
%   Chipala ICFP'08 https://archive.alvb.in/msc/10_infomepcs1/literature/PHOAS_Chlipala.pdf
% Extensible Grammars for Language Specialization (must CITE)
%   Cardelli, Matthes, Abadi - DigEquipRC

% Scratch space:
% \(\W\)t\(\W\)  ->  \1e\2

% Terminology:
%   macro argument -> parameter
%   ast -> term (when appropriate)
%   ? -> constructor
%   label, ? -> syntactic construct
%   constant -> value
%   transformation -> rewrite / desugaring
%   syntactic constant -> primitive value
% Make sure to introduce:
%   expansion
% Make sure to search for:
%   TODO, REF, CITE, CHECK, Pombrio, qqq

\RequirePackage{silence} % :-\
    \WarningFilter{scrbook}{Usage of package `titlesec'}
    \WarningFilter{titlesec}{Non standard sectioning command detected}
\documentclass[
  10pt,
  paper=letter,
  footinclude=true,
  headinclude=true,
  american
]{scrbook}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Packages

\PassOptionsToPackage{utf8}{inputenc}
  \usepackage{inputenc}

\PassOptionsToPackage{
  eulermath=true,  % use awesome Euler fonts for mathematical formulae (only with pdfLaTeX)
  beramono=true    % toggle a nice monospaced font (w/ bold)
}{classicthesis}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[
  linedheaders=true,
  parts=true
]{classicthesis/classicthesis}

% More symbols
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{pifont} % for x-mark
\usepackage{newunicodechar}
% More commands
\usepackage{xargs}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{xifthen}
% More environments
\usepackage{listings}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{alltt}
\usepackage{semantic}
\usepackage{bussproofs}
\usepackage{fancyvrb} % for BVerbatim
% More formatting
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\usepackage{adjustbox}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{array}
% More nice things
\usepackage{cleveref}
\usepackage{color}
%\usepackage{inconsolata}
% Scope stuff
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\usetikzlibrary{matrix}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Settings

% Colors
\definecolor{goodRed}{rgb}  {0.70, 0.37, 0.41} % LAB (50, 35, 10)
\definecolor{goodBlue}{rgb} {0.04, 0.50, 0.70} % LAB (50, -10, -35)
\definecolor{goodGreen}{rgb}{0.35, 0.50, 0.29} % LAB (50, -25, 27)
\hypersetup{
  colorlinks=false,
  citebordercolor=goodBlue,
  linkbordercolor=goodRed,
  urlbordercolor=goodGreen
}

% LstListing
\lstset{basicstyle=\ttfamily,breaklines=true,mathescape=true}
\lstset{framextopmargin=50pt,frame=bottomline}

% Theorems
\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
\newtheorem{assumption}{Assumption}
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
\newtheorem{property}{Property}
\newtheorem{goal}{Goal}

% Unicode "support"
\newunicodechar{λ}{$\lambda$}
\newunicodechar{Γ}{$\Gamma$}
\newunicodechar{ϵ}{$\epsilon$}
\newunicodechar{⊢}{$\vdash$}
\newunicodechar{ρ}{$\rho$}
\newunicodechar{α}{$\alpha$}
\newunicodechar{β}{$\beta$}
\newunicodechar{γ}{$\gamma$}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Commands

% General Formatting
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\newcommand{\Desc}[1]{\unskip\par\noindent\textsc{#1}}
\newenvironment{Table}
  {\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{l l l @{\quad}l}}
  {\end{tabular}\end{center}}
\newenvironment{TableForMitch}
  {\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{r l l @{\quad}l}}
  {\end{tabular}\end{center}}
\newenvironment{ProofTable}
  {~\\\begin{tabular}{r l @{\quad} l}}
  {\end{tabular}~\\}
\newenvironment{LongTable}
  {\begin{center}\begin{tabular}
    {l @{\;} c @{\;} l @{\;} c @{\;} l @{\;} c @{\;} l @{\quad} l}}
  {\end{tabular}\end{center}}
\newcommand{\Indent}{\-\quad\quad}
%http://ftp.math.purdue.edu/mirrors/ctan.org/info/epslatex/english/epslatex.pdf
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  \item[]}{\end{list}}
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  \vspace{4mm}
  \noindent
  \fbox{
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      #1
    \end{minipage}
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}
\newcommand{\Sample}[1]{
  \textbf{#1}
}
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    \input{img/#1.tex}
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}
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\newcommand{\TinyHeading}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
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  \begin{table*}[h!]\begin{turn}{270}\begin{minipage}{21cm}
        \bgroup
}{
  \egroup\end{minipage}\end{turn}\end{table*}
}
% Rotate table headers: https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/98388/how-to-make-table-with-rotated-table-headers-in-latex
\newcolumntype{R}[2]{%
  >{\adjustbox{angle=#1,lap=\width-(#2)}\bgroup}%
  l%
  <{\egroup}%
}
\newcommand*\rot{\multicolumn{1}{R{90}{1em}}}

% Math Notation
\newcommand{\ddd}{\;\dots\;}
\newcommand{\dd}{\,...\,}
\newcommandx*{\seq}[3][1=1,3=n]{{#2}_{#1}\dots{#2}_{#3}}
\newcommand{\Exists}[1]{\exists{#1}.\,\,}
\newcommand{\ExistsUnique}[1]{\exists!{#1}.\,\,}
\newcommand{\NotExists}[1]{\not\exists{#1}.\,\,}
\newcommand{\Forall}[1]{\forall{#1}.\,\,}
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\newcommand{\Iff}{\;\;\text{ iff }\;\;}
\newcommand{\SetSuchThat}[2]{\{#1 \;|\; #2\}}
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\newcommand{\To}{\Rightarrow}
\newcommand{\Defeq}{\;\triangleq\;}
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\newcommandx*{\Seqn}[3][1 = 1, 3 = n]{{#2}_{#1}\,...\,{#2}_{#3}}
\newcommand{\DoublePlus}{+\kern-1.3ex+\kern0.8ex}

% Code notation
\newcommand{\Code}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newenvironment{Codes}
  {\begin{alltt}\leftskip=1.5em} % \small
  {\end{alltt}}

% PL Notation
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\newcommand{\SurfStep}{{\rule{0pt}{1.2\baselineskip}{\ensuremath\dashrightarrow}}}
% Inference Rules
\newcommandx*{\Inference}[3][1=\empty]{\inference[#1]{#2}{#3}\hspace{1em}\vspace{1.5em}}
\newcommand{\IS}{\vspace{0.25em}} % Not enough space by default...
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  \setlength{\fboxsep}{3pt}\fbox{$#1$}~\\
}
\newcommand{\sideLabel}[2]{
  \raisebox{2em}{(#1)}
  \hspace*{\fill}
  #2
  \hspace*{\fill}
  \phantom{\raisebox{1em}{(#1)}}
}

% Misc Notation
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% Matching and Substitution
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\newcommand{\subs}{\bullet}
\newcommand{\match}{/}

% Matching & Subs
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\newcommand{\SimpleSubs}[2]{#1 \bullet #2}

% Judgements
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\newcommand{\SaysMatch}[5]{#1 \vdash \SimpleMatch{#2}{#3} = #4,#5}
\newcommand{\SaysExpr}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 : #3}
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\newcommand{\SaysRule}[4]{#1 \vdash #2 : #3 \to #4}
\newcommand{\SaysEnv}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 : #3}
\newcommand{\SaysDesugar}[3]{#1 \vdash desugar(#2) = #3}
\newcommand{\SaysDs}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \rightsquigarrow_\text{ds} #3}
\newcommand{\SaysDss}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \rightsquigarrow^{*}_\text{ds} #3}
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\newcommand{\SaysResugar}[3]{#1 \vdash resugar(#2) = #3}
\newcommand{\SaysRs}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \rightsquigarrow_\text{rs} #3}
\newcommand{\SaysRss}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \rightsquigarrow^{*}_\text{rs} #3}
\newcommand{\SaysUnexp}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \rightsquigarrow_\text{unexp} #3}
\newcommand{\SaysCanBind}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \sim_{bind} #3}
\newcommand{\SaysCanShadow}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \sim_{shadow} #3}

% Syntypes
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\newcommand{\TDecl}{\textrm{Decl}}
\newcommand{\TString}{\textrm{String}}

% Scope
\newcommand{\Bind}[3]{\texttt{bind } #3 \texttt{ in } #2 \ensuremath{\in #1}}
\newcommand{\Prov}[2]{\texttt{provide } #2 \ensuremath{\in #1}}
\renewcommand{\<}{\le}
\newcommand{\Bound}{\mapsto}

% Expressions
\newcommand{\Variable}[4]{
  {\textit{#3}}\textrm{\textsc{$#2$}}_\mathit{#1}^\textsc{#4}}
\newcommand{\ConstRm}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\NodeRm}[2]{\Node{\texttt{#1}}{#2}}
\newcommand{\NodeStd}{\Node{C}{\Seqn[1]{e}[n]}}
\newcommand{\ASTNode}[4]{(\Variable{#3}{}{#2}{#1}\;#4)}
%\newcommandx*{\Node}[3][2=\empty]{({#1}_{#2}\;#3)}
\newcommandx*{\Node}[2]{({#1}\;#2)}
\newcommandx*{\Core}[3][2=\empty]{\ASTNode{Core}{#1}{#2}{#3}}
\newcommandx*{\Aux}[3][2=\empty]{\ASTNode{Aux}{#1}{#2}{#3}}
\newcommandx*{\Surf}[3][2=\empty]{\ASTNode{Surf}{#1}{#2}{#3}}
%\newcommand{\CoreLabel}{\Variable{Core}{}{}{C}}
%\newcommand{\AuxLabel}{\Variable{Aux}{}{}{C}}
%\newcommand{\SurfLabel}{\Variable{Surf}{}{}{C}}
\newcommandx*{\Decl}[3][1=\empty, 3=\empty]{\Variable{#1}{#2}{#3}{d}}
\newcommandx*{\Refn}[3][1=\empty, 3=\empty]{\Variable{#1}{#2}{#3}{r}}
\newcommand{\Value}{\textit{value}}
\newcommand{\Tag}[2]{(\Code{Tag}\ #1\ #2)}
\newcommand{\MacHead}[2]{(\Code{Head}\ #1\ #2)}
\newcommand{\MacBody}[1]{(\Code{Body}\ {#1})}
\newcommand{\MacHeadf}{\Code{Head}}
\newcommand{\MacBodyf}{\Code{Body}}
%\newcommand{\Tag}[3]{(\Code{Tag}_{#1 \To #2} #3)}
\newcommand{\Subterm}{\sqsubseteq}
% Specific Variables
\newcommand{\VarX}{\Variable{\empty}{x}{}{}}
\newcommand{\VarXi}{\Variable{i}{x}{}{}}
\newcommand{\VarXj}{\Variable{j}{x}{}{}}
\newcommand{\VarY}{\Variable{\empty}{y}{}{}}
\newcommand{\VarYi}{\Variable{i}{y}{}{}}
\newcommand{\VarYj}{\Variable{j}{y}{}{}}
\newcommandx*{\DeclX}[1][1=\empty]{\Decl[#1]{x}}
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\newcommandx*{\DeclYj}[1][1=\empty]{\Decl[j]{y}[#1]}
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\newcommandx*{\RefnYi}[1][1=\empty]{\Refn[i]{y}[#1]}
\newcommandx*{\RefnYj}[1][1=\empty]{\Refn[j]{y}[#1]}
% Patterns
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\newcommand{\PVar}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\PVarA}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\PVarB}{\beta}
\newcommand{\PVarC}{\delta}
\newcommand{\PVarD}{\epsilon}
% SeqPatterns
\newcommand{\Cons}[2]{#1, #2}
\newcommand{\Rep}[2]{#1\ {*}_{#2}}
\newcommand{\Ell}[1]{#1*}
\newcommand{\EList}[1]{\lceil #1 \rceil}
% Types
\newcommand{\ValueT}{\texttt{Value}}
\newcommand{\DeclT}{\texttt{Decl}}
\newcommand{\RefnT}{\texttt{Refn}}
% Desugaring Rules
\newcommand{\DsRule}[2]{\Code{sugar}\;\Variable{}{}{#1}{} = \{#2\}}
\newcommand{\DsRuleFancy}[3]{\Code{sugar}\;#1 =
  \begin{cases}
    #2 \\
    \quad ... \\
    #3
  \end{cases}
}
\newcommand{\DsRuleCase}[3]{#2;F;#1 \To #3}
% Environments
\newcommand{\EmptyEnv}{\{\}}
\newcommand{\ConsEnv}[3]{#1:#2,\,#3}
\newcommand{\BList}[1]{\lceil #1 \rceil}
% Substitutions
\newcommand{\EmptySubs}{\{\}}

% Hacks
\newcommand{\WhitePhantom}[1]{{\color{white}#1}}
\newcommand{\tall}{\phantom{Q}\!\!\!\!}
\newenvironment{CorrectlyIndentedCodes}{
  \newline\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}\vspace{0.75em}\begin{Codes}
}{
  \end{Codes}\end{minipage}\vspace{0.75em}
}
\newcommand{\RomanNumbering}{
  \clearscrheadfoot
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \cfoot[]{\pagemark}
}
\newcommand{\ArabicNumbering}{
  \clearscrheadfoot
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  % Taken from classicthesis. The only way I see to restore this is to duplicate the code:
  \lehead{\mbox{\llap{\small\pagemark\kern2em}\headmark\hfil}}
  \rohead{\mbox{\hfil{\headmark}\rlap{\small\kern2em\pagemark}}}
}






%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Evaluation

\newcommand{\Expand}[1]{\Code{exp}_{\Rs}\ {#1}}
\newcommand{\Unexpand}[2]{\Code{unexp}_{\Rs}\ {#1}\ {#2}}
\newcommand{\SurfaceToTerm}[1]{\Code{s->e}\ \,#1}
\newcommand{\CoreToTerm}[1]{\Code{c->e}\ \,#1}
\newcommand{\TermToSurface}[1]{\Code{e->s}\ \,#1}
\newcommand{\TermToCore}[1]{\Code{e->c}\ \,#1}
% Possible alternative to fancyD and fancyR:
%\newcommand{\FullExpand}{\Code{desugar}^*_{\Rs}}
%\newcommand{\FullUnexpand}{\Code{resugar}^*_{\Rs}}
\newcommand{\Expandf}{\Code{exp}_{\Rs}}
\newcommand{\ExpandRec}[1]{\textnormal{\Code{desugar}}_{\Rs}\ {#1}}
\newcommand{\ExpandRecf}{\textnormal{\Code{desugar}}_{\Rs}}
\newcommand{\ExpandRecff}{\textnormal{\Code{desugar}}}
\newcommand{\Unexpandf}{\textnormal{\Code{unexp}}_{\Rs}}
\newcommand{\UnexpandRec}[1]{\textnormal{\Code{resugar}}_{\Rs}\ {#1}}
\newcommand{\UnexpandRecf}{\textnormal{\Code{resugar}}_{\Rs}}
\newcommand{\UnexpandRecff}{\textnormal{\Code{resugar}}}
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\newcommand{\ExpRf}{\textnormal{\Code{Des}}}
\newcommand{\UnexpR}[1]{\textnormal{\Code{Res}}\ {#1}}
\newcommand{\UnexpRf}{\textnormal{\Code{Res}}}

\newcommand{\compose}{\cup} % Was \cdot in the original paper, which was terrible notation.


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Types

\newcommand{\Isurf}{I_\textit{surf}}
\newcommand{\Icore}{I_\textit{core}}
\newcommand{\Jsurf}{J_\textit{surf}}

% Judgments
\newcommand{\saysEq}[2]{\{#1 = #2\}}
\newcommand{\saysEqs}[3]{\{#1 = #2 = #3\}}
\newcommand{\saysT}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 : #3}
\newcommand{\saysTt}[3]{#1 \vdash \texttt{#2} : \texttt{#3}}
\newcommand{\saysTtt}[3]{#1 \vdash \texttt{#2} : #3}
\newcommand{\saysTL}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \Leftarrow #3}
\newcommand{\saysTR}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \Rightarrow #3}
\newcommand{\saysE}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 \Downarrow #3}
\newcommand{\saysJ}[2]{#1 \Vdash #2}
\newcommand{\saysD}[2]{#1 \Vdash #2}
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\newcommand{\saysVJ}[3]{#1 \Vdash #2\,/\,#3}
\newcommand{\saysTJ}[4]{#2 \Vdash #3 : #4 \text{ by } #1}

% Derivations
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\newcommandx*{\ROne}[2][1=\empty]{\LeftLabel{\small{#1}}\UnaryInfC{$#2$}}
\newcommandx*{\RTwo}[2][1=\empty]{\LeftLabel{\small{#1}}\BinaryInfC{$#2$}}
\newcommandx*{\RThree}[2][1=\empty]{\LeftLabel{\small{#1}}\TrinaryInfC{$#2$}}
\newcommandx*{\RFour}[2][1=\empty]{\LeftLabel{\small{#1}}\QuaternaryInfC{$#2$}}
\newcommandx*{\RFive}[2][1=\empty]{\LeftLabel{\small{#1}}\QuinaryInfC{$#2$}}
\newcommand{\squeeze}[2]{\hspace{-#1}{#2}\hspace{-#1}}

% Terminology
\newcommand{\Lang}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\ResugarTy}[2]{\ConstrIt{resugar}{#1, #2}}

% Ellipses
\newcommand{\nodeTt}[2]{({\texttt{#1}}\;{#2})}
\newcommand{\cons}[2]{\nodeTt{cons}{#1\ #2}}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Scope

% Ports
\definecolor{imColor}{rgb}{0.0 0.36 0.84}
\definecolor{exColor}{rgb}{0.63 0.0 0.0}
\newcommand{\ImSymb}{{\color{imColor}\uparrow}}
\newcommand{\ExSymb}{{\color{exColor}\downarrow}}
\newcommand{\ImSymbBackwards}{{\color{imColor}\downarrow}}
\newcommand{\ExSymbBackwards}{{\color{exColor}\uparrow}}
\newcommand{\im}{\ImSymb}
\newcommand{\ex}{\ExSymb}
\newcommand{\ImSymbCirc}{\ImSymb}
\newcommand{\ExSymbCirc}{\ExSymb}
\newcommand{\Root}{\textrm{\textsc{r}}}
\newcommand{\Imp}{\textrm{\textsc{r}}^\ImSymb\!}
\newcommand{\Exp}{\textrm{\textsc{r}}^\ExSymb\!}

% Scope Terminology
\newcommand{\sap}{scope-as-a-preorder}
\newcommand{\Sap}{Scope-as-a-preorder}
\newcommand{\sas}{scope-as-sets}
\newcommand{\Sas}{Scope-as-sets}
\newcommand{\SAS}{\textsc{sas}}
\newcommand{\SAP}{\textsc{sap}}

% Scope Specifications
\newcommand{\SpecImpt}[1]{\texttt{import}\; #1}
\newcommand{\SpecExpt}[1]{\texttt{export}\; #1}
\newcommand{\SpecBind}[2]{\texttt{bind}\; #2 \;\texttt{in}\; #1}
\newcommand{\SpecSelf}{\texttt{re-export}}

\newcommand{\SigImpt}[2]{\ensuremath{\SpecImpt{#2} \in \Sigma[#1]}}
\newcommand{\SigExpt}[2]{\ensuremath{\SpecExpt{#2} \in \Sigma[#1]}}
\newcommand{\SigSelf}[1]{\ensuremath{\SpecSelf \in \Sigma[#1]}}
\newcommand{\SigBind}[3]{\ensuremath{\SpecBind{#2}{#3} \in \Sigma[#1]}}
\newcommand{\SigNotBind}[3]{\ensuremath{\SpecBind{#2}{#3} \not\in \Sigma[#1]}}

\newcommand{\SigImptRm}[2]{\ensuremath{\SpecImpt{#2} \in \Sigma[\texttt{#1}]}}
\newcommand{\SigExptRm}[2]{\ensuremath{\SpecExpt{#2} \in \Sigma[\texttt{#1}]}}
\newcommand{\SigSelfRm}[1]{\ensuremath{\SpecSelf \in \Sigma[\texttt{#1}]}}
\newcommand{\SigBindRm}[3]{\ensuremath{\SpecBind{#2}{#3} \in \Sigma[\texttt{#1}]}}

\newcommand{\SigPImpt}[1]{\SigImpt{C}{#1}}
\newcommand{\SigPExpt}[1]{\SigExpt{C}{#1}}
\newcommand{\SigPBind}[2]{\SigBind{C}{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\SigPSelf}{\SigSelf{C}}
\newcommand{\FactP}[2]{#1 \< #2 \in \Sigma[C]}

% Scope Enviroments
\newcommand{\SigmaCore}{\Sigma_\mathit{core}}
\newcommand{\SigmaSurf}{\Sigma_\mathit{surf}}

% Judgements
\newcommandx*{\SaysScope}[4][1=\Sigma]{#1,#2 \vdash #3 \< #4}
\newcommand{\SaysScopeNot}[3]{\Sigma,#1 \not\vdash #2 \< #3}
\newcommand{\SaysScopeBound}[3]{\Sigma,#1 \vdash #2 \Bound #3}
\newcommand{\SaysScopeNotBound}[3]{\Sigma,#1 \not\vdash #2 \Bound #3}
\newcommand{\SaysScopeConflict}[3]{\Sigma,#1 \vdash #2 \textit{ conflicts } #3}
\newcommandx*{\SaysScopeEqa}[3][1=\Sigma]{#1 \vdash #2 =_\alpha #3}
\newcommandx*{\SaysScopeEqv}[3][1=\Sigma]{#1 \vdash #2 \cong #3}
\newcommand{\SaysScopeEqs}[2]{\Sigma \vdash #1 =_\mathit{shape} #2}
\newcommand{\SaysScopeS}[3]{\ensuremath{#1 \!\vdash\! #2 \!\<\! #3}} % Shorthand for proof
\newcommand{\SaysScopeWB}[1]{\Sigma \vdash \textsc{wb}\;#1}

% Scope Diagrams
\definecolor{arrowColor}{rgb}{0.25 0.55 0.55}
\definecolor{arrowColorHL}{rgb}{0.7 0.45 0.25}
\newenvironment{tikzScopeDiagram}[1][]
               {\def\tikzScopeDiagramMode{#1}
                \begin{tikzpicture}}
               {\end{tikzpicture}}
\newenvironment{tikzEdges}
               {\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}}
               {\end{pgfonlayer}}
\newenvironment{scopeDescription}
  {\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.85\dimexpr\linewidth}\vspace{-0.25em}\setlength{\columnsep}{1em}\begin{multicols}{2}}
  {\end{multicols}\vspace{-0.25em}\end{minipage}}
% Scope Diagrams - With Ports
\newcommand{\tikzRoot}[2]{%
  #2{#1}{}
}
\newcommand{\tikzChild}[3]{%
  \node(#2)[#3]{\Code{#1}};
  \ifthenelse{\equal{\tikzScopeDiagramMode}{simple}}{}{
    \node(#2-)[left= -0.7em of #2]{$\ImSymbCirc$};
    \node(#2+)[right= -0.7em of #2]{$\ExSymbCirc$};
  }
}
\newcommand{\tikzParentOne}[5]{%
  \tikzChild{#1}{#4}{#5};
  \ifthenelse{\equal{\tikzScopeDiagramMode}{simple}}{
    #3{#2}{below = 2em of #4.center};
  }{
    #3{#2}{below = 2em of #4.center};
  }
  \path[-,thick,dotted] (#4) edge (#2);
}
\newcommand{\tikzParentTwo}[7]{%
  \tikzChild{#1}{#6}{#7};
  \ifthenelse{\equal{\tikzScopeDiagramMode}{simple}}{
    #3{#2}{below left  = 2em and 1.2em of #6.center};
    #5{#4}{below right = 2em and 1.2em of #6.center};
  }{
    #3{#2}{below left  = 2.5em and 1.5em of #6.center};
    #5{#4}{below right = 2.5em and 1.5em of #6.center};
  }
  \path[-,thick,dotted] (#6) edge (#2);
  \path[-,thick,dotted] (#6) edge (#4);
}
\newcommand{\tikzParentThree}[9]{%
  \tikzChild{#1}{#8}{#9};
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Terminology

\newcommand{\Constr}[2]{\ifthenelse{\isempty{#2}}{#1}{#1(#2)}}
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% Scope Terminology
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% Evaluation Terminology
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\newcommand{\Head}[1]{\ConstrIt{head}{#1}}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Brown Thesis Style
%%  (brownthesis.cls, provided by the department)

\makeatletter

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% \author, \title are defined in book; here are the rest of the
% front matter defining macros
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\def\copyrightyear#1{\gdef\@copyrightyear{#1}}

% --  Manos
% A paragraph must be inserted after the toc, that gives the 
% places where parts of the thesis have been published before
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%the default, however, is nothing
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\def\@dept{Computer Science}
\def\@degrees{}
\def\@principaladviser{}
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    A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the\\
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    Providence, Rhode Island\\
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  \noindent Abstract of ``\@title''
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%\def\prefacesection#1{\chapter*{#1}\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}}
% We don't really won't the preface sections to appear in the TOC
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% I don't have any tables
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    \cleardoublepage\fi
  \ifl@epage\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{List of Examples}\listofexamples
    \cleardoublepage\fi}


\makeatother





%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Thesis

\begin{document}

\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfsetlayers{background,main}

\RomanNumbering

\title{Resugaring:\\Lifting Languages through Syntactic Sugar}
\author{Justin Pombrio}
\degrees{B.~S., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2011}
\principaladvisor{Shriram Krishnamurthi}
\reader[Northeastern Computer Science]{Mitchell Wand}
\reader[TU Delft Computer Science]{Eelco Visser}
\dean{}
\abstract{
  Syntactic sugar is pervasive in language technology. Programmers use
  it to shrink the size of a core language; to define domain-specific
  languages; and even to extend their language. Unfortunately, when
  syntactic sugar is eliminated by transformation, it obscures the
  relationship between the user's source program and the transformed
  program.  First, it obscures the evaluation steps the program takes
  when it runs, since these evaluation steps happen in the core
  (desugared) language rather than the surface (pre-desugaring)
  language the program was written in.  Second, it obscures the
  scoping rules for the surface language, making it difficult for
  \Sc{ide}s and other tools to obtain binding information.  And
  finally, it obscures the types of surface programs, which can result
  in type errors that reference terms the programmer did not write.  I
  address these problems by showing how evaluation steps, scoping
  rules, and type rules can all be lifted---or \emph{resugared}---from
  core to surface languages, thus restoring the abstraction provided
  by syntactic sugar.
}
\abstractpage
\beforepreface
\prefacesection{Acknowledgements}
  To Dad, for being my foundation.\\

  \noindent To Nick and Alec and Andy, for building worlds with me.\\

  \noindent To Joey and Eric and Chris, for making high-school fun.\\

  \noindent To the board-gamers, tea-goers, movie-goers, and
  puzz-lers. I'd name you all, but you're too many and I'd leave
  someone out. You know who you are.\\

  \noindent To Evan, for all the hugs.\\\\\\

  %\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{.4pt}\\

  \noindent To Roberta Thompson, Dan Dougherty, and Joshua Guttman,
  for teaching me how to reason.\\

  \noindent To Shriram, for teaching me how to write, how to present,
  how to critique, how to be a researcher.\\

  \noindent To Mitchell Wand and Eelco Visser, for overseeing this
  large and technical body of work.\\

  \noindent To Sorawee ``Oak'' Porncharoenwase, for diving deep into
  Pyret with me.\\

  \noindent To the NSF, which partially funded all of this work.\\

  \noindent To the many \emph{anonymous, unpaid} reviewers who gave me
  detailed feedback on my work.

\afterpreface

\ArabicNumbering


\part{Syntactic Sugar}
\include{chapters/intro}
\part{Desugaring}
\include{chapters/taxonomy}
\include{chapters/notation}
\part{Resugaring}
\include{chapters/resugar-eval}
\include{chapters/resugar-scope}
\include{chapters/resugar-types}

\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{justin}

\end{document}